Tau, 19th letter of the Greek alphabet; symbol for relaxation time.
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Theta, 8th letter in the Greek alphabet; symbol for angle.
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1. Symbol for ribothymidine; tension (T+, increased tension; T-, diminished tension); tera-; tesla, the unit of magnetic field strength; tritium; threonine; torque; transmittance. 2. As a subscript, refers to tidal volume. 3. Abbreviation for thoracic vertebra (T1 to T12); tocopherol. 4. Symbol for Tesla, the unit of magnetic field strength.
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Symbol for a-tocopherol.
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Symbol for beta-tocopherol.
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Symbol for gamma-tocopherol.
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In magnetic resonance, the time for 63% of longitudinal relaxation to occur; the value is a function of magnetic field strength and the chemical environment of the hydrogen nucleus; for protons in fat and in water, in a 1.5T magnet, about 250 msec and 3000 msec respectively. A T1-weighted image will have a bright fat signal.
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In magnetic resonance, the time for 63% of transverse relaxation to occur; the value is a function of magnetic field strength and the chemical environment of the hydrogen nucleus; for protons in fat and in water, in a 1.5T magnet, about 60 msec and 250 msec respectively. A T2-weighted image will have a bright water signal.
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Abbreviation for (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid.
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Symbol for absolute temperature (kelvin).
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Symbol for temperature midpoint (kelvin); melting point.
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Symbol for 3,5,3´-triiodothyronine.
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Symbol for thyroxine.
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Abbreviation for metric ton; time.
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Symbol for temperature (Celsius); tritium.
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Symbol for temperature midpoint (Celsius).
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Symbol for tantalum.
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Common name for flies of the family Tabanidae. [L. tabanus, gadfly]
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A family of bloodsucking flies that includes the genera Tabanus (horsefly) and Chrysops (deerfly and mango fly), which are involved in transmission of several blood-borne parasites. [L. tabanus, gadfly]
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The gadflies and horseflies; a genus of biting flies, some species of which transmit surra, infectious equine anemia, anthrax, and other diseases. [L. a gadfly]
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Mexican term for typhus. [Sp., fr. L.L. tabardilii, pustules]
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anatomical snuffbox [Fr. snuffbox]
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A medicated tablet or lozenge. [L. dim. of tabula, tablet]
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Progressive wasting or emaciation. [L. a wasting away]
t. diabet´ica diabetic neuropathy, especially affecting the motor nerves of the lower extremities, marked by muscular atrophy and a steppage gait.
t. dorsa´lis tabetic neurosyphilis
t. ergot´ica ataxia, amyotrophy, and neuralgic pain seen in ergot intoxication.
t. infan´tum t. in infants with congenital syphilis.
t. mesenter´ica tuberculosis of the mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
peripheral t. pseudotabes
t. spasmod´ica spastic diplegia
t. spina´lis tabetic neurosyphilis
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The state of progressive wasting away.
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Characteristic of tabes. [L. tabesco, to waste away, fr. tabes, a wasting away]
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Relating to or suffering from tabes, especially tabes dorsalis.tabic, tabid;
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Resembling tabes, especially tabes dorsalis. [irreg. formed fr. L. tabes, a wasting, + forma, form]
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tabetic
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tabetic [L. tabidus, wasting away]
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The state of division of the cranial bones into two plates separated by the diploë. [L. tabula, tablet]
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1. One of the two plates or laminae, separated by the diploë, into which the cranial bones are divided. 2. An arrangement of data in parallel columns, showing the essential facts in a readily appreciable form. [L. tabula]
Aub-DuBois t. t. of basal metabolic rates in calories per square meter of body surface per hour or day for different ages.
contingency t. a tabular cross-classification of data such that subcategories of one characteristic are indicated in rows (horizontally) and subcategories of another are indicated in columns (vertically).
examining t. a t. on which the patient lies during a medical examination.
Gaffky t. a numerical rating for the classification of tuberculosis according to the number of tubercle bacilli in the sputum, ranging from 1 (one to four organisms in the whole preparation) to 9 (an average of 100 per field).Gaffky scale;
inner t. of skull the inner compact layer of the cranial bones.lamina interna cranii [NA];
life t. a representation of the probable years of survivorship of a defined population of subjects; since survivorship is changed by new methods of prevention or treatment, a diachronic study is commonly used because the main interest lies in the composite structure of the current population. (In the summarizing technique used to describe the pattern of mortality and survival in a population, survivors to age x are denoted by the symbol lx and the expectation of life at age x is denoted by the symbol x.
occlusal t. the occlusal or grinding surfaces of the bicuspid and molar teeth.
operating t. a t. on which the patient lies during a surgical operation.
outer t. of skull the outer compact layer of the cranial bones.lamina externa cranii [NA];
Reuss' color t.'s obsolete charts in which colored letters are printed on colored backgrounds in such combination that some of them are invisible to a person with deficient color vision.Stilling color t.'s;
Stilling color t.'s Reuss' color t.'s
tilt t. a t. with a top capable of being rotated on its transverse axis so that a patient lying upon it can be brought into the erect position as desired; used in experimental investigation and in physical therapy.
vitreous t. the inner t. of one of the cranial bones; it is more compact and harder than the outer t.lamina internal ossium cranii;
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A large spoon, used as a measure of the dose of a medicine, equivalent to about 4 fluidrams or 1 / 2 fluidounce or 15 ml.
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A solid dosage form containing medicinal substances with or without suitable diluents; it may vary in shape, size, and weight, and may be classed according to the method of manufacture, as molded t. and compressed t.tabule; [Fr. tablette, L. tabula]
buccal t. usually a small, flat t. intended to be inserted in the buccal pouch, where the active ingredient is absorbed directly through the oral mucosa; such a t. dissolves or erodes slowly.
compressed t. a t. prepared, usually as a large-scale production, by means of great pressure; most compressed t.'s consist of the active ingredient and a diluent, binder, disintegrator, and lubricant.
dispensing t. a t. prepared by molding or by compression; used by the dispensing pharmacist to obtain certain potent substances in a convenient form for accurate compounding.
enteric coated t. an oral dosage form in which a t. is coated with a material to prevent or minimize dissolution in the stomach but allow dissolution in the small intestine. This type of formulation either protects the stomach from a potentially irritating drug (e.g., aspirin) or protects the drug (e.g., erythromycin) from partial degradation in the acidic environment of the stomach.
hypodermic t. a compressed or molded t. that dissolves completely in water to form an injectable solution.
prolonged action t. , repeat action t. sustained action t
sublingual t. usually a small, flat t. intended to be inserted beneath the tongue, where the active ingredient is absorbed directly through the oral mucosa; such a t. (e.g., nitroglyerine)dissolves very promptly.
sustained action t. , sustained release t. a drug product formulation that provides the required dosage initially and then maintains or repeats it at desired intervals.prolonged action t., repeat action t;
t. triturate a small, usually cylindrical, molded or compressed disk of varying size, containing a diluent usually consisting of dextrose (glucose) or of a mixture of lactose and powdered sucrose and a moistening agent or excipient, such as dilute alcohol.
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Restricted, prohibited, or forbidden; set apart for religious or ceremonial purposes. [Tongan, set apart]
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A condition in which the symptoms of tabes dorsalis and general paresis are associated.
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1. Tablelike. 2. Arranged in the form of a table (2). [L. tabularis, fr. tabula, table]
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tablet [L. tabula]
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Dimethylphosphoramidocyanidic acid, ethyl ester;an extremely potent cholinesterase inhibitor; the lethal dose for man is believed to be as low as 0.01 mg per kg; median lethal dosage (respiratory) is about 40 mg. min/m3 for resting men.
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A 55 kD polypeptide that is the one of the two chains that comprise the IL-2 receptor.
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A circumscribed discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane, such as a macule or freckle. [Fr. spot]
t. blanche macula albida
t. bleuâtre macula cerulea
t. cérébrale meningitic streak
t. laiteuse 1. milk spots, under spot 2. macula albida [Fr., milky spot]
t. méningéale meningitic streak
t. noire a necrotic area covered with black crust (eschar), characteristic of the tick bite lesion in certain tick-borne diseases.
t. spina´le a trophic bulla forming on the skin in certain cases of disease of the spinal cord.
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Marked by bluish or brownish spots. [Fr. tache, spot]
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An obsolete term for recognition of light flicker. [G. tachistos, very rapid, from tachys, rapid, + aesthesis, perception]
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An instrument to determine the shortest time an object must be exposed in order to be perceived. [G. tachistos, very rapid, fr. tachys, rapid, + skopeo, to view]
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Record made by a tachometer. [G. tachos, speed, + gramma, mark]
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A tachometer designed to provide a continuous record of speed or rate. [G. tachos, speed, + grapho, to write]
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The recording of speed or rate. [G. tachos, speed, + grapho, to write]
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An instrument for measuring speed or rate; e.g., revolutions of a shaft, heart rate (cardiotachometer), arterial blood flow (hemotachometer), respiratory gas flow (pneumotachometer). [G. tachos, speed, + metron, measure]
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Rapid. [G. tachys, quick,]
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Any disturbance of the heart's rhythm, regular or irregular, resulting by convention in a rate over 100 beats per minute during physical examination. [tachy- + G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm]
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Type of growth in which a part grows more rapidly than the whole. [tachy- + G. auxo, to increase]
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Rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 per minute.polycardia, tachyrhythmia, tachysystole; [tachy- + G. kardia, heart]
atrial t. paroxysmal t. originating in an ectopic focus in the atrium.auricular t;
atrial chaotic t. multifocal origin of tachycardia within the atrium; often confused with atrial fibrillation during physical examination.
atrioventricular junctional t. t. originating in the A-V junction.A-V junctional t., nodal t;
auricular t. atrial t
A-V junctional t. atrioventricular junctional t
bidirectional ventricular t. ventricular t. in which the QRS complexes in the electrocardiogram are alternately mainly positive and mainly negative; many such cases may represent ventricular t. with alternating forms of aberrant ventricular conduction.
Coumel's t. a persistent junctional reciprocating t. that usually uses a slowly conducting posteroseptal pathway for the retrograde journey.
double t. the simultaneous t. of two ectopic pacemakers, e.g., atrial and junctional t.
ectopic t. a t. originating in a focus other than the sinus node, e.g., atrial, A-V junctional, or ventricular t.
t. en salves short runs of paroxysmal t. of the Gallavardin type. Cf. Gallavardin's phenomenon. [Fr. tachycardia in salvos]
essential t. persistent rapid action of the heart due to no discoverable organic lesion.
t. exophthal´mica rapid heart action occurring as one of the symptoms of exophthalmic goiter.
fetal t. a fetal heart rate of 160 or more beats per minute.
junctional t. supraventricular t. arising from the atrioventricular junction (formerly called nodal t.).
nodal t. atrioventricular junctional t
orthostatic t. increased heart rate on assuming the erect posture.
paroxysmal t. recurrent attacks of t., with abrupt onset and often also abrupt termination, originating from an ectopic focus which may be atrial, A-V junctional, or ventricular.
reflex t. increased heart rate in response to some stimulus conveyed through the cardiac nerves.
sinus t. t. originating in the sinus node.
supraventricular t. rapid heart rate due to a pacemaker anywhere above the ventricular level, i.e., sinus node, atrium, atrioventricular junction. The QRS complexes are always narrow unless there is rate related aberrancy or preexisting intraventricular conduction delay.
ventricular t. paroxysmal t. originating in an ectopic focus in the ventricle. See also torsade de pointes.
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Relating to or suffering from excessively rapid action of the heart.
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Relating to rapid heart rate.
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Relating to, causing, or characterized by a rapid pulse. [tachy- + G. krotos, a striking]
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Any member of a group of polypeptides, widely scattered in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues, that have in common four of the five terminal amino acids: Phe-Xaa-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2; pharmacologically, they all cause hypotension in mammals, contraction of gut and bladder smooth muscle, and secretion of saliva. [G. tachys, swift, + kineo, to move, + -in]
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Rarely used term for tachylogia. [tachy- + G. lalia, talking]
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Rarely used term for rapid or voluble speech.tachyphasia, tachyphemia, tachyphrasia; [tachy- + G. logos, word]
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Rapid pacing of the heart by an artificial electronic pacemaker operating faster than the basic cardiac rate.
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Rarely used term for rapid eating; bolting of food. [tachy- + G. phago, to eat]
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tachylogia [tachy- + G. phasis, speaking]
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tachylogia [tachy- + G. pheme, speech]
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tachylogia [tachy- + G. phrasis, speaking]
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Rapid appearance of progressive decrease in response following repetitive administration of a pharmacologically or physiologically active substance. [tachy- + G. phylaxis, protection]
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Rapid breathing.polypnea; [tachy- + G. pnoe (pnoie), breathing]
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tachycardia [tachy- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]
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Sterol(s) formed by ultraviolet irradiation of any 5,7-diene-3beta-sterol, which breaks the 9,10 bond, but usually from either or both of ergosterol and lumisterol to produce t.2 (ertacalciol, (6E,22E)-9,10-secoergosta-5(10),6,8,22-tetraen-3beta-ol) and from 7-dehydrocholesterol to produce t.3 (tacalciol,(6E,3S)-9,10-secocholesta-5(10),6,8-trien-3beta-ol). When reduced to the 5,7-diene (or 5,7,22-triene) form, dihydrotachysterol3 (10,19-dihydrocalciol) or dihydrotachysterol2 (10,19-dihydroercalciol), antirachitic action appears. This property has been of therapeutic interest, but t. is being replaced by the true vitamin D hormone (calcitriol) and its derivatives.
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tachycardia [tachy- + G. systole, contracting]
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A rapidly multiplying stage in the development of the tissue phase of certain coccidial infections, as in Toxoplasma gondii development in acute infections of toxoplasmosis. [tachy- + G. zoon, animal]
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9-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine;an anticholinesterase agent with nonspecific central nervous system stimulatory effects; has been used in early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Relating to touch or to the sense of touch. [L. tactilis, fr. tango, pp. tactus, to touch]
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1. The sense of touch. 2. The act of touching. [L. tactio, fr. tango, pp. tactus, to touch]
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esthesiometer [L. tactus, touch, + G. metron, measure]
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A tactile end organ. [L. one who or that which touches]
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Relating to or caused by touch.
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Acronym for transient acantholytic dermatosis.
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A genus of cestodes that formerly included most of the tapeworms, but is now restricted to those species infecting carnivores with cysticercus found in tissues of various herbivores, rodents, and other animals of prey. See also tapeworm. [see taenia]
T. africa´na a tapeworm found in native Africans, the cysticercus of which is unknown.
T. arma´ta T. solium
T. crassic´ollis T. taeniaeformis
T. demerarien´sis former name for Davainea madagascariensis.
T. denta´ta T. solium
T. equi´na Anoplocephala perfoliata
T. hom´inis unusual form of T. saginata.
T. hydatig´ena a tapeworm of dogs, cats, wolves, foxes, and other carnivores; the larva is known as Cysticercus tenuicollis.
T. madagascarien´sis former name for Davainea madagascariensis.
T. min´ima former name for Hymenolepis nana.
T. o´vis a tapeworm of dogs and foxes whose larval form is found in the muscles of sheep; heavy larval infections in sheep can have severe economic consequences due to condemnation of carcasses at meat inspection.
T. philippi´na atypical form of T. saginata.
T. pisifor´mis a common tapeworm of dogs, foxes, and other carnivores; the larval form is Cysticercus pisiformis.
T. quadriloba´ta Anoplocephala perfoliata
T. sagina´ta the beef, hookless, or unarmed tapeworm of humans, acquired by eating insufficiently cooked flesh of cattle infected with Cysticercus bovis.
T. so´lium the pork, armed, or solitary tapeworm of man, acquired by eating insufficiently cooked pork infected with Cysticercus cellulosae; hatching of ova within the human intestine may result in establishment of cysticerci in human tissues, resulting in cysticercosis.T. armata, T. dentata;
T. taeniaefor´mis one of the common tapeworms of household cats; the larval form is called Cysticercus fasciolaris.Hydatigera taeniaeformis, T. crassicollis;
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1. A coiled bandlike anatomical structure. See tenia (1). 2. Common name for a tapeworm, especially of the genus Taenia.tenia (2); [L., fr. G. tainia, band, tape, a tapeworm]
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A genus established for the Taenia species having a rudimentary rostellum but lacking the rostellar hooklets typical of Taenia. The best known example is Taeniarhynchus saginatus, but the older name, Taenia saginata, is more commonly used. [G. tainia, band, + rhynchos, snout]
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Infection with cestodes of the genus Taenia.
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Common name for a member of the family Taeniidae.
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A family of parasitic cestodes (order Cyclophyllidea) that includes the genera Taenia, Taeniarhynchus, Multiceps, and Echinococcus.
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Denoting members of the genus Taenia.
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A genus and subgenus of mosquitoes now considered synonymous with Mansonia. [G. tainia, band, + rhynchos, snout]
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Paul R., German dermatologist, 1858-1919. See T.'s stain; Unna-T. stain.
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Abbreviation for tumor angiogenic factor.
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1. See label, tracer. 2. A small outgrowth or polyp.
anal skin t. a fibrous polyp of the anus.
epiploic t.'s appendix epiploica
sentinel t. projecting edematous skin at the lower end of an anal fissure.
skin t. 1. a polypoid outgrowth of both epidermis and dermal fibrovascular tissue; 2. common terminology for any small benign cutaneous lesion.acrochordon, fibroepithelial polyp, fibroma molle, senile fibroma, soft wart;
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A ketohexose; d-t. is epimeric with d-fructose.
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Pertaining to or described by Tagliacozzi.
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Gaspare, Italian surgeon, 1546-1599. See tagliacotian operation.
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1. Any tail, or tail-like structure, or tapering or elongated extremity of an organ or other part. 2. In veterinary anatomy, a free appendage representing the caudal end of the vertebral column; covered by skin and hair, feathers, or scales.cauda [NA]; [A.S. taegl]
t. of caudate nucleus the elongated posterior extension of the caudate nucleus that parallels the body and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.cauda nuclei caudati [NA], cauda striati;
t. of dentate gyrus uncus band of Giacomini
t. of epididymis the inferior part of the epididymis that leads into the ductus deferens; part of the reservoir of spermatozoa.cauda epididymidis [NA], cauda epididymis, globus minor;
t. of helix a flattened process terminating the cartilage of the helix of the ear, posteriorly and inferiorly.cauda helicis [NA];
t. of pancreas the left extremity of the pancreas within the lienorenal ligament.cauda pancreatis [NA];
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postanal gut
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Robert L., English gynecologist, 1845-1899. See T.'s law.
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a-amylase
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Shigeo, 20th century Japanese otolaryngologist. See T.'s disease.
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Masao, Japanese physician, *1872. See T.'s stain.
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Michishige, Japanese ophthalmologist, *1872. See Takayasu's arteritis, Takayasu's disease, Takayasu's syndrome.
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A successful grafting operation or vaccination.
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Pain in the ankle. [L. talus, ankle, G. algos, pain]
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Relating to the talus.
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William Henry Fox, British scientist, 1800-1877. See Plateau-T. law.
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5-Allyl-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid;a short-acting hypnotic and sedative.
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Native hydrous magnesium silicate, sometimes containing small proportions of aluminum silicate, purified by boiling powdered t. with hydrochloric acid in water; used in pharmacy as a filter aid, as a dusting powder, and in cosmetic preparations.French chalk, soapstone, talcum; [Ar. talq]
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A pulmonary disorder related to silicosis, occurring in workers exposed to talc mixed with silicates; characterized by restrictive or obstructive disorders of breathing or the two in combination. [talc + G. -osis, condition]
pulmonary t. pneumoconiosis from inhaling talc dusts.
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talc [L.]
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The principle of retribution in intrapsychic behavior. [Welsh tal, compensation]
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The symbolic anxieties that represent the unconscious dread of penalties for an act.
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Clubfooted.
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Any deformity of the foot involving the talus. [L. talus, ankle, + pes, foot]
t. arcua´tus t. cavus
t. calcaneoval´gus t. calcaneus and t. valgus combined; the foot is dorsiflexed, everted, and abducted. See clubfoot.
t. calcaneova´rus t. calcaneus and t. varus combined; the foot is dorsiflexed, inverted, and adducted. See clubfoot.
t. calca´neus a deformity due to weakness or absence of the calf muscles, in which the axis of the calcaneus becomes vertically oriented; commonly seen in poliomyelitis.calcaneus (2);
t. ca´vus an exaggeration of the normal arch of the foot.contracted foot (1), pes cavus, t. arcuatus, t. plantaris;
t. equinoval´gus t. equinus and t. valgus combined; the foot is plantarflexed, everted, and abducted. See clubfoot.equinovalgus, pes equinovalgus;
t. equinova´rus t. equinus and t. varus combined; the foot is plantarflexed, inverted, and adducted. See clubfoot.clubfoot, equinovarus, pes equinovarus;
t. equi´nus permanent extension of the foot so that only the ball rests on the ground; it is commonly combined with t. varus.
t. planta´ris t. cavus
t. pla´nus pes planus
t. spasmod´icus a temporary distortion of the foot, usually t. equinus, due to muscular spasm.
t. transversopla´nus metatarsus latus
t. val´gus permanent eversion of the foot, the inner side alone of the sole resting on the ground; it is usually combined with a breaking down of the plantar arch.pes abductus, pes pronatus, pes valgus;
t. va´rus inversion of the foot, the outer side of the sole only touching the ground; usually some degree of t. equinus is associated with it, and often t. cavus.pes adductus, pes varus;
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Archaic term for clubhand. [Mod. L. talipes + manus, hand]
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The rendered fat from mutton suet.
prepared mutton t. prepared suet
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The talus. [L. talus, ankle, ankle bone]
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Relating to the talus and the calcaneus.
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Relating to the talus and the bones of the leg; denoting the ankle joint.
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Relating to the talus and the fibula.
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The caudally directed digit on the foot, particularly of a bird of prey. [Mediev. L. talo, claw of a bird]
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Relating to the talus and the navicular bone.astragaloscaphoid, taloscaphoid;
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talonavicular
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An aldohexose, isomeric with glucose; d-t. is epimeric with d-galactose.
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Relating to the talus and the tibia.
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The bone of the foot that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.ankle bone, ankle (3); [L. ankle bone, heel]
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The pulp of the fruit of Tamarindus indica (family Leguminosae), a large tree of India; mildly laxative. [Mediev. L. fr. Ar. tamr]
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The recording part of a graphic apparatus, such as a sphygmograph, consisting of a membrane stretched across the open end of a cylinder and the recording styile attached to it. [Fr. drum]
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Igor, U.S. virologist, *1922. See T.-Horsfall mucoprotein, protein.
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(Z)-2-[p-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethylamine citrate (1:1);an anti-estrogen agent used in the treatment of breast cancer.
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1. A cylinder or ball of cotton-wool, gauze, or other loose substance; used as a plug or pack in a canal or cavity to restrain hemorrhage, absorb secretions, or maintain a displaced organ in position. 2. To insert such a plug or pack. [O. Fr.]
Corner's t. a plug of omentum stuffed into a wound of the stomach or intestine as a temporary t.
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The insertion of a tampon.
cardiac t. compression of the heart due to critically increased volume of fluid in the pericardium.heart t;
chronic t. cardiac compression over long periods due to pathologically increased fluid in the pericardial sac.
heart t. cardiac t
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The act of inserting a tampon.
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thujone
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Term used to describe multiple copies of the same sequence in a polynucleic acid that lie adjacent to one another.
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A disturbance in the associative thought process in which one tends to digress readily from one topic under discussion to other topics which arise in the course of associations; observed in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and certain types of organic brain disorders. Cf. circumstantiality. [off on a tangent, fr. L. tango, to touch]
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A small irregular knot.
neurofibrillary t. intraneuronal accumulations of helical filaments that assume twisted contorted patterns; found in cells of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in individuals with Alzheimer disease.
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A device made to receive and/or hold liquids.
Hubbard t. a large t., usually filled with warm water, used for therapeutic exercises in a program of physiotherapy.
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Tannin acyl-hydrolase, an enzyme produced in cultures of Penicillium glaucum and found in certain tannin-forming plants; it hydrolyzes digallate to gallate, and also acts on ester links in other tannins.
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A salt of tannic acid.
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See under chart.
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See under stage.
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Relating to tan (tan-bark) or to tannin.
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A tannin, C76H52O46, that occurs in many plants, particularly in the bark of oaks and other members of the Fagaceae; used as a styptic and astringent, and in the treatment of diarrhea; available also as tannic acid glycerite. Sometimes used synonymously with tannin.
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Any one of a group of complex nonuniform plant constituents that can be classified into hydrolyzable t.'s (esters of a sugar, usually glucose, and one or several trihydroxybenzenecarboxylic acids) and condensed t.'s (derivatives of flavonols). T.'s are used in tanning, dyeing, photography, and as clarifying agents for beer and wine. Sometimes used synonymously with tannic acid; they form black stains in the presence of iron.
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acetyltannic acid
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A heavy metal of the vanadium group, atomic no. 73, atomic wt. 180.9479; used in surgical prostheses because of its noncorrosive properties. [G. mythical king of Lydia Tantalus]
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A fit of bad temper, especially in children.
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A variety of ependymal cell found principally in the walls of the third ventricle of the brain; the t.'s may have branched or unbranched processes, some of which end on capillaries or neurons.
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A thin, weak voice resulting from tension of vocal muscles. [G. tanyo, to stretch, + phone, sound]
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1. To withdraw fluid from a cavity by means of a trocar and cannula, hollow needle, or catheter. 2. To strike lightly with the finger or a hammerlike instrument in percussion or to elicit a tendon reflex. 3. A light blow. 4. An East Indian fever of undetermined nature. 5. An instrument to cut threads in a hole in bone prior to inserting a screw. [M.E. tappe, fr. A.S. taeppa]
heel t. a reflex movement of the toes when the heel is tapped, present in multiple sclerosis and other diseases of the pyramidal tract.
mitral t. the palpable equivalent of the opening snap of the mitral valve.
pericardial t. pericardicentesis
spinal t. lumbar puncture
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A thin flat strip of fascia or tendon, or of synthetic material, used as a tie or suture. [A.S. taeppe]
adhesive t. fabric or film evenly coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive mixture.
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Relating to the tapetum and the choroid.
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Relating to the retinal pigment epithelium and the sensory retina.
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Hereditary degeneration of the sensory retina and pigmentary epithelium; seen in pigmentary retinopathy, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, congenital nyctalopia, congenital amaurosis, and heredomacular degeneration. [tapetum + retinopathy]
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1. In general, any membranous layer or covering. 2. In neuroanatomy, a thin sheet of fibers in the lateral wall of the temporal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricle, continuous with the corpus callosum.Fielding's membrane, membrana versicolor; 3. A dense layer in the choroidea of the eye of many mammalian species, including the cat and dog but not humans, that forms a discrete or diffuse area of reflective cells, rodlets, and fibers; its strong light-reflecting properties cause the metallic hue and light-glow of such eyes in the dark. [L. tapeta, a carpet]
t. alve´oli periodontal ligament
t. ni´grum pigmented layer of retina
t. oc´uli pigmented layer of retina
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An intestinal parasitic worm, adults of which are found in the intestine of vertebrates; the term is commonly restricted to members of the class Cestoidea. T.'s consist of a scolex, variously equipped with spined or sucking structures by which the worm is attached to the intestinal wall of the host, and strobila having several to many proglottids that lack a digestive tract at any stage of development. The ovum, entering the intestine of an appropriate intermediate host, hatches and the hexacanth penetrates the gut wall and develops into a specific larval form (e.g., cysticercoid, cysticercus, hydatid, strobilocercus), which develops into an adult when the intermediate host is ingested by the proper final host. A three-host cycle with a swimming coracidium, procercoid and plerocercoid (sparganum) larva, and adult intestinal worm is found in aquatic life cycles, as in Diphyllobothrium latum (broad fish t.) and other pseudophyllid cestodes. Other important species of t. are Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid t.), Hymenolepis nana or H. nana var. fraterna (dwarf or dwarf mouse t.), Taenia saginata (beef, hookless, or unarmed t.), T. solium (armed, pork, or solitary t.), and Thysanosoma actinoides (fringed t. of sheep).
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Morbid attraction for graves. [G. taphos, grave, + phileo, to love]
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Morbid fear of being buried alive. [G. taphos, the grave, + phobos, fear]
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Antonio, Spanish otolaryngologist, 1875-1950. See T.'s syndrome.
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Having a low flat head; relating to tapinocephaly.
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A condition of flat head in which the skull has a vertical index below 72; similar to chamecephaly. [G. tapeinos, low, + kephale, head]
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A starch from the root of Janipha manihot and other species of J. (family Euphorbiaceae), plants of tropical America; an easily digested starch, free of irritant properties.cassava starch; [Braz. tipioca]
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A massage movement consisting in striking with the side of the hand, usually with partly flexed fingers.tapping (1); [Fr. fr. tapoter, to tap]
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1. tapotement 2. paracentesis
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Acronym for thrombocytopenia and absent radius. See thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome.
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A thick, semisolid, blackish brown mass, of complex hydrocarbon composition, obtained by the destructive distillation of carbonaceous materials. For individual t.'s, see specific names.
rectified t. oil a volatile oil distilled from pine t.; used externally in the treatment of skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis.
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A form of mass hysteria which originated in Taranto, Italy, in the late Middle Ages as a dancing mania to cure the madness allegedly caused by the bite of a tarantula.
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A very large, hairy spider, considered highly venomous and often greatly feared; the bite, however, is usually no more harmful than a bee sting, and the creature is relatively inoffensive. [see tarantism]
American t. Eurypelma hentzii, the Arkansas t.; although greatly feared, its bite is relatively uncommon and harmless to humans.
black t. Sericopelma communis, a large black t. of Panama and the Canal Zone, whose bite is poisonous, although the effect is localized.
European t. Lycosa tarentula, the large European wolf spider or true t. Its bite was once believed to cause madness, which inspired frenzied contortions and dancing to rid the body of the venom, though the bite is, in fact, harmless, as is that of most of the large, hairy "tarantula spiders" of the tropics.
Peruvian t. pruning spider, Glyptocranium gasteracanthoides, a poisonous Peruvian spider whose bite causes local gangrene, hematuria, and neurotoxic symptoms.
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The dried rhizome and root of Taraxacum officinale (family Compositae), the dandelion, a wild plant of wide distribution throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere; a tonic and hepatic stimulant. [Mod. L. fr. Ar. tarakshagun, wild chicory]
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Auguste A., French physician, 1818-1879. See T.'s ecchymoses, under ecchymosis, petechiae, under petechiae, spots, under spot.
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Late; tardy.
cyanose t. cyanosis due to right to left shunt in congenital heart disease appearing only after cardiac failure.late cyanosis, tardive cyanosis;
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1. An object fixed as goal or point of examination. 2. In the ophthalmometer, the mire. 3. target organ 4. Anode of an x-ray tube. See also x-ray. [It. targhetta, a small shield]
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The process of having proteins contain certain signals such that the proteins are directed specifically towards certain cellular locations, e.g., the lysosome. Cf. processing.
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Pierre, French anatomist, 1725-1761. See T.'s space, tenia, valve; valvula semilunaris tarini; velum tarini.
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An 18-carbon acid, CH3(CH2)10C=C(CH2)4COOH, notable for the presence of a triple bond.
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Isadore Max, U. S. surgeon, *1905. See T.'s cyst.
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&Euacute;tienne Stephane, French obstetrician, 1828-1897. See T.'s forceps.
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A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Artemisia dranculus (family Compositae); a flavoring.estragon oil;
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See tarso-.
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An obsolete term for inflammation of the tarsal borders of the eyelids and meibomian glands. [tarsus + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]
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Relating to a tarsus in any sense.
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Any tarsal bone. [Mod. L. fr. G. tarsos, sole of the foot]
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podalgia [tarsus + G. algos, pain]
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See inferior tarsal muscle, superior tarsal muscle.
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Excision of the tarsus of the foot or of a segment of the tarsus of an eyelid. [tarsus + G. ektome, excision]
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Subluxation of one or more tarsal bones. [tarsus + G. ektopos, out of place]
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Within the tarsus; relating to the tarsus independent of other structures. [tarsus + G. en, in]
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1. Inflammation of the tarsus of the foot. 2. Inflammation of the tarsal border of an eyelid.
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A tarsus. [See tarsus]
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Obsolete term for a blepharoplasty of the tarsal margin of the eyelid. [tarso- + G. cheilos, lip, + plasso, to form]
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Instrumental fracture of the tarsus, for the correction of talipes equinovarus. [tarso- + G. klasis, a breaking]
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Softening of the tarsal cartilages of the eyelids. [tarso- + G. malakia, softness]
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A congenital maldevelopment and overgrowth of a tarsal or carpal bone.dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelia; [tarso- + G. megas, large]
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Relating to the tarsal and metatarsal bones; denoting the articulations between the two sets of bones, and the ligaments in relation thereto.
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The lowermost long bone or shank in the leg of a bird; the distal tarsal elements fuse with the metatarsals, resulting in a compound bone unlike that in mammals.
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Relating to the eyelids and the orbit.
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Relating to the tarsus and the phalanges.
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An obsolete word for a tarsal tumor. [tarso- + G. phyma, a tumor, boil]
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The suturing together of the eyelid margins, partially or completely, to shorten the palpebral fissure or to protect the cornea in keratitis or in paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [tarso- + G. rhaphe, suture]
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intertarsal
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tibiotarsal
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1. Incision of the tarsal cartilage of an eyelid. 2. Any operation on the tarsus of the foot. [tarso- + G. tome, incision]
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1. As a division of the skeleton, the seven tarsal bones of the instep. See tarsal bones, under bone. 2. The fibrous plates giving solidity and form to the edges of the eyelids; often erroneously called tarsal or ciliary cartilages.root of foot; [G. tarsos, a flat surface, sole of the foot, edge of eyelid]
t. infe´rior [NA] inferior t
inferior t. the fibrous plate in the lower eyelid.t. inferior [NA];
t. supe´rior [NA] superior t
superior t. the fibrous plate in the upper eyelid.t. superior [NA];
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1. A crust on the interior of wine casks, consisting essentially of potassium bitartrate. 2. A white, brown, or yellow-brown deposit at or below the gingival margin of teeth, chiefly hydroxyapatite in an organic matrix.dental calculus (2); [Mediev. L. tartarum, ult. etym. unknown]
cream of t. potassium bitartrate
t. emetic antimony potassium tartrate
soluble t. potassium tartrate
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HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH; Dihydroxysuccinic acid;made from crude tartar; a laxative and refrigerant; used in the manufacture of various effervescing powders, tablets, and granules.
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A salt of tartaric acid.
acid t. a salt of tartaric acid which contains an acid group still capable of combining with a base; e.g., bitartrate.
normal t. t. that contains no uncombined acid groups.
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Combined with or containing tartar or tartaric acid.
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A yellow acid dye, C16H9N4O9S2Na3, used in place of orange G in a variant of Mallory's aniline blue stain for collagen and cellular inclusion bodies.hydrazine yellow;
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1. To perceive through the medium of the gustatory nerves. 2. The sensation produced by a suitable stimulus applied to the gustatory nerve endings in the tongue. [It. tastare; L. tango, to touch]
after-t. See aftertaste.
color t. a form of synesthesia in which the color sense and t. are associated, with stimulation of either sense inducing a subjective sensation in the associated sense.pseudogeusesthesia;
franklinic t. a metallic or sour t. produced by the application of static electricity to the tongue.voltaic t;
voltaic t. franklinic t
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Abbreviation for thematic apperception test.
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1. A deliberate decorative implanting or injecting of indelible pigments into the skin or the tinctorial effect of accidental implantation. 2. To produce such an effect. [Tahiti, tatu]
amalgam t. a bluish-black or gray macular lesion of the oral mucous membrane caused by accidental implantation of silver amalgam into the tissue during tooth restoration or extraction.
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1. 19th Letter of the Greek alphabet. 2. Symbol for tele; relaxation time. 3. A protein that associates with microtubules and other elements of the cytoskeleton; t. accelerates tubulin polymerization and stabilizes microtubules; t. is also found in the plaque observed in individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
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1. NH2CH2CH2SO3H;an amino sulfonic acid, synthesized from l-cysteine and used in a number of roles, including in the synthesis of certain bile salts. 2. Of or pertaining to a bull. [L. taurinus, of bulls, fr. taurus, bull, + suffix -inus, pertaining to]
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A salt of taurocholic acid.
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cholyltaurine; N-choloyltaurine;a compound of cholic acid and taurine, involving the carboxyl group of the former and the amino of the latter; a common bile salt in carnivores.cholaic acid;
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A developmental anomaly involving molar teeth in which the bifurcation or trifurcation of the roots is very near the apex, resulting in an abnormally large and long pulp chamber with exceedingly short pulp canals. [L. taurus, bull, + G. odous, tooth]
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Helen B., U.S. pediatrician, *1898. See T.-Bing disease, syndrome; Blalock-T. operation, shunt.
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Relating to the same menstrual period. [G. tautos, the same, + men, month]
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1. Relating to the same part. 2. Relating to or marked by tautomerism. [G. tautos, the same, + meros, part]
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A phenomenon in which a chemical compound exists in two forms of different structure (isomers) in equilibrium, the two forms differing, usually, in the position of a hydrogen atom; e.g., keto-enol t., R-CH2-C(O)-R´ <-> R-CH=C(OH)-R´. [G. tautos, the same, + meros, part]
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K. Sunao, Japanese pathologist, 1873-1952. See T.'s node; His-T. system; node of Aschoff and T.
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Plural of taxon.
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1. Reduction of a hernia or of a dislocation of any part by means of manipulation. 2. Systematic classification or orderly arrangement. 3. The reaction of protoplasm to a stimulus, by virtue of which animals and plants are led to move or act in certain definite ways in relation to their environment; the various kinds of t. are designated by a prefix denoting the stimulus governing them; e.g., chemotaxis, electrotaxis, thermotaxis. [G. orderly arrangement]
bipolar t. obsolete term for repositioning of a retroverted uterus by making traction on the cervix in the vagina, and pushing up the fundus by the finger in the rectum.
negative t. the repulsion of protoplasm away from a stimulus.
positive t. the attraction of protoplasm toward a stimulus.
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Trade name of paclitaxel; a complex alkaloid extracted from the Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia family (family Taxaceae). Active anticancer agent effective particularly in ovarian cancer. Acts on microtubules to promote assembly, produce overgrowth, and thus disrupt cellular proliferation. Tool in study of structure and function of microtubules; antineoplastic.
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The name given to a particular level or grouping in a systematic classification of living things or organisms (taxonomy). [G. taxis, order, arrangement, + -on]
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Relating to taxonomy.
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The systematic classification of living things or organisms. Kingdoms of living organisms are divided into groups (taxa) to show degrees of similarity or presumed evolutionary relationships, with the higher categories being larger, more inclusive, and more broadly defined, the lower categories being more restricted, with fewer species more closely related. The divisions below kingdom are, in descending order: phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies (variety). Infra- and supra- or sub- and super- categories can be used when needed; additional categories, such as tribe, section, level, group, etc., are also used. [G. taxis, orderly arrangement, + nomos, law]
chemical t. an approach to the classification of organisms based on the distribution of natural products.
numerical t. an approach to the classification of organisms that strives for objectivity, wherein characters of organisms are given equal weight (adansonian classification) and the relationships of the organisms are numerically determined, usually by computer.
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Warren, English physician, 1843-1927. See T.'s cherry-red spot; T.-Sachs disease.
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Hooshang, U.S. pediatrician and radiologist, *1919. See Rubinstein-T. syndrome.
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Charles F., U.S. orthopedic surgeon, 1827-1899. See T.'s back brace, apparatus, splint.
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Robert W., U.S. dermatologist, 1842-1908. See T.'s disease.
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Colloquial abbreviation for tuberculosis.
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Symbol for terbium.
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Abbreviation for thyroxine-binding globulin.
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Abbreviation for tert-butyloxycarbonyl.
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Abbreviation for thyroxine-binding protein.
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Abbreviation for thyroxine-binding prealbumin.
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Abbreviation for total blood volume.
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Abbreviation for total body water.
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Abbreviation for T cytotoxic cells, under cell.
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Symbol for technetium.
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Symbol for technetium-99.
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Symbol for technetium-99m.
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Abbreviation for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[b,e]-[1,4]dioxin. See dioxin (3).
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Abbreviation for time compensation gain.
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Abbreviation for tissue culture infectious dose.
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Abbreviation for testis-determining factor.
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Abbreviation for ribothymidine 5´-diphosphate. The thymidine analog is dTDP.
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In magnetic resonance spin echo pulse sequences, the time to echo, when the magnetization signal is sampled.
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1. In electrodiagnosis, abbreviation denoting tetanic contraction. 2. Symbol for tellurium.
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1. The dried leaves of various genera of the family Theaceae, including Thea (T. senensis), Camellia, and Gordonia, a shrub indigenous to China, southern and southeastern Asia, and Japan. Its chief constituent, upon which its stimulating action largely depends, is the alkaloid caffeine, which is present in the amount of 1% to 4%. 2. The infusion made by pouring boiling water upon t. leaves. 3. Any infusion or decoction made extemporaneously. See also species (2).thea; [Chinese (Amoy dial.) t'e, Mod. L. thea]
Hottentot t. buchu
Jesuit t. , Mexican t. chenopodium
Paraguay t. maté
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Thomas P., English surgeon, 1801-1868. See T.'s amputation.
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The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands by means of which the conjunctiva and cornea are kept moist. [A.S. teár]
artificial t.'s mixtures of fluid compounds to substitute for naturally produced t's.
crocodile t.'s See crocodile tears syndrome.
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A discontinuity in substance of a structure. Cf. laceration.
bucket-handle t. a t. in the central part of a semilunar cartilage.
Mallory-Weiss t. Mallory-Weiss lesion
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epiphora
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To separate the structural parts of a tissue by means of a needle, in order to prepare it for microscopic examination. [A. S. taesan]
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A small spoon, holding about 1 dram (or about 5 ml) liquid; used as a measure in the dosage of fluid medicines.
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1. nipple 2. breast 3. papilla [A.S. tit]
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USAN-approved contraction for tertiary butylacetate, (CH3)3C-CH2-CO2-.
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An artificial radioactive element, atomic no. 43, atomic wt. 99, produced in 1937 by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons; also a product of the fission of 235U; used extensively as a radiographic tracer in imaging studies of internal organs. [G. technetos, artificial]
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A radioisotope of technetium which is the decay product of technetium-99m and has a weak beta emission and a physical half-life of 213,000 years.
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A radioisotope of technetium which decays by isomeric transition, emitting an essentially monoenergetic gamma ray of 142 keV with a half-life of 6.01 hr. It is usually obtained from a radionuclide generator of molybdenum-99 and is used to prepare radiopharmaceuticals for scanning the brain, parotid, thyroid, lungs, blood pool, liver, heart, spleen, kidney, lacrimal drainage apparatus, bone, and bone marrow.
99mTc diphosphonate a radionuclide complex used for bone scans.
99mTc-DPTA a radionuclide chelate complex used for renal imaging and function testing.
99mTc sulfur colloid a particulate radionuclide complex taken up by the reticuloendothelial system; used for imaging the liver and spleen.
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technique
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1. Relating to technique. 2. Pertaining to some particular art, science, or trade. 3. In connection with a chemical substance, denoting that the substance contains appreciable quantities of impurities.
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technologist [G. techne, an art]
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The manner of performance, or the details, of any surgical operation, experiment, or mechanical act. See also method, operation, procedure.technic; [Fr., fr. G. technikos, relating to techne, art, skill]
airbrasive t. a method of grinding, cutting tooth structure, or roughening the natural tooth surface or the surface of a restoration, by means of a device utilizing a gas-impelled jet of fine Al203 particles which, after striking the tooth, are removed by an aspirator. See also microetching t.
air-gap t. chest radiography performed using a space between the subject and film instead of a grid to absorb scattered radiation; usually requires a target-film distance of 10 feet.
atrial-well t. an obsolete semi-closed surgical t. for repairing atrial septal defects and other cardiac abnormalities.
Barcroft-Warburg t. See Warburg's apparatus.
Begg light wire differential force t. See light wire appliance.
cellulose tape t. use of a piece of transparent cellulose tape applied to a glass slide to obtain perianal samples for identification of pinworm eggs.
direct t. direct method for making inlays
Ficoll-Hypaque t. a density-gradient centrifugation t. for separating lymphocytes from other formed elements in the blood; the sample is layered onto a Ficoll-sodium metrizoate gradient of specific density; following centrifugation, lymphocytes are collected from the plasma-Ficoll interface.
flicker fusion frequency t. flicker perimetry
fluorescent antibody t. a t. used to test for antigen with a fluorescent antibody, usually performed by one of two methods: direct, in which immunoglobulin (antibody) conjugated with a fluorescent dye is added to tissue and combines with specific antigen (microbe, or other), the resulting antigen-antibody complex being located by fluorescence microscopy, or indirect, in which unlabeled immunoglobulin (antibody) is added to tissue and combines with specific antigen, after which the antigen-antibody complex may be labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody, the resulting triple complex then being located by fluorescence microscopy.
flush t. a t. for determining the systolic blood pressure in infants; the elevated limb is "milked" of blood from the hand or foot proximally; the blood pressure cuff is then inflated above the likely systolic pressure and the limb lowered; the cuff pressure is then gradually released until the blanched limb flushes.
Hampton t. obsolete term for atraumatic, nonpalpation, fluoroscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract in peptic ulcer disease with acute hemorrhage.
Hartel t. a method of reaching the gasserian ganglion by passing a needle from the mouth, inserting it about the level of the upper midmolar tooth, and passing it inward until the point reaches the bone in front and to the outer side of the foramen ovale, allowing an alcohol injection to be made for the relief of trigeminal neuralgia.
high-kV t. chest radiography using a kilovoltage of at least 125 kVp, usually 140-150 kVp, to reduce patient dose and increase latitude.
immunoperoxidase t. an immunologic test that utilizes antibodies chemically conjugated to the enzyme peroxidase.
indirect t. indirect method for making inlays
Jerne t. (jern) a t. for measuring immunocompetence by quantitating the number of splenic antibody-forming cells found in a mouse that has been sensitized to sheep erythrocytes. The number of plaques formed correlates with the number of splenic antibody-forming cells.
Judkins t. a method of selective coronary artery catheterization utilizing the standard Seldinger t. through a percutaneous femoral artery puncture.
long cone t. the use of a cone distance of 14 inches or more in making oral roentgenographs.
McGoon's t. plastic reconstruction of an incompetent mitral valve, when the incompetence is due to rupture of chordae to the posterior leaflet, by plication of the redundant leaflet.
Merendino's t. plastic reconstruction of an incompetent mitral valve using heavy silk sutures to narrow the annulus in the region of the medial commissure.
microetching t. a method of roughening the surface of a natural tooth or a dental restoration utilizing a gas-impelled jet of fine abrasive. It enhances the attachment of resin cements or restorative materials to the surface. See also airbrasive t.
Mohs' fresh tissue chemosurgery t. chemosurgery in which superficial cancers are excised after fixation in vivo.
Ouchterlony t. a t. in which both reaction partners (antigen and antibody) are allowed to diffuse to each other in a gel in a precipitation reaction.
PAP t. an unlabeled antibody peroxidase method which reacts both with the rabbit antihorseradish peroxidase antibody and free horseradish peroxidase to form a soluble complex of peroxidase antiperoxidase or PAP; a uniquely sensitive immunohistochemical method that is applicable to paraffin-embedded tissues.
rebreathing t. use of a breathing or anesthesia circuit in which exhaled air is subsequently inhaled either with or without absorption of CO2 from the exhaled air.
Rebuck skin window t. an in vivo test of the inflammatory response in which the skin is abraded and a slide applied to the abraded area to permit visualization of leukocyte mobilization.
sealed jar t. a t. for producing suspended animation in small experimental animals, consisting of sealing the animal in a jar which is then refrigerated.
Seldinger t. a method of percutaneous insertion of a catheter into a blood vessel or space, such as an abscess cavity: a needle is used to puncture the structure and a guide wire is threaded through the needle; when the needle is withdrawn, a catheter is threaded over the wire; the wire is then withdrawn, leaving the catheter in place.
sterile insect t. a t. used to control or eradicate insect pests or vectors, utilizing induction by irradiation of dominant lethality in the chromosomes of the released insects.
washed field t. the cutting of cavity preparations in teeth utilizing a constant irrigant which is immediately removed from the mouth by means of a vacuum device.
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actual cautery [G. techne, art, + kausis, a burning]
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One trained in and using the techniques of a profession, art, or science.technician;
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The knowledge and use of the techniques of a profession, art, or science. [G. techne, an art, + logos, study]
assisted reproductive t. originally, a range of techniques for manipulating eggs and sperm in order to overcome infertility. Encompasses drug treatments to stimulate ovulation; surgical methods for removing eggs (e.g., laparoscopy and ultrasound-guided transvaginal aspiration) and for reimplanting embryos (e.g., zygot intrafallopian transfer (or ZIFT); in vitro and in vivo fertilization (e.g., artificial insemination and gamete intrafallopian transfer (or GIFT); ex utero and in utero fetal surgery; as well as laboratory regimes for freezing and screening sperm and embryos, and micromanipulating and cloning embryos. See eugenics.The field's first major success came in 1978 with the birth of "test-tube baby" Louise Brown, engineered by Steptoe, Edwards, et al., of England. As the technologies spread, they increasingly are being employed for purposes beyond infertility, i.e., to reduce the risk of, or avoid passing on, hereditary disease and to select for infant sex. Further uses that would aim at improving the "quality" of offspring have been widely discussed and raise profound legal and ethical questions.
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tetrachlormethiazide
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Relating to a tectum.
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Roof-shaped.
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Provisional name for a family of nonenveloped double-stranded DNA bacteriophages that have double capsids. [L. tectum, roof, covering, + virus]
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scaphocephalic [L. tectum, roof, + G. kephale, head]
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scaphocephaly
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Structural morphology. [G. tekton, builder, + -logia]
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1. Relating to variations in structure in the eye, particularly the cornea. 2. Obsolete term denoting plastic surgery or the restoration of lost parts by grafting. [G. tektonikos, relating to building]
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Relating to or characteristic of a tectorium.
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1. An overlaying structure. 2. tectorial membrane of cochlear duct [L. an overlaying surface (plaster, stucco), fr. tego, pp. tectus, to cover]
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Denoting nerve fibers passing from the mesencephalic tectum to the spinal cord.
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Any rooflike covering or structure. [L. roof, roofed structure, fr. tego, pp. tectus, to cover]
t. mesenceph´ali [NA] lamina of mesencephalic tectum
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Abbreviation for total end-diastolic diameter.
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sesame oil
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Plural of tooth.
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Eruption or "cutting" of the teeth, especially of the deciduous teeth.odontiasis;
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2-Bromo-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane;a nonexplosive and nonflammable inhalation anesthetic of moderate potency.
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A structure that covers or roofs over a part. [L. a covering, fr. tego, to cover]
t. cru´ris old term for tegmentum mesencephali.
t. mastoi´deum the lamina of bone roofing over the mastoid cells.
t. tym´pani [NA] the roof of the middle ear, formed by the thinned anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Its anterior edge is inserted into the petrosquamous fissure so that it can be seen as a wedge of bone subdividing that fissure into a squamo tympanic and a petrotympanic fissure.roof of tympanum;
t. ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] roof of fourth ventricle, formed in its upper part by the superior medullary velum stretching between the two brachia conjunctiva (superior cerebellar peduncles), in its lower part by the inferior medullary velum composed of the choroid membrane and choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle.roof of fourth ventricle;
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Relating to, characteristic of, or placed or oriented toward a tegmentum or tegmen.
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Production of lesions in the reticular formation of the midbrain tegmentum. [tegmentum + G. tome, incision]
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1. A covering structure. 2. mesencephalic t [L. covering structure, fr. tego, to cover]
t. mesenceph´ali [NA] mesencephalic t
mesencephalic t. that major part of the substance of the mesencephalon or midbrain that extends from the substantia nigra to the level of the cerebral aqueduct.t. mesencephali [NA], tegmentum (2) [NA], midbrain t;
midbrain t. mesencephalic t
t. of pons dorsal part of pons
t. rhombenceph´ali [NA] rhombencephalic t
rhombencephalic t. the portion of the pons continuous with the mesencephalic t.; it consists of reticular formation, tracts, and cranial nerve nuclei, and forms the dorsal part of the pons (pars dorsalis pontis).t. rhombencephali [NA], t. of rhombencephalon;
t. of rhombencephalon rhombencephalic t
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1. integument 2. integument (2) [L. tegumentum, a collat. form of tegmentum]
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Relating to the integument.
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Ludwig, German histologist, 1823-1895. See T.'s crystals, under crystal.
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One of two classes (the other being the muramic acids or mucopeptides) of polymers constituting the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, but also found intracellularly; linear polymers of a polyol (ribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate) carrying d-alanyl residues esterified to OH groups and glycosidically linked sugars.
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The jagged, shimmering visual sensation resembling the fortifications of a walled medieval town; the scintillating scotoma of migraine. [G. teichos, wall, + opsis, vision]
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Distance, end, other end. [G. tele, distant, telos, end]
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1. Any thin weblike structure. 2. A tissue; especially one of delicate formation. [L. a web]
t. choroi´dea that portion of the pia mater that covers the ependymal roof or, in the case of the lateral ventricle, medial wall of a cerebral ventricle.
t. choroi´dea infe´rior choroid t. of fourth ventricle
t. choroi´dea supe´rior choroid t. of third ventricle
t. choroi´dea ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] choroid t. of fourth ventricle
t. choroi´dea ventric´uli ter´tii [NA] choroid t. of third ventricle
choroid t. of fourth ventricle the sheet of pia mater covering the lower part of the ependymal roof of the fourth ventricle.t. choroidea ventriculi quarti [NA], t. choroidea inferior;
choroid t. of third ventricle a double fold of pia mater, enclosing subarachnoid trabeculae, between the fornix above and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle and the thalami below; at each lateral margin is a vascular fringe projecting into the choroidal fissure of the lateral ventricle; on its undersurface are several small vascular projections filling the folds of the ependymal roof of the third ventricle.t. choroidea ventriculi tertii [NA], t. choroidea superior, triangular lamella, velum interpositum, velum triangulare;
t. conjuncti´va connective tissue
t. elas´tica elastic tissue
t. subcuta´nea [NA] superficial fascia
t. submuco´sa [NA] submucosa
t. submuco´sa pharyn´gis pharyngobasilar fascia
t. subsero´sa [NA] subserous layer
t. vasculo´sa choroid plexus
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One of the medium stomach worm species (family Trichostrongylidae) of sheep, goats, and deer occurring in the abomasum; it is similar to Ostertagia trifurcata. [tele- + L. dorsum, back]
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referred pain [G. tele, distant, + algos, pain]
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Dilation of the previously existing small or terminal vessels of a part. [G. telos, end, + angeion, vessel, + ektasis, a stretching out]
cephalo-oculocutaneous t. an angioma involving the skin of the face, orbit, meninges, and brain. See also Sturge-Weber syndrome.
essential t. 1. localized capillary dilation of undetermined origin; 2. angioma serpiginosum
hereditary hemorrhagic t. [MIM*187300] a disease with onset usually after puberty, marked by multiple small telangiectases and dilated venules that develop slowly on the skin and mucous membranes; the face, lips, tongue, nasopharynx, and intestinal mucosa are frequent sites, and recurrent bleeding may occur; autosomal dominant inheritance.Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome;
t. lymphat´ica lymphangiectasis
t. macula´ris erupti´va per´stans a disseminated eruption of telangiectases associated with erythematous and edematous macules.
primary t. angioma serpiginosum
secondary t. t. related to a known cause of prolonged dermal vascular dilatation such as sunlight, varicose veins, and connective tissue diseases; often associated with atrophy of the skin.
spider t. spider angioma
t. verruco´sa angiokeratoma
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A lesion formed by a dilated capillary or terminal artery, most commonly on the skin. See telangiectasia.
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Relating to or marked by telangiectasia.
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A term used to qualify highly vascular tumors. [telangiectasis + G. -odes, fr. eidos, resemblance]
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Angioma due to dilation of the capillaries or terminal arterioles.
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One of the terminal arterioles or a capillary vessel.trichangion; [G. telos, end, + angeion, vessel]
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Any disease of the capillaries and terminal arterioles.
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Referring to the nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring of histidine that is the farthest from the beta-carbon. Cf. pros. [G. far]
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See tel-.
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Increased distance between the medial canthi of the eyelids.canthal hypertelorism; [G. tele, distant, + kanthos, canthus]
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telelectrocardiogram
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A specially constructed stethoscope by means of which heart sounds can be heard by listeners at a distance from the patient. [G. tele, distant, + kardia, heart, + phone, sound]
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Teletherapy using radioactive cobalt as the source.
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Detection of a disease by evaluation of data transmitted to a receiving station, a process normally involving patient-monitoring instruments and a transfer link to a diagnostic center at some distance from the patient.
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Pertaining to or occurring toward the end of ventricular diastole. [G. telos, end, + diastole, dilation]
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fortification spectrum
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An electrocardiogram recorded at a distance from the subject being tested; e.g., the electrocardiogram obtained through telemetry, or, as with a galvanometer in the laboratory, being connected by a wire with the patient in another room.telecardiogram; [G. tele, distant, + electrocardiogram]
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An electronic instrument that senses and measures a quantity, then transmits radio signals to a distant station for recording and interpretation. [G. tele, distant, + metron, measure]
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The science of measuring a quantity, transmitting the results by radio signals to a distant station, and there interpreting, indicating, and/or recording the results. See also biotelemetry.
cardiac t. transmission of cardiac signals (electric or pressure derived) to a receiving location where they are displayed for monitoring.
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Relating to the telencephalon or endbrain.
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corticalization
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The anterior division of the prosencephalon, which develops into the olfactory lobes, the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, and the subcortical telencephalic nuclei, and the basal ganglia (nuclei), particularly the striatum and the amygdala.endbrain; [G. telos, end, + enkephalos, brain]
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The philosophical doctrine according to which events, especially in biology, are explained in part by reference to final causes or end goals; the doctrine that goals or end states have a causal influence on present events and that the future as well as the past affect the present. [G. telos, end, + logos, study]
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A completed mitosis. [G. teleos, complete, + mitosis]
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A reproductive structure of a fungus that is a result of plasmogamy and nuclear recombination; sexual state (sexual reproduction).perfect stage;
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1. Pertaining to teleonomy. 2. In psychology, pertaining to those patterns of behavior that are a function of an inferred purpose or motive; e.g., a child's behavior pattern may be classified teleonomically by an observer as attention-getting.
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The doctrine that life is characterized by endowment with a project or purpose; i.e., the existence in an organism of a structure or function implies that it has had evolutionary survival value. [G. telos, end, + nomos, law]
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An error in judging the distance of objects arising from lesions in the parietal temporal region. [G. tele, distant, + opsis, vision]
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Manifesting life. [G. teleos, complete, + organikos, organic]
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One of the bony or true fishes. [G. teleos, complete, perfect, + osteon, bone]
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harmine
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Transmittal and reception of thoughts by means other than through the normal senses, as a form of extrasensory perception.extrasensory thought transference, mind-reading; [G. tele, distant, + pathos, feeling]
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Radiography with the x-ray tube positioned about 2 m from the film thereby securing practical parallelism of the x-rays to minimize geometric distortion; the standard configuration for chest radiography. Cf. air-gap technique. teleroentgenography; [G. tele, distant, + radiography]
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The interpretation of digitized diagnostic images transmitted by modem over telephone lines. [tele- + radiology]
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See teleradium therapy.
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An organ, such as the eye, that can receive sense stimuli from a distance.
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automatism [G. tele, far off, + ergon, work]
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teleradiography
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teletherapy
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A goal to be attained by planned conduct. [G. telos, end, + -osis, condition]
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Relating to the end of ventricular systole. [G. telos, end, + systole, a contracting]
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An instrument to transmit sound waves to the skin. [G. telos, end, + L. tactus, touch]
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Radiation therapy administered with the source at a distance from the body. Cf. interstitial therapy. teleroentgentherapy; [G. tele, distant, + therapeia, treatment]
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Richard W., U.S. gynecologist, *1894. See T. operation.
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1. Relating to or originating in the earth. 2. Relating to the element tellurium, especially in its 6+ valence state. [L. tellus (tellur-), the earth]
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The alleged influence of soil emanations in producing disease. [L. tellus (tellur-), the earth]
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A rare semimetallic element, atomic no. 52, atomic wt. 127.60, belonging to the sulfur group. [L. tellus (tellur-), the earth]
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See tel-.
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An anomalous term that refers to the terminal arborization of an axon.end-brush; [G. telos, end, + dendron, tree]
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Resting phase of hair cycle. [G. telos, end, + -gen, producing]
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Accumulation of neurolemmal cells at the myoneural junction. [G. telos, end, + glia, glue]
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Obsolete term denoting diagnosis by means of radiographs or other diagnostic tests transmitted by telephone or radio. See teleradiology. [G. tele, distant, + gnosis, a knowing]
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telophase [G. telos, end, + kinesis, movement]
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Denoting an ovum in which a large amount of deuteroplasm accumulates at the vegetative pole, as in the eggs of birds and reptiles. [G. telos, end, + G. lekithos, yolk]
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A protein that is believed to participate in the repair of telomere regions of chromosomes.
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The distal end of a chromosome arm; telomeres undergo dramatic changes during the progression of cancer. [G. telos, end, + meros, part]
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A peptide covalently bound in or on a protein, protruding therefrom and therefore subject to enzyme attack and maturation modification or cross-linking, and conferring immunogenic specificity.
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The final stage of mitosis or meiosis that begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed; the chromosomes progressively lengthen while the nuclear membranes of the two daughter nuclei are reconstructed and a cell membrane at the equator complete the separation of the two daughter cells.telokinesia; [G. telos, end, + phasis, appearance]
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Sporozoea
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A former order of Sporozoea. [G. telos, end, + sporos, seed]
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The perfect performance of a function, as that of sight or hearing. [G. telos, end]
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Abbreviation for triethylenemelamine.
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A benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic primarily used to relieve insomnia.
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1. Disposition; in general, any characteristic or particular state of mind.temperament (2); 2. A display of irritation or anger. See tantrum. 3. To treat metal by application of heat, as in annealing or quenching.
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1. The psychological and biological organization peculiar to the individual, including one's character or personality predispositions, which influence the manner of thought and action and general views of life. 2. temper (1) [L. temperamentum, proper measure, moderation, disposition]
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Moderation in all things; especially, abstinence from the use of alcoholic beverages. [L. temperantia, moderation]
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Moderate; restrained in the indulgence of any appetite or activity.
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The sensible intensity of heat of any substance; the manifestation of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up a substance due to heat agitation. See also scale. [L. temperatura, due measure, temperature, fr. tempero, to proportion duly]
absolute t. (T) t. reckoned in Kelvins from absolute zero.
basal body t. the t. at rest, usually obtained on arising in the morning, without any influences that might increase it; gives indirect evidence of ovulation.
critical t. the t. of a gas above which it is no longer possible by use of any pressure, however great, to convert it into a liquid.
denaturation t. of DNA that t. at which, under a given set of conditions, double-stranded DNA is changed (50%) to single-stranded DNA; under standard conditions, the base composition of the DNA can be estimated from the denaturation t., since the greater the denaturation t., the greater the guanine-plus-cytosine content (i.e., GC content) of the DNA.melting t. of DNA;
effective t. a comfort index or scale which takes into account the t. of air, its moisture content, and movement.
equivalent t. the t. of a thermally uniform enclosure in which, under still air conditions, a "sizable" black body loses heat at the same rate as in the nonuniform environment.
eutectic t. the t. at which a eutectic mixture becomes fluid (melts).
fusion t. (wire method) the recorded t. at which a 20-gauge metal wire will collapse under a 3-ounce load; the recorded t. at which porcelain becomes glazed.
maximum t. in bacteriology, denoting a t. above which growth will not take place.
mean t. the average atmospheric t. in any locality for a designated period of time, as a month or a year.
melting t. t. midpoint
melting t. of DNA denaturation t. of DNA
t. midpoint (Tm, tm) the midpoint in the change in optical properties (absorbance, rotation) of a structured polymer (e.g., DNA) with increasing t.melting t;
minimum t. in bacteriology, denoting a t. below which growth will not take place.
optimum t. the t. at which any operation, such as the culture of any special microorganism, is best carried on.
room t. (RT, rt) the ordinary t. (65° to slightly less than 80°F, 18.3° to 26.7° C) of the atmosphere in the laboratory; a culture kept at room t. is one kept in the laboratory, not in an incubator.
sensible t. the atmospheric t. as felt by the individual, supposed to be that recorded by the wet-bulb thermometer.
standard t. a t. of 0°C or 273.15° absolute (Kelvin).
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1. A pattern or guide that determines the shape of a substance. 2. Metaphorically, the specifying nature of a macromolecule, usually a nucleic acid or polynucleotide, with respect to the primary structure of the nucleic acid or polynucleotide or protein made from it in vivo or in vitro. 3. In dentistry, a curved or flat plate utilized as an aid in setting teeth. 4. An outline used to trace teeth, bones, or soft tissue in order to standardize their form. 5. A pattern or guide that determines the specificity of antibody globulins. [Fr. templet, temple of a loom, fr. L. templum, small timber]
surgical t. 1. a thin, transparent, resin base shaped to duplicate the form of the impression surface of an immediate denture, used as a guide for surgically shaping the alveolar process to fit an immediate denture; 2. a guide for various osteotomy procedures; 3. a guide for duplicating size and shape for an autogenic (free) gingival graft.
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1. The area of the temporal fossa on the side of the head above the zygomatic arch. 2. The part of a spectacle frame passing from the rim backward over the ear. [L. tempus (tempor-), time, the temple]
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Undergoing spontaneous change or destruction during the passage of time. [L. tempus, time, + labilis, perishable]
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The temples. [L. pl. of tempus]
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1. Relating to time; limited in time; temporary. 2. Relating to the temple. See temporal region of head. [L. temporalis, fr. tempus (tempor-), time, temple]
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See temporalis muscle. [L.]
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Temporal (2). [L. temporalis, temporal]
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Relating to the temporal region and the auricle.
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Relating to the temporal and the hyoid bones or regions.
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temporozygomatic
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Relating to the temporal bone and the mandible; denoting the joint of the lower jaw.temporomaxillary (2);
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1. Relating to the regions of the temporal and maxillary bones. 2. temporomandibular
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Relating to the temporal and the occipital bones or regions.
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Relating to the temporal and the parietal bones or regions.
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Referring to the projection fibers from the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex to the basilar part of the pons.
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Relating to the temporal and sphenoid bones.
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Relating to the temporal and zygomatic bones or regions.temporomalar;
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Not subject to spontaneous alteration or destruction. [L. tempus, time + stabilis, stable]
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utilization time [Fr. service or utilization time]
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1. The temple. 2. time [L. time]
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Abbreviation for toxic epidermal necrolysis.
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Sticky; denoting tenacity. [L. tenax (tenac-), fr. teneo, to hold]
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Adhesiveness;the character or property of holding fast. [L. tenacitas, fr. teneo, to hold]
cellular t. the inherent property of all cells to persist in a given form or direction of activity.
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A surgical clamp designed to hold or grasp tissue during dissection. [L. a holder, fr. teneo, to hold]
tenac´ula ten´dinum a tendinous restraining structure, such an extensor or flexor retinaculum; historically applied to the vincula of tendon which are not however, restraining structures.
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Pain referred to a tendon.tenodynia, tenontodynia; [G. tenon, tendon, + algos, pain]
t. crep´itans tenosynovitis crepitans
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A protein that is present in the mesenchyme that surrounds epithelia in organs undergoing development in embryos; believed to participate in inducing differentiation of epithelia.
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Sensitive or painful as a result of pressure or contact that is not sufficent to cause discomfort in normal tissues. [L. tener, soft, delicate]
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The condition of being tender.
pencil t. strictly localized t., elicited by pressure with the rubber tip of a pencil, e.g., in cases of incomplete or subperiosteal fracture.
rebound t. t. felt when pressure, particularly pressure on the abdomen, is suddenly released.
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tendonitis
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tenontoplasty [Mediev. L. tendo (tendin-), tendon, + G. plastos, formed]
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tenorrhaphy
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Relating to, composed of, or resembling a tendon.
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tendonFor histological description, see tendon [Mediev. L., fr. L. tendo, to stretch out, extend]
t. Achil´lis [NA] * official alternate term for t. calcaneus, t. calcaneus
t. calca´neus [NA] the tendon of insertion of the triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) into the tuberosity of the calcaneus.t. Achillis [NA], Achilles tendon, calcanean tendon, chorda magna, heel tendon;
t. calca´neus commu´nis See hamstring (2).
t. conjuncti´vus [NA] * official alternate term for conjoint tendon
t. cricoesopha´geus [NA] cricoesophageal tendon
t. oc´uli medial palpebral ligament
t. palpebra´rum medial palpebral ligament
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A tendon. See also teno-. [L. tendo]
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Release of a tendon from adhesions.tenolysis; [tendo- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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A form of mucin found in tendons.
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A fibrous cord or band of variable length that connects a muscle with its bony attachment or other structure; it may unite with the muscle at its extremity or may run along the side or in the center of the muscle for a longer or shorter distance, receiving the muscular fibers along its lateral border. It consists of fascicles of very densely arranged, almost parallel collagenous fibers, rows of elongated fibrocytes, and a minimum of ground substance.For gross anatomical description, see tendo tendo [NA], sinew; [L. tendo]
Achilles t. tendo calcaneus
bowed t. a condition caused by severe strain of the digital flexor tendons, the outer osseus (suspensory ligament), or the accessory ligament (distal cheek ligament) of the horse's limb and characterized by swelling, pain, and lameness; it occurs most frequently in race horses under stress of running.
calcanean t. tendo calcaneus
central t. of diaphragm a three-lobed fibrous sheet occupying the center of the diaphragm.centrum tendineum diaphragmatis [NA], trefoil t;
central t. of perineum the fibromuscular mass between the anal canal and the urogenital diaphragm in the median plane; midline episiotomies extend into this structure.centrum tendineum perinei [NA], perineal body, Savage's perineal body;
conjoined t. conjoint t
conjoint t. common t. of insertion of the transversus and obliquus internus muscles into the crest and spine of the pubis and iliopectineal line; it is frequently muscular rather than aponeurotic and may be poorly developed; forms posterior wall of medial inguinal canal. See also aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique muscle.falx inguinalis [NA], tendo conjunctivus [NA], conjoined t., falx aponeurotica, inguinal aponeurotic fold;
contracted t. a condition of young horses in which the flexor t.'s of the leg are shortened.
coronary t. fibrous ring of heart
cricoesophageal t. longitudinal fiber of the esophagus that attaches to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx.tendo cricoesophageus [NA], Gillette's suspensory ligament, suspensory ligament of esophagus;
Gerlach's annular t. fibrocartilaginous ring of tympanic membrane
hamstring t. See hamstring.
heel t. tendo calcaneus
slipped t. See perosis.
Todaro's t. an inconstant tendinous structure that extends from the right fibrous trigone of the heart toward the valve of the inferior vena cava.
trefoil t. central t. of diaphragm
Zinn's t. common tendinous ring
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Inflammation of a tendon.tendinitis, tenonitis (2), tenontitis, tenositis;
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tenophony
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tenontoplasty
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tenosynovitis
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tenotomy
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Relating to a tendon and its sheath. [tendo- + L. vagina, sheath]
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tenosynovitis [tendo- + L. vagina, sheath, + G. -itis, inflammation]
radial styloid t. de Quervain's disease
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Resection of part of a tendon.tenonectomy; [G. tenon, tendon, + ektome, excision]
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Relating to or marked by tenesmus.
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A painful spasm of the anal sphincter with an urgent desire to evacuate the bowel or bladder, involuntary straining, and the passage of little fecal matter or urine. [G. teinesmos, ineffectual effort to defecate, fr. teino, to stretch]
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C., Dutch surgeon. See t.H.'s sign.
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1. Any anatomical bandlike structure. 2. taenia (2) [L. fr. G. tainia, band, tape, a tapeworm]
te´niae acus´ticae medullary striae of fourth ventricle, under stria
t. choroi´dea [NA] the somewhat thickened line along which a choroid membrane or plexus is attached to the rim of a brain ventricle.t. telae [NA];
te´niae co´li [NA] the three bands in which the longitudinal muscular fibers of the large intestine, except the rectum, are collected; these are the mesocolic t., situated at the place corresponding to the mesenteric attachment; the free t., opposite the mesocolic t.; and the omental t., at the place corresponding to the site of adhesion of the greater omentum to the transverse colon.bands of colon, colic teniae, teniae of Valsalva;
colic teniae teniae coli
t. fim´briae t. fornicis
t. for´nicis [NA] the line of attachment of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle to the fornix.t. fimbriae, t. of the fornix;
t. of the fornix t. fornicis
t. of fourth ventricle t. ventriculi quarti
free t. See teniae coli.t. libera [NA];
t. hippocam´pi fimbria hippocampi
t. lib´era [NA] free t See teniae coli.
medullary teniae medullary striae of fourth ventricle, under stria
mesocolic t. See teniae coli.t. mesocolica [NA];
t. mesocol´ica [NA] mesocolic t See teniae coli.
omental t. See teniae coli.t. omentalis [NA];
t. omenta´lis [NA] omental t See teniae coli.
t. semicircula´ris terminal stria
Tarin's t. terminal stria
t. tec´ta See indusium griseum.
t. te´lae [NA] t. choroidea
t. termina´lis crista terminalis
t. thal´ami [NA] the sharp edge or angle between the superior and medial surface of the thalamus on either side; to it is attached the epithelial lamina forming the roof of the third ventricle.t. ventriculi tertii, thalamic t;
thalamic t. t. thalami
teniae of Valsalva teniae coli
t. ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] the line of attachment of the choroid roof to the rim of the fourth ventricle.t. of fourth ventricle;
t. ventric´uli ter´tii t. thalami
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An agent destructive to tapeworms.tenicide; [L. taenia, tapeworm, + caedo, to kill]
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An agent that causes the expulsion of tapeworms.tenifuge; [L. taenia, tapeworm, + fugo, to put to flight]
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1. Relating to a tapeworm. 2. Relating to one of the structures called tenia.
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Presence of a tapeworm in the intestine.
somatic t. invasion of the body by the cysticercus of a tenioid worm.
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teniacide
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tenioid
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Having the power to expel tapeworms.
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teniafuge
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1. Band-shaped; ribbon-shaped. 2. Resembling a tapeworm.teniform; [G. tainia, a tape, + eidos, resemblance]
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A slender tenia or bandlike structure. [L. dim. of taenia, ribbon]
t. cor´poris callo´si rostral lamina
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Tendon. See also tendo-. [G. tenon]
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Stabilizing a joint by anchoring the tendons which move that joint. [teno- + G. desis, a binding]
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tenalgia [teno- + G. odyne, pain]
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tonofibril [teno- + Mod. L. fibrilla, a small fiber]
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tendolysis
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tenontomyoplasty
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myotenotomy
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Jacques R., French pathologist and oculist, 1724-1816. See T.'s capsule, space.
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See teno-.
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tenectomy [tenon- + G. ektome, excision]
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1. Inflammation of Tenon's capsule or the connective tissue within Tenon's space. 2. tendonitis [tenont- + G. -itis, inflammation]
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tendonitis [tenont- + G. -itis, inflammation]
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See teno-.
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tenalgia
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A treatise on or description of the tendons. [tenonto- + G. graphe, description]
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tenosynovitis [tenonto- + G. lemma, husk, + -itis]
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The branch of science that has to do with the tendons. [tenonto- + G. logos, study]
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A combined tenontoplasty and myoplasty, used in the radical correction of a hernia.tenomyoplasty; [tenonto- + G. mys, muscle, + plastos, formed]
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myotenotomy
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Relating to tenontoplasty.
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Reparative or plastic surgery of the tendons.tendinoplasty, tendoplasty, tenoplasty; [tenonto- + G. plastos, formed]
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tenosynovitis [tenonto- + G. theke, case, box, + -itis]
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A heart murmur assumed to be due to an abnormal condition of the chordae tendineae.tendophony; [teno- + G. phone, sound]
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Bony or cartilaginous growth in or on a tendon. [teno- + G. phyton, plant]
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Relating to tenoplasty.
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tenontoplasty
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A receptor in a tendon, activated by increased tension.
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Suture of the divided ends of a tendon.tendinosuture, tendon suture, tenosuture; [teno- + G. rhaphe, suture]
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tendonitis
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Ossification of a tendon. [teno- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
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Using a tendon as a suspensory ligament, sometimes as a free graft or in continuity.
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tenorrhaphy
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Excision of a tendon sheath. [teno- + synovia + G. ektome, excision]
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Inflammation of a tendon and its enveloping sheath.tendinous synovitis, tendosynovitis, tendovaginitis, tenontolemmitis, tenontothecitis, tenovaginitis, vaginal synovitis; [teno- + synovia + G. -itis, inflammation]
t. crep´itans inflammation of a tendon sheath in which movement of the tendon is accompanied by a cracking sound.tenalgia crepitans;
localized nodular t. giant cell tumor of tendon sheath
villonodular pigmented t. villous t
villous t. a condition resembling pigmented villonodular synovitis but arising in periarticular soft tissue rather than in joint synovia; occurs most commonly in the hands.villonodular pigmented t;
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The surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by congenital or acquired shortening of a muscle, as in clubfoot or strabismus.tendotomy; [teno- + G. tome, incision]
curb t. tendon recession
graduated t. partial incisions of the tendon of an eye muscle for correction of strabismus.
subcutaneous t. division of a tendon by means of a small pointed knife introduced through skin and subcutaneous tissue without an open operation.
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tenosynovitis [teno- + L. vagina, sheath, + G. -itis, inflammation]
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Tight, rigid, or strained; characterized by anxiety and psychological strain. [L. tensus, pp. of tendo, to stretch]
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A device for measuring tension. [L. tensio, tension, + G. metron, measure]
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1. The act of stretching. 2. The condition of being stretched or tense, or a stretching or pulling force. 3. The partial pressure of a gas, especially that of a gas dissolved in a liquid such as blood. 4. Mental, emotional, or nervous strain; strained relations or barely controlled hostility between persons or groups. [L. tensio, fr. tendo, pp. tensus, to stretch]
arterial t. the blood pressure within an artery.
interfacial surface t. the t. or resistance to separation possessed by the film of liquid between two well-adapted surfaces, as of the thin film of saliva between the denture base and the tissues.
ocular t. (Tn) resistance of the tunics of the eye to deformation; it can be estimated digitally or measured by means of a tonometer.
premenstrual t. premenstrual syndrome
surface t. (gamma, sigma) the expression of intermolecular attraction at the surface of a liquid, in contact with air or another gas, a solid, or another immiscible liquid, tending to pull the molecules of the liquid inward from the surface; dimensional formula: mt-2.
tissue t. a theoretical condition of equilibrium or balance between the tissues and cells whereby overaction of any part is restrained by the pull of the mass.
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A muscle the function of which is to render a part firm and tense. [Mod. L. fr. L. tendo, pp. tensus, to stretch]
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1. Canopy used in various types of inhalation therapy to control humidity and concentration of oxygen in inspired air. 2. Cylinder of some material, usually absorbent, introduced into a canal or sinus to maintain its patency or to dilate it. 3. To elevate or pick up a segment of skin, fascia, or tissue at a given point, giving it the appearance of a t. [L. tendo, pp. tensus, to stretch]
oxygen t. a transparent enclosure, suspended over the bed and enclosing the patient, used to supply a high concentration of oxygen.
sponge t. compressed sponge
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A slender process for feeling, prehension, or locomotion in invertebrates. [Mod. L. tentaculum, a feeler, fr. tento, to feel]
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Relating to a tentorium.
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A membranous cover or horizontal partition. [L. tent, fr. tendo, to stretch]
t. cerebel´li [NA] a strong fold of dura mater roofing over the posterior cranial fossa with an anterior median opening, the tentorial notch, through which the midbrain passes; the t. cerebelli is attached along the midline to the falx cerebri and separates the cerebellum from the basal surface of the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere.
t. of hypophysis diaphragm of sella
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Abbreviation for triethylenephosphoramide.
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Softening of the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord. [G. tephros, ashen-gray, + malakia, softness]
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An instrument for measuring the thickness of the cerebral cortex; it consists of a graduated tube of thin glass which is inserted into the brain substance, so the depth of the gray matter can be read off on the scale. [G. tephros, ashen, + hyle, stuff, + metron, measure]
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Abbreviation for tetraethyl pyrophosphate.
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2-l-tryptophan-3-de-l-leucine-4-de-l-proline-8-l-glutamine-bradykinin-potentiator B;a nonapeptide in which glycine is replaced by tryptophan, leucine and the first proline are missing, and the lysine is replaced by glutamine; an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.bradykinin-potentiating peptide;
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1. Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify one trillion. 2. Combining form denoting a teras. See also terato-. [G. teras, monster]
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Fetus with deficient, redundant, misplaced, or grossly misshapen parts. [G.]
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Relating to a teras.
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teratosis [G. teratisma, fr. teras]
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A teras. See also tera- (2). [G. teras, monster]
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A tumor containing embryonic tissue differing from a teratoma in that not all germ layers are present.
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1. A malignant teratoma, occurring most commonly in the testis. 2. A malignant epithelial tumor arising in a teratoma.
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A drug or other agent that causes abnormal fetal development. [terato- + G. -gen, producing]
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The origin or mode of production of a malformed fetus; the disturbed growth processes involved in the production of a malformed neonate. [terato- + G. genesis, origin]
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1. Relating to teratogenesis. 2. Causing abnormal embryonic development.
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The property or capability of producing fetal malformation. [terato- + G. genesis, generation]
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Resembling a teras. [G. teratodes, fr. teras (terat-), monster, + eidos, resemblance]
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Relating to teratology.
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The branch of science concerned with the production, development, anatomy, and classification of malformed fetuses. See also dysmorphology. [terato- + G. logos, study]
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A neoplasm composed of multiple tissues, including tissues not normally found in the organ in which it arises. T.'s occur most frequently in the ovary, where they are usually benign and form dermoid cysts; in the testis, where they are usually malignant; and, uncommonly, in other sites, especially the midline of the body.teratoid tumor; [terato- + G. -oma, tumor]
t. or´bitae orbitopagus
sacrococcygeal t. found in the region of the primitive pit and node. Most common tumor in the newborn period.
triphyllomatous t. a t. composed of tissues derived from all three germ layers, i.e., a teratoma.tridermoma;
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Relating to or of the nature of a teratoma.
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Morbid fear of carrying and giving birth to a malformed infant. [terato- + G. phobos, fear]
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An anomaly producing a teras.teratism; [terato- + G. -osis, condition]
atresic t. a t. in which any of the normal orifices, such as the nares, mouth, anus, or vagina, is imperforate.
ceasmic t. a t. in which there is a failure of the lateral halves of a part to unite, as in cleft palate.
ectogenic t. a t. in which there is a deficiency of parts.
ectopic t. a t. in which the organs or other parts are misplaced.
hypergenic t. a t. in which there is a redundancy of parts.
symphysic t. a t. in which there is a fusion of normally separated parts.
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Condition characterized by the presence of malformed spermatozoa in the semen. [terato- + G. sperma, seed]
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1-(4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-(tetrahydro-2-furoyl)piperazine monohydrochloride dihydrate;a peripherally acting antiadrenergic used to treat hypertension.
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A metallic element of the lanthanide or rare earth series, atomic no. 65, atomic wt. 158.92534. [fr. Ytterby, a village in Sweden]
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a-[(tert-Butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol sulfate;a sympathomimetic drug with relatively selective B2 agonistic activity, used principally as a bronchodilator.
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A thin colorless liquid of an aromatic odor and taste, a mixture of terpene hydrocarbons, chiefly dipentene and terpinene, obtained from oil of turpentine; used as an expectorant and in cystitis and urethritis.
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1. Containing or impregnated with turpentine. 2. A preparation containing turpentine.terebinthine; [G. terebinthos, the terebinth or turpentine-tree]
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terebinthinate
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turpentine poisoning
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Boring; piercing; used figuratively, as in the term t. pain. [L. terebro, pp. -atus, to bore, fr. terebra, an auger]
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1. The act of boring, or of trephining. 2. A boring, piercing pain. [L. terebro, to bore, fr. terebra, an auger]
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Round and long; denoting certain muscles and ligaments. [L. round, smooth, fr. tero, to rub]
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a-(p-tert-Butylphenyl)-4-(hydroxydiphenyl methyl)-1-piperidinebutanol;an antihistamine used to treat a variety of allergic conditions; reputed to have less sedative effects than other antihistamines.
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dorsal (1) [L. tergum, back]
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dorsum [L.]
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1. A definite or limited period. 2. A name or descriptive word or phrase. See also terminus, term infant. [L. terminus, a limit, an end]
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Toward the terminus.
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1. Relating to the end; final. 2. Relating to the extremity or end of any body; e.g., the end of a biopolymer. 3. A termination, extremity, end, or ending. [L. terminus, a boundary, limit]
amino t. See amino-terminal.
axon t.'s the somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells (muscle or gland cells). As isolated, by homogenizing brain or spinal cord, they contain acetylcholine and the related enzymes. T.'s contain neurotransmitters of various kinds, sometimes more than one. These can be demonstrated by chemical analysis and immunocytochemical methods. See also synapse.axonal terminal boutons, end-feet, neuropodia, pieds terminaux, synaptic boutons, synaptic endings, synaptic t.'s, terminal boutons, bouton terminaux;
carboxy t. See C-terminus.
synaptic t.'s axon t.'s
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DNA nucleotidylexotransferase
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termination See also ending. [L.]
terminatio´nes nervo´rum li´berae [NA] free nerve endings, under ending
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An end or ending. A termination or ending, particularly a nerve ending. See termination, ending.terminatio [NA]; [L. terminatio]
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Plural of terminatio. [L.]
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A boundary or limit. [L.]
C-t. the end of a peptide or protein having a free carboxyl (-COOH) group.
ter´mini genera´les [NA] general terms; words that are of general use in descriptive anatomy.
N-t. See amino-terminal.
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Denoting three molecules; e.g., a termolecular reaction requires three molecules to come together in order for the reaction to occur. [L. ter, thrice, + molecular]
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A type of ectohormone, secreted by some invertebrate organisms, that stimulates gametogenesis. [L. ter, thrice, threefold, + hormone]
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Denoting or comprised of three compounds, elements, molecules, etc. [L. ternarius, of three]
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trioxide
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One of a class of hydrocarbons with an empirical formula of C10H16, occurring in essential oils and resins. Acyclic t.'s may be regarded as isomers and polymers of isoprene units; cyclic forms include menthane, bornane, and camphene. T.'s containing 15, 20, 30, 40, etc., carbon atoms are called sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes, etc.
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C6H5-C6H4-C6H5;useful as a scintillator in scintillation.
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Dipenteneglycol; p-menthane-1,8-diol;a cyclic terpene alcohol, C10H18(OH)2, obtained by the action of nitric acid and dilute sulfuric acid on pine oil.
t. hydrate a monohydrate of terpin; an expectorant.terpinol;
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p-Menth-1-en-8-ol;an unsaturated alcoholic terpene obtained by heating terpin hydrate with diluted phosphoric acid; an active antiseptic and a perfume.
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terpin hydrate
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To suture in several rows, in closing a wound through a considerable thickness of tissue. [thr. O. Fr. fr. L. terra, earth]
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See gambir.
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Mary, 20th century U.S. physician. See Lowe-T.-MacLachlan syndrome.
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Louis-Felix, French surgeon, 1837-1908. See T.'s valve, marginal degeneration.
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1. The tendency of individuals or groups to defend a particular domain or sphere of interest or influence. 2. The tendency of an individual animal to define a finite space as his own habitat from which he will fight off trespassing animals of his own species.
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Theodore L., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1899-1946. See T.'s syndrome.
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See under nail.
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Albert, French ophthalmologist, 1867-1935. See T.'s glands, under gland.
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Recurring every third day, counting the day of an episode as the first; actually, occurring every 48 hours or every other day. [L. tertianus, fr. tertius, third]
double t. denoting malarial infections with two different sets of organisms producing daily paroxysms. See also quotidian malaria.
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All the symptoms of the tertiary stage of syphilis taken collectively.
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Abbreviation for total end-systolic diameter.
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Nikola, Serbian-American electrical engineer, 1856-1943. See tesla; T. current.
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In the SI system, the unit of magnetic flux density expressed as kg sec-2 A-1; equal to one weber per square meter. [N. Tesla]
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Made up of small squares; checkered. [L. tessella, a small square stone]
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20th century French physician. See Tessier classification.
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1. To prove; to try a substance; to determine the chemical nature of a substance by means of reagents. 2. A method of examination, as to determine the presence or absence of a definite disease or of some substance in any of the fluids, tissues, or excretions of the body, or to determine the presence or degree of a psychological or behavioral trait. 3. A reagent used in making a t. 4. See testa (2). See also assay, reaction, reagent, scale, stain. [L. testum, an earthen vessel]
acetone t. a t. for ketonuria; the suspected urine is shaken up with a few drops of sodium nitroprusside, and strong ammonia water is then gently poured over the mixture; if acetone is present, a magenta ring forms at the line of contact; tablets containing sodium nitroprusside and alkali are now more commonly used.
achievement t. a standardized t. used to measure acquired learning, e.g., competence in a specific subject area such as reading or arithmetic, in contrast to an intelligence t. which is a useful index of potential ability or learning.
acidified serum t. lysis of the patient's red cells in acidified fresh serum, specific for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.Ham's t;
acid perfusion t. Bernstein t
acid phosphatase t. for semen a screening t. for semen by determining acid phosphatase content; because seminal fluid contains high concentrations of acid phosphatase, while other body fluids and extraneous foreign materials have very low concentrations, high values of acid phosphatase on vaginal aspirate or lavage, or on wash fluid from stains, render positive identification of semen, even if the male is aspermic.
acid reflux t. a t. to detect gastroesophageal reflux by monitoring esophageal pH by an electrode in the distal esophagus either basally or after acid is instilled into the stomach.
ACTH stimulation t. a t. for adrenal cortical function; ACTH administered by continuous intravenous infusion, or intramuscularly, evokes an increase in plasma cortisol in normal persons; in adrenal cortical insufficiency, the expected increase in plasma cortisol is limited or nonexistent.
Addis t. See Addis count.
adhesion t. the diagnostic application of the immune adhesion phenomenon.erythrocyte adherence t., immune adhesion t., red cell adherence t;
Adler's t. benzidine t
Adson's t. a t. for thoracic outlet syndrome; the patient is seated, with head extended and turned to the side of the lesion; with deep inspiration there is a diminution or total loss of radial pulse on the affected side. Not all patients with a positive Adson's test have thoracic outlet syndrome.Adson maneuver;
agglutination t. any of a variety of t.'s that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum.
Albarran's t. a t. for renal insufficiency wherein the drinking of large quantities of water will cause a proportionate increase in the volume of urine if the kidneys are sound, but not if the epithelium of the secreting tubules is damaged.polyuria t;
alkali denaturation t. a t. for hemoglobin F (Hb F), based on the fact that hemoglobins, with the exception of Hb F, are denatured by alkali to alkaline hematin; the t. is sensitive to 2% or more Hb F.
Allen-Doisy t. a t. for estrogenic activity; the material to be investigated is injected repeatedly into immature or spayed rats or mice; the disappearance of leukocytes from the vaginal smear and the appearance of cornified cells constitutes a positive reaction.
Allen's t. 1. for phenol: upon the addition of 5 or 6 drops of hydrochloric acid and then 1 of nitric acid to the suspected fluid, a red color develops; [A.H. Allen] 2. for strychnine: fluid is extracted with ether, which is then evaporated by means of "drop-by-drop" pipetting into a warmed porcelain dish or crucible; the residue is treated with a small bit of manganese dioxide and dilute sulfuric acid; a red-blue or violet color develops if strychnine is present. [A.H. Allen] 3. a t. for radial or ulnar patency; either the radial or ulnar artery is digitally compressed by the examiner after blood has been forced out of the hand by clenching it into a fist; failure of the blood to diffuse into the hand when opened indicates that the artery not compressed is occluded. [Edgar Van Nuys Allen]
Almén's t. for blood glacial acetic acid, gum guaiac solution, and hydrogen peroxide are added to an aqueous suspension of the suspected stain; if occult blood or blood pigment is present, a blue color develops.guaiac t., Schönbein's t., van Deen's t;
Alpha t.'s a set of paper and pencil-administered mental t.'s first used in the United States Army in 1917-1918 to determine the mental ability of literate recruits; the set includes 8 different types of t.'s: i.e., directions, arithmetical problems, practical judgement, synonyms and antonyms, disarrayed sentences, number series completions, analogies, and information; they are designed especially for testing large groups of individuals simultaneously, and for rapid machine scoring; distinguished from the Army Beta t.'s, a complementary set for administration to recruits who could not read or write English, in which the instructions are given in signs and the t. material is pictorial. See Beta t.'s.Army Alpha t;
alternate binaural loudness balance t. , ABLB t. a t. for recruitment in one ear; the comparison of relative loudness of a series of intensities presented alternately to either ear.
alternate cover t. a t. to detect phoria or strabismus; attention is directed to a small fixation object, and one eye is covered for several seconds; then the cover is moved quickly to the other eye; if the eye moves when it is uncovered, a strabismus or phoria is present.
alternating light t. t. to detect a relative afferent defect in one eye by watching pupillary movements. With the patient fixing in the distance, the light is held on each eye for about a second, and quickly moved to the other eye. Assuming no defect of the innervation to the iris sphincter in one eye (which would produce an anisocoria in light), the eye with the weaker light response has a relative afferent pupillary defect. This asymmetry of pupillomotor input can be estimated by holding neutral density filters in front of the better eye until the pupillary responses of the two eyes are balanced.swinging light t;
Ames t. a screening t. for possible carcinogens using strains of Salmonella typhinium that are unable to synthesize histidine; if the test substance produces mutations that regain the ability to synthesize histidine, the substance is carcinogenic.Ames assay;
Amsler t. projection of a visual field defect onto an Amsler chart.
Anderson-Collip t. a procedure for evaluating the thyrotropic activity of an extract of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, as indicated by an increased basal metabolic rate or histologic evidence of stimulation of the thyroid gland in a hypophysectomized rat injected with the t. extract.
Anderson and Goldberger t. a t. for typhus in which the patient's blood is injected into a guinea pig's peritoneal cavity. In typhus a typical temperature curve will be observed.
anoxemia t. a t. for coronary insufficiency; the patient breathes a mixture of 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen; if anginal pain or electrocardiographic abnormalities are induced, the t. is positive.hypoxemia t;
antibiotic sensitivity t. the in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
antiglobulin t. Coombs' t
antihuman globulin t. See Coombs' t.
antithrombin t. a procedure for estimating the inhibitory effect of a defibrinated specimen of plasma on the action of thrombin in converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
Apt t. a t. for identifying fetal blood by the addition of sodium hydroxide and water to a specimen.
aptitude t. an occupation-oriented intelligence t. used to evaluate a person's abilities, talents, and skills; particularly valuable in vocational counseling.
Army Alpha t. Alpha t.'s
Army Beta t.'s Beta t.'s
Army General Classification T. a selection screening t. of overall intellectual ability administered to entering army recruits for use in determining qualifications for entry into one of the wide range of positions to which each individual is assigned at the end of basic training.
Aschheim-Zondek t. an obsolete t. for pregnancy; repeated injections of small quantities of urine voided during the first months of pregnancy produce in infantile mice, within 100 hours, minute intrafollicular ovarian hemorrhages, and the development of lutein cells.A.-Z. t., Zondek-Aschheim t;
Ascoli's t. a precipitin t. for anthrax using a tissue extract and anthrax antiserum.
ascorbate-cyanide t. a t. for glucose 6-phosphate-deficient red blood cells; blood is incubated with sodium cyanide and ascorbate; the hydrogen peroxide generated is free to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin, since cyanide inhibits catalase; a brown color is produced more rapidly in glucose 6-phosphate-deficient cells.
association t. a word (stimulus word) is spoken to the subject, who is to reply immediately with another word (reaction word) suggested by the first; used as a diagnostic aid in psychiatry and psychology, clues being given by the length of time (association time) between the stimulus and reaction words, and also by the nature of the reaction words.
Astwood's t. metrotrophic t
atropine t. Dehio's t
augmented histamine t. histamine t
aussage t. (ows´zah-ga) a t. of ability to reproduce correctly something that has been seen for a brief interval. [Ger. Aussage, a declaration]
autohemolysis t. when sterile defibrinated blood is incubated at 37°C, normal red blood cells hemolyze slowly; cells with membrane or metabolic defects do so to a greater extent.
A.-Z. t. Aschheim-Zondek t
Bachman t. a skin t. for trichinosis in which an extract of Trichinella larvae is suspended in saline and injected intradermally. An immediate wheal-and-flare reaction or a delayed response indicates infection.
Bachman-Pettit t. a modification of Kober's t. for the detection of estradiol and similar estrogenic hormones in the urine.
Bagolini t. a t. for retinal correspondence with the subject observing a figure through two striated lenses.
BALB t. binaural alternate loudness balance t
Bárány's caloric t. a t. for vestibular function, made by irrigating the external auditory meatus with either hot or cold water; this normally causes stimulation of the vestibular apparatus, resulting in nystagmus and past-pointing; in vestibular disease, the response may be reduced or absent.caloric t., nystagmus t;
BEI t. butanol-extractable iodine t
belt t. an obsolete t.: firm upward pressure on the lower part of the abdomen will remove the feeling of discomfort in cases of enteroptosia.
Bender gestalt t. a psychological t. used by neurologists and clinical psychologists to measure a person's ability to visually copy a set of geometric designs; useful for measuring visuospatial and visuomotor coordination to detect brain damage.Bender Visual Motor Gestalt t;
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt t. Bender gestalt t
Benedict's t. for glucose a copper-reduction t. for glucose in the urine, which involves thiocyanate in addition to copper sulfate for qualitative or quantitative use.
bentiromide t. a t. of pancreatic exocrine function that does not require duodenal intubation: orally administered bentiromide is cleaved by chymotrypsin within the lumen of the small intestine, releasing p-aminobenzoic acid which is absorbed and excreted in the urine; diminished urinary excretion of p-aminobenzoic acid suggests pancreatic insufficiency.
bentonite flocculation t. a flocculation t. for rheumatoid arthritis in which sensitized bentonite particles are added to inactivated serum; the t. is positive if half of the particles are clumped while the other half remain in suspension.
benzidine t. a t. for blood; the suspected fluid is treated with glacial acetic acid and ether, and the latter is then decanted and treated with hydrogen peroxide and a solution of benzidine in acetic acid; the presence of blood is indicated by a bluish color turning to purple.Adler's t;
Bernstein t. a t. to establish that substernal pain is due to reflux esophagitis, performed by instillation of a weak hydrochloric acid solution directly into the lower esophagus; symptoms disappear when the acid solution is replaced by normal saline solution.acid perfusion t;
Berson t. a t. of thyroid clearance of 131I from the plasma by the thyroid gland.
Beta t.'s a set of pictorially administered mental t.'s first used in the United States Army in 1917-1918 to determine the relative mental ability of recruits who were illiterate or deficient in reading and writing English, the instructions being given in signs and the t. material's pictorial in characters; distinguished from the Army Alpha t., which were administered at the same time to literate recruits.Army Beta t.'s;
Betke-Kleihauer t. a slide t. for the presence of fetal red blood cells among those of the mother; hemoglobins other than Hb F are eluted from the red blood cells on an air-dried blood film by a buffer of pH 3.3.
Bettendorff's t. a t. for arsenic; after mixing the suspected fluid with hydrochloric acid a solution of stannous chloride is added; when a piece of tin foil is then added, a brown precipitate forms.
Bial's t. a t. for pentoses with orcinol.orcinol t;
bile acid tolerance t. a sensitive t. of hepatic dysfunction; following oral administration of labeled or unlabeled bile acid, the measured fractional disappearance rate or 10-minute retention is measured.
bile esculin t. a biochemical t. used in characterizing group O streptococci, based on the ability of organisms to grow in a medium containing bile and to hydrolyze esculin.
bile solubility t. a procedure that differentiates Streptococcus pneumoniae from other a-hemolytic streptococci by demonstrating its susceptibility to lysis in the presence of bile.
binaural alternate loudness balance t. a t. for recruitment in one ear; the comparison of relative loudness of a series of intensities presented alternately to either ear.BALB t;
Binet t. Stanford-Binet intelligence scale
Binz' t. a qualitative t. for the presence of quinine in the urine; a precipitate is formed on the addition of an aqueous solution of iodine and potassium iodide if quinine is present.
biuret t. a t. for the determination of serum proteins, based on the reaction of an alkaline copper reagent with substances containing two or more peptide bonds to produce a violet-blue color.
blind t. a method of testing in which an independent observer records the results of any t., drug, placebo, or procedure without knowing the identity of the samples or what result might be expected.
block design t. a performance t. using colored blocks which the individual must use to match pictured designs; one of the subtests of the Wechsler intelligence scales.
Bonney t. Marshall t
breath analysis t. 1. a t. of hepatic and intestinal absorptive function; aminopyrine labeled with radioactive carbon is administered orally; expired 14CO2 is a measure of aminopyrine absorption and its metabolism in the liver; 2. a measurement of the amount of 14CO2 exhaled after an oral dose of 14C-O-xylose; 3. a measurement of exhaled hydrogen gas following an oral dose of lactose as a t. of lactose deficiency.
breath-holding t. a rough index of cardiopulmonary reserve measured by the length of time that a subject can voluntarily stop breathing; normal duration is 30 seconds or more; diminished cardiac or pulmonary reserve is indicated by a duration of 20 seconds or less.
Brigg's t. a t. using the reduction of molybdate to follow the excretion of homogentisic acid.
bromphenol t. a colorimetric t. for measurement of protein, albumin, and globulin in the urine by use of reagent strips.
bromsulphalein t. obsolete t. for liver function (hepatic excretory capacity) in which a known amount of dye, usually 5 mg/kg of body weight, is injected intravenously; subsequently (usually after 45 minutes elapsed time), the amount of dye remaining in the serum is measured; a concentration of 0.4 mg or less of bromsulphalein per 100 ml of serum or less than 4% of the injected dye is considered normal; bromsulphalein retention may follow decreased hepatic blood flow or biliary obstruction as well as hepatic cell damage.BSP t;
BSP t. bromsulphalein t
butanol-extractable iodine t. an obsolete t. for thyroid function, applicable in patients who have received large amounts of iodine or iodized products.BEI t;
California psychological inventory t. a personality inventory, used with normal persons, in which emphasis is upon social interaction variables.
Calmette t. conjunctival reaction to tuberculin.
caloric t. Bárány's caloric t
CAMP t. a t. to identify Group B beta-streptococci based on their formation of a substance (CAMP factor) that enlarges the area of hemolysis formed by streptococcal beta-hemolysin. [Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Petersen, developers of the t.]
cancer antigen 125 t. (CA125) t. for cell-surface antigen found on derivatives of coelomic epithelium. Elevated levels of this antigen are associated with ovarian malignancy and benign pelvic disease such as endometriosis.
capillary fragility t. a tourniquet t. used to determine presence of vitamin C deficiency or thrombocytopenia; a circle 2.5 cm in diameter, the upper edge of which is 4 cm below the crease of the elbow, is drawn on the inner aspect of the forearm, pressure midway between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is applied above the elbow for 15 minutes, and a count of petechiae within the circle is made: 10, normal; 10 to 20, marginal zone; over 20, abnormal. See also Rumpel-Leede t.capillary resistance t., vitamin C t;
capillary resistance t. capillary fragility t
capon-comb-growth t. comb-growth t
carbohydrate utilization t. a t. for the definitive identification of clinically important yeasts and yeastlike organisms.
carotid sinus t. stimulation of one carotid sinus (never both) to produce reflex effects that may slow the heart, reduce the systolic blood pressure or both for diagnostic or, in the case of certain arrhythmias, therapeutic purposes.
Carr-Price t. a quantitative t. for vitamin A based on the reaction with antimony trichloride in chloroform.
Casoni intradermal t. a t. for hydatid disease in which hydatid fluid is injected intracutaneously; immediate or delayed wheal and flare reaction is positive.Casoni skin t;
Casoni skin t. Casoni intradermal t
CF t. complement fixation
Chick-Martin t. a method of testing the in vitro efficiency of a bactericidal agent; a standard culture of Salmonella typhi which has been added to a fixed amount of sterilized feces or yeast is tested for a fixed period (30 minutes), against various concentrations of phenol solution and various concentrations of the disinfectant; the result is expressed as a ratio: the phenol coefficient, which is the highest dilution of the disinfectant under t. at which the bacteria are killed, divided by the highest dilution of phenol which sterilizes the solution in the same length of time.
chi-square t. (kI) a statistical method of assessing the significance of a difference, as when the data from two or more samples is represented by a discrete number such as the numbers of females and males attending each of two colleges.x2 t;
cis/trans t. a t. on the relative configuration on expression of two mutations.
Clauberg t. a t. for progestational activity; immature rabbits are treated with 8 daily injections of estrogen and then given 5 daily injections of the t. substance; the amount required to produce definite progestational changes in the endometrium is taken as the unit; it is equivalent to 0.75 mg of progesterone.
clomiphene t. a t. of pituitary gonadotropin reserve using clomiphene.
coccidioidin t. an intracutaneous t. for determining the presence of infection with the fungus Coccidioides immitis; a reaction of delayed hypersensitivity indicates a positive t. and is interpreted as meaning past or present infection with the fungus.
cock's comb t. comb-growth t
coin t. bellmetal resonance
cold bend t. a t. of the ability of a wire to be shaped; performed by counting the number of times a wire can be bent to a right angle and reversed at the same point before breaking; important in establishing specifications for orthodontic wires.
cold pressor t. a cardiocirculatory challenge conventionally performed by immersing one hand in ice cold water for two or more minutes (as tolerated) to acutely raise the blood pressure, thus imposing resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the systemic arterial system and consequently acutely increased afterload (afterload = increased left ventricular wall stress).Hines-Brown t;
colloidal gold t. See Lange's t.
colorimetric caries susceptibility t. Snyder's t
comb-growth t. a t. for androgenic activity, based upon the stimulation of comb growth in capons (castrated cockerels) or immature roosters.capon-comb-growth t., cock's comb t;
complement-fixation t. an immunological t. for determining the presence of a particular antigen or antibody when one of the two is known to be present, based on the fact that complement is "fixed" in the presence of antigen and its specific antibody. See also Bordet-Gengou phenomenon.
contraction stress t. a t. used to evaluate fetal well-being by inducing contractions and analyzing the fetal heart rate response.
Coombs' t. a t. for antibodies, the so-called anti-human globulin t. using either the direct or indirect Coombs' t.'s.antiglobulin t;
Corner-Allen t. a t. for progestational activity; adult female rabbits are mated during estrus and spayed 18 hours later; the t. substance is injected subcutaneously on 5 successive days; the minimal amount required to produce complete progestational proliferation of the endometrium is taken as a unit, equivalent to 1.25 mg of progesterone.
cover t. a t. used for objective demonstration of ocular deviation in strabismus; may be performed by two methods: the cover-uncover t. and the alternate cover t.
cover-uncover t. a t. to detect strabismus; the patient's attention is directed to a small fixation object, one eye is covered and after a few seconds, uncovered; if the uncovered eye moves to see the picture, strabismus is present.
CO2-withdrawal seizure t. utilization of hyperventilation to demonstrate abnormalities in the brain waves or even to precipitate a convulsion.
Crampton t. a test for physical condition and resistance; a record is made of the pulse and the blood pressure in the recumbent and in the standing position, and the difference is graded from the theoretical perfection of 100 (seldom attained) downward (a reading of 75 is considered excellent, 65 poor); high values indicate a good physical resistance but low ones indicate weakness and a liability to shock after an operation.
t.'s of criminal responsibility in forensic psychiatry, legal precedents upon which are based decisions concerning insanity in criminals. See also American Law Institute rule, Durham rule, M'Naghten rule, New Hampshire rule.
cutaneous t. skin t
cutaneous tuberculin t. See tuberculin t.
cutireaction t. skin t
cyanide-nitroprusside t. a qualitative t. for diagnosis of cystinuria; the addition of fresh sodium cyanide formed by sodium nitroprusside to a sample of urine gives rise to a stable red-purple color in the presence of cystine.
cytotropic antibody t. a rosette t. for macrophage cytotropic antibody: monolayers of macrophages are exposed first to antibody cytotropic for macrophages, then to the antigen (for which the antibody is specific), and indicator sheep erythrocytes; if the antibody is specific for sheep erythrocytes, the latter will form a rosette around the macrophages directly, but if not, and the antigen is soluble, the antigen must be coupled to the sheep erythrocytes by an agent such as bis-diazotized benzidine.
DA pregnancy t. direct agglutination latex t. for pregnancy. See immunologic pregnancy t.
Day's t. a t. for blood by adding to the suspected fluid, or the washing of a suspected stain, tincture of guaiac and then hydrogen peroxide; the presence of blood results in a blue color.
d-dimer t. t. that detects the cross-linked fibrin degradation fragment, D-dimer. Elevations in this fragment are seen in primary and secondary fibrinolysis, during thrombolytic or defibrination therapy with tissue plasminogen activator, as a result of thrombotic disease, such as deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or DIC, in vasoocclusive crisis of sickle cell anemia, in malignancies, and in surgery.
Dehio's t. if an injection of atropine relieves bradycardia, the condition is due to action of the vagus; if it does not, the condition may be due to an affection of the heart itself.atropine t;
dehydrocholate t. a method of determining the speed of the blood circulation; a solution of sodium dehydrocholate is injected intravenously, and the time that elapses before a bitter taste is noted in the mouth is recorded; the average of this time is normally about 13 seconds.
Denver Developmental Screening T. a scale used by psychologists and pediatricians to assess the developmental, intellectual, motor, and social maturity of children at any age level from birth to adolescence.
dexamethasone suppression t. a t. for the detection and diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome; following administration of 1.0 mg of dexamethasone at 11 p.m., normal persons suppress plasma cortisol to low levels; patients with Cushing's syndrome do not. Higher dose regimens distinguish between Cushing's syndrome due to tumor and due to hyperplasia.
Dick t. an intracutaneous t. of susceptibility to the erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes responsible for the rash and other manifestations of scarlet fever.Dick method;
differential renal function t. differential ureteral catheterization t
differential ureteral catheterization t. a study performed to determine various functional parameters of one kidney compared to the contralateral kidney; ureteral catheters are inserted at cystoscopy into the ureter or renal pelvis bilaterally, and simultaneous measurements are made of urine flow rate, insulin, or PAH (if infused), endogenous creatinine, or various urinary solutes.differential renal function t., split renal function t;
dinitrophenylhydrazine t. a screening t. for maple syrup urine disease; the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in HCl to urine gives a chalky white precipitate in the presence of ketoacids.
direct Coombs' t. a t. for detecting sensitized erythrocytes in erythroblastosis fetalis and in cases of acquired immune hemolytic anemia: the patient's erythrocytes are washed with saline to remove serum and unattached antibody protein, then incubated with Coombs' anti-human globulin (usually serum from a rabbit or goat previously immunized with human globulin); after incubation, the system is centrifuged and examined for agglutination, which indicates the presence of so-called incomplete or univalent antibodies on the surface of the erythrocytes.
direct fluorescent antibody t. See fluorescent antibody technique.
discontinuation t. a t. to determine whether a certain drug is responsible for a reaction by observation of a remission of symptoms following cessation of its use.
Doerfler-Stewart t. examination of the patient's ability to respond to spondee words in the presence of a masking noise of the saw-tooth type; used especially in differentiating between functional and organic hearing loss.D-S t;
double (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in one dimension See gel diffusion precipitin t.'s in one dimension.
double (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in two dimensions See gel diffusion precipitin t.'s in two dimensions.
Dragendorff's t. a qualitative t. for bile; a play of colors is produced by adding a drop of nitric acid to white filter paper or unglazed porcelain, moistened with a fluid containing bile pigments. The t. is essentially the same as Gmelin's t. for bile in urine.
drawer t. drawer sign
D-S t. Doerfler-Stewart t
Ducrey t. an intradermal t., using inactivated Haemophilus ducreyi, for diagnosis of chancroid; a positive delayed reaction is indicative of present or past infection; false-positive results occur.Ito-Reenstierna t;
Dugas' t. in the case of an injured shoulder, if the elbow cannot be made to touch the chest while the hand rests on the opposite shoulder, the injury is a dislocation and not a fracture of the humerus.
Duke bleeding time t. a bleeding time t. in which an incision is made in the earlobe and the time until bleeding stops is measured.
dye exclusion t. a t. to determine cell viability in which a dilute solution of certain dyes (e.g., trypan blue, eosin Y, nigrosin, Alcian blue) is mixed with a suspension of live cells; cells that exclude dye are considered to be alive while cells that stain are considered dead; it is not always an accurate t. because it indicates only the structural integrity of the cell membrane.
Ebbinghaus t. a psychological t. in which the patient is asked to complete certain sentences from which several words have been left out.
Ellsworth-Howard t. measurement of serum and urinary phosphorus after intravenous administration of parathyroid extract; used in the diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism.
E-rosette t. a t. to identify T lymphocytes by mixing purified blood lymphocytes with serum and sheep erythrocytes; rosettes of erythrocytes form around human T lymphocytes on incubation.
erythrocyte adherence t. adhesion t
erythrocyte fragility t. fragility t
ether t. an obsolete t. to determine arm-to-lung circulation time; diluted ether is injected intravenously and the end point taken when the subject coughs or tastes ether or the observer smells ether on the subject's breath.
exercise t. any t. utilizing exercise to determine the patient's solidus responses and/or physical condition.
Farnsworth-Munsell color t. a t. for color perception; the task is to arrange 84 color disks (in four separate racks of 20-22 disks) in a sequence with minimal separation of hue between adjacent disks.
fern t. 1. a t. for estrogenic activity; cervical mucus smears form a fern pattern at those times when estrogen secretion is elevated, as at the time of ovulation; 2. a t. to detect ruptured amniotic membranes.
ferric chloride t. a qualitative t. for the detection of phenylketonuria; the addition of ferric chloride to urine gives rise to a blue-green color in the presence of phenylketonuria.
Fevold t. a t. for relaxin; based on the degree of relaxation of the pelvic ligaments of the guinea pig upon injection of extracts of the corpus luteum.
Finckh t. a psychological t. in which the patient is asked to explain certain proverbial expressions, such as "burn the candle at both ends," "the early bird catches the worm," etc.
finger-nose t. a t. of voluntary eye-motor coordination of the upper limb(s); the subject is asked to slowly touch the tip of his nose with his extended index finger; assesses cerebellar function.
finger-to-finger t. a t. for coordination and position sense of the upper limbs; the subject is asked to approximate the ends of his index fingers; assesses cerebellar function.
fish t. erythrophore reaction
Fishberg concentration t. a t. of renal water conservation; after overnight fluid deprivation, morning urine samples are collected and specific gravity is measured.
Fisher's exact t. the t. for association in a two-by-two table that is based on the exact distribution of the frequencies within the table.
fistula t. compression or rarefaction of the air in the external auditory canal excites nystagmus when there is an erosion of the otic capsule, so long as the labyrinth is still capable of functioning.
FIT t. fusion-inferred threshold t
Fleitmann's t. a t. for arsenic; hydrogen is generated in a t. tube containing the suspected fluid; the fluid is heated and a piece of filter paper moistened with silver nitrate solution is held over the top; if arsenic is present, the moistened paper is blackened.
flocculation t. See flocculation reaction.
fluorescein instillation t. a t. for patency of the lacrimal system; fluorescein instilled in the conjunctival sac can be recovered from the inferior nasal meatus.Jones' t;
fluorescein string t. a string t. used to determine location of a bleeding intestinal lesion in which fluorescein is given intravenously to determine gastrointestinal hemorrhage; if the string fluoresces after removal, it has been contaminated by blood that has appeared since injection of the fluorescein; used to determine location of bleeding lesion.
fluorescent antinuclear antibody t. , FANA t. a t. for antinuclear antibody components; used, in particular, for the diagnosis of collagen-vascular diseases.
fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption t. a sensitive and specific serologic t. for syphilis using a suspension of the Nichols strain of Treponema pallidum as antigen; the presence or absence of antibody in the patient's serum is indicated by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique.FTA-ABS t;
foam stability t. a t. for fetal pulmonary maturity, determined by the ability of pulmonary surfactant in amniotic fluid to generate stable foam in the presence of ethanol after mechanical agitation.shake t;
Folin-Looney t. a t. for tyrosine that gives a blue color in alkaline solution with a reagent consisting of sodium tungstate, phosphomolybdic acid, and phosphoric acid.
Folin's t. 1. a quantitative t. for uric acid by means of the color produced with phosphotungstic acid and a base; 2. a quantitative t. for urea; the urea is decomposed by boiling with magnesium chloride, and the freed ammonia is measured.
Fosdick-Hansen-Epple t. a t. for determining dental caries activity based on a solution of powdered human enamel in a saliva-glucose-enamel mixture.
Foshay t. an intradermal t. for cat-scratch disease or tularemia, using material prepared from suppurative lymph nodes of persons known to have had the disease.
fragility t. a t. that measures the resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis in hypotonic saline solutions; erythrocytes to be tested are added to varying concentrations of saline (usually ranging from 0.85 to 0.10% sodium chloride with 0.05% increments), and beginning and complete hemolysis are measured; normal erythrocytes show initial hemolysis at concentrations of 0.45 to 0.39% and complete hemolysis at 0.33 to 0.30%; in hereditary spherocytosis the fragility of the erythrocytes is markedly increased, whereas in thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and obstructive jaundice the fragility of the erythrocytes is usually reduced.erythrocyte fragility t;
Frei t. an intracutaneous diagnostic t. for lymphogranuloma venereum: the Frei antigen is usually a sterile preparation of inactivated chlamydiae from domestic fowl; a positive delayed type reaction is not diagnostically specific for lymphogranuloma venereum and is rarely used.Frei-Hoffmann reaction;
Fridenberg's stigometric card t. an obsolete t. of vision and accommodation for illiterates, using a card containing a series of dots and squares of graduated size, to be counted at various distances.
FTA-ABS t. fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption t
fusion-inferred threshold t. employment of the phenomenon of cerebral fusion of binaural sounds to substitute for conventional masking in hearing testing.FIT t;
Gaddum and Schild t. a sensitive method for identification of epinephrine in tissue or other material, based on the fluorescence of epinephrine exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of alkali and oxygen; sensitivity ranges from 1:50 to 1:100 million.
galactose tolerance t. a liver function t., based on the ability of the liver to convert galactose to glycogen, measured by the rate of excretion of galactose following ingestion or intravenous injection of a known amount; normally, less than 3 g appear in the urine within 5 hours after the ingestion of 40 g.
gel diffusion precipitin t.'s precipitin t.'s in which the immune precipitate forms in a gel medium (usually agar) into which one or both reactants have diffused; generally classified in two types, in one dimension, and in two dimensions.gel diffusion reactions;
gel diffusion precipitin t.'s in one dimension precipitin t.'s in which antigen solution and antibody incorporated in agar are layered in tubes, permitting effective diffusion in the vertical dimension; the antibody-containing agar may be overlaid directly with antigen solution (single (gel) diffusion in one dimension).
gel diffusion precipitin t.'s in two dimensions precipitin t.'s made in a layer of agar that permits radial diffusion, in both of the horizontal dimensions, of one or both reactants. Double (gel) diffusion in two dimensions (Ouchterlony test, technique, or method) incorporates antigen and antibody solutions placed in separate wells in a sheet of plain agar, permitting radial diffusion of both reactants; this method is widely used to determine antigenic relationships; the bands of precipitate that form where the reactants meet in optimal concentration are of three patterns, referred to as reaction of identity, reaction of partial identity (cross-reaction), and reaction of nonidentity.
Gellé t. a vibrating tuning fork is applied over the mastoid process; if it is heard, the air in the external auditory canal is compressed, by means of a rubber tube inserted into the canal and a hand bulb, thereby fixing the stapes in the oval window, and the sound ceases to be heard, but is again perceived if the air pressure is removed; a t. of the mobility of the ossicles.
Geraghty's t. phenolsulfonphthalein t
Gerhardt's t. for acetoacetic acid in fresh urine a red color develops upon addition of FeCl3; no color develops if the urine has first been boiled; this t. has low specificity and sensitivity.Gerhardt's reaction;
Gerhardt's t. for urobilin in the urine the urobilin is extracted with chloroform and then treated with iodine and potassium hydrate, a fluorescent green color being produced.
germ tube t. a t. for the identification of Candida albicans; after a 3-hr incubation in serum, an inoculum of Candida develops tubelike appendages.
glucose oxidase paper strip t. a qualitative t. for glucose in the urine, in which glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid by glucose oxidase; a specific t., unless ascorbic acid is present.
glucose tolerance t. a t. for diabetes, based upon the ability of the normal liver to absorb and store excessive amounts of glucose as glycogen; following ingestion of 75 g of glucose, the fasting blood sugar promptly rises and then falls to normal within 2 hours, but in a diabetic patient the increase is greater and the return to normal unusually prolonged.
Gmelin's t. a t. for bile in the urine or other body fluid; nitric acid, with a little nitrous acid, is cautiously added to a few milliliters of the material to be tested; if bile (bilirubin) is present, it is oxidized to varying degrees, thereby resulting in disklike zones that are (from the interface outward) yellow, red, violet, blue, and green; development of green and violet layers is essential to the validity of the t.Rosenbach-Gmelin t;
Gofman t. a t. for various serum lipoproteins that contain cholesterol, as an index of the tendency to the development of atheromatous lesions and arteriosclerosis; the t. is based on the differential flotation of molecules of various sizes when the serum is treated in an ultracentrifuge.
Goldscheider's t. determination of the temperature sense by touching the skin with a sharp-pointed metallic rod, heated to varying degrees.
gold sol t. Lange's t
Goodenough draw-a-man t. a brief t. for assessing an individual's level of intelligence based on how accurately drawn and how many elements are included when a child or adult is given a pencil and sheet of white paper and asked to draw a man, the best man he or she is able to draw. Also called the Goodenough draw-a-person t. and, in its current form, the Goodenough-Harris drawing t.
goodness of fit t. a statistical t. of the hypothesis that data have been randomly sampled or generated from a population that follows a particular theoretical distribution.
Göthlin's t. a capillary fragility t. to determine the presence or absence of scurvy.
Graham-Cole t. cholecystography
group t. in psychology, a t. designed to be administered to more than one individual at a time; e.g., scholastic achievement t., medical college admissions t.
guaiac t. Almén's t. for blood
Günzberg's t. a t. for hydrochloric acid utilizing phloroglucin vanillin (Gunzberg's reagent), with which a bright red color is produced in the presence of the acid.
Guthrie t. bacterial inhibition assay for direct measurement of serum phenylalanine; in widespread use for detection of phenylketonuria in the newborn.
Gutzeit's t. a t. for arsenic; a piece of zinc and a little sulfuric acid are added to the suspected liquid which is then boiled; a bit of filter paper with a silver nitrate solution is held in the vapor and will turn yellow if arsenic is present.
Ham's t. acidified serum t
Hardy-Rand-Ritter t. a t. for color vision deficiency using pseudoisochromatic cards. These excellent cards have not been reprinted by the American Optical Co. since the plates were accidentally destroyed in 1965.
Harrington-Flocks t. a rapid screening t. for visual field defects; patterns are viewed tachistoscopically, and the patterns are visible only when illuminated by a flash of ultraviolet light. Not available since 1970.
Harris t. Harris and Ray t
Harris and Ray t. a t. for vitamin C in the urine; a microtitration t. of the urine against a known amount of 0.05% aqueous solution of the dye 2,6-dichloroindophenol in 10% acetic acid (usually 0.05 ml of dye is used, roughly equivalent to 0.025 mg of ascorbic acid).Harris t;
head-dropping t. a t. used in the diagnosis of disease of the extrapyramidal or striatal system (e.g., parkinsonism, Wilson's disease); with the patient supine, relaxed, and his attention diverted, the examiner briskly lifts the patient's head with the right hand and then allows it to drop upon the palm of his left hand; the head of a normal person drops suddenly like a dead weight, whereas, in striatal disease the head falls slowly, gently, and almost hesitantly.
heat coagulation t. a t. for measurement of protein in urine; albumin and globulin are coagulated by heat at an acid pH, and the amount of turbidity present provides a qualitative estimation of the degree of proteinuria.
heat instability t. a t. for the presence of unstable hemoglobins; fresh red blood cells lysed in distilled water develop a precipitate within one hour at 50°C if unstable hemoglobin is present.
heel-tap t. See heel tap.
heel-to-knee-to-toe t. heel-to-shin t
heel-to-shin t. a test of lower limb coordination and position sense; the subject places the heel of one foot on the opposite knee and then slides it distally along the shin to the opposite side.heel-to-knee-to-toe t;
Heinz body t. a t. for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient red blood cells; an oxidant (acetylphenylhydrazine) is added to blood; after incubation at 37°C, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient samples exhibit more than 30% Heinz bodies.
hemadsorption virus t. a method for detecting hemagglutinating viruses that is based on adherence of erythrocytes to infected cells.
hemagglutination t. a sensitive t. to meausre certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes.
hemoccult t. a qualitative t. for occult blood in stool based upon detecting the peroxidase activity of hemoglobin; a t. kit can be used at home and the specimen mailed to a laboratory for evaluation.
Hering's t. a t. of binocular vision; the subject looks through an apparatus having at its farther end a thread near which a small sphere is dropped; with binocular vision the observer recognizes the location of the sphere in front of or behind the thread; with monocular vision this is not possible.
Hershberg t. a t. for anabolic steroids in which castrated male rats are treated with the substance being tested.
Hess' t. Rumpel-Leede t
Hines-Brown t. cold pressor t
Hinton t. a formerly widely used precipitin (flocculation) t. for syphilis in which the "antigen" consisted of glycerol, cholesterol, and beef heart extract.
Histalog t. a t. for measurement of maximal production of gastric acidity or anacidity; it is similar to the histamine t., but uses Histalog (betazole hydrochloride), an analogue of histamine.maximal Histalog t;
histamine t. a t. for maximal production of gastric acidity or anacidity; after preliminary administration of an antihistamine, histamine acid phosphate is injected subcutaneously in a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight, followed by analysis of gastric contents. See also Histalog t.augmented histamine t;
histoplasmin-latex t. a passive agglutination t. for histoplasmosis; latex particles, sensitized with antigen extracted from Histoplasma capsulatum, are used in a flocculation reaction with the patient's serum.
Hollander t. insulin hypoglycemia t
Holmgren's wool t. a t. for color blindness, in which the subject matches variously colored skeins of wool.
homovanillic acid t. a t. for homovanillic acid based upon the fact that dopamine is present in sympathetic nervous tissue as precursor of norepinephrine; since norepinephrine has a metabolic pathway which yields homovanillic acid, tumors such as neuroblastomas and ganglioneuromas may cause elevations of urinary dopamine and homovanillic acid.HVA t;
Hooker-Forbes t. a t. for compounds with progestational activity; such compounds cause hypertrophy of the stromal nuclei of the endometrium in uteri obtained from spayed mice; a sensitive t. capable of detecting 0.0002 mug of progesterone.
Howard t. a differential ureteral catheterization t. performed by the insertion of bilateral ureteral catheters to measure simultaneous urinary volume and sodium concentration in patients with suspected renovascular hypertension.
Huhner t. determination of sperm quantity and motility in specimens obtained from the cervical canal following coitus, performed around the time of ovulation.
HVA t. homovanillic acid t
17-hydroxycorticosteroid t. a t., dependent on the Porter-Silber reaction, that is used as a measure of adrenocortical function and is performed on urine. Low values are seen in Addison's disease and hypopituitarism; high values are seen in Cushing's syndrome and extreme stress.17-OH-corticoids t., Porter-Silber chromogens t;
hyperventilation t. producing respiratory alkalosis by overbreathing to 1) produce clinical abnormalities, e.g., tetany seizures; 2) cause EEG abnormalities; 3) cause EMG abnormalities.
hypoxemia t. anoxemia t
immune adhesion t. adhesion t
immunologic pregnancy t. a general term for t.'s for detection of increased human chorionic gonadotropin in plasma or urine by immunologic techniques including latex particle agglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, radioimmunoassay, and radioreceptor assays.
indirect t. See Prausnitz-Küstner reaction.
indirect Coombs' t. a t. routinely performed in cross-matching blood or in the investigation of transfusion reaction: t. for patient's serum is incubated with a suspension of donor erythrocytes; if specific antibodies are present, they become attached to the antigen in donor's cells; after a washing with saline, Coombs' antihuman globulin is added; agglutination at this point indicates that antibodies present in the original t. serum had indeed become attached to donor erythrocytes.
indirect fluorescent antibody t. See fluorescent antibody technique.
indirect hemagglutination t. passive hemagglutination
indole t. a t. used to identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and other Gram-negative bacilli, based on the ability of the organisms to produce indole from tryptophan.
inkblot t. Rorschach t
insulin hypoglycemia t. a t. to determine the completeness of vagotomy for peptic ulcer; after the surgical procedure is performed, insulin is administered to cause hypoglycemia; if vagotomy is complete, the acid output from the stomach following administration of insulin is less than that before insulin administration; if the reverse if true, incomplete vagotomy is likely.Hollander t;
intelligence t. a t., using well researched items and involving a systematic method of administration and scoring, used to assess an individual's general aptitude or level of potential competence, in contrast to an achievement t.
iodine t. a t. for detecting the presence of starch based on its reaction with iodine.
Ishihara t. a t. for color vision deficiency that utilizes a series of pseudoisochromatic plates on which numbers or letters are printed in dots of primary colors surrounded by dots of other colors; the figures are discernable by individuals with normal color vision.
isopropanol precipitation t. a t. using the principle that the internal bonds of hemoglobin are weakened by nonpolar solvents; thus, unstable hemoglobins will precipitate more rapidly than other hemoglobins in isopropanol.
Ito-Reenstierna t. Ducrey t
131I uptake t. a t. of thyroid function in which 131I-iodide is given orally; after 24 hours, the amount present in the thyroid gland is measured and compared with normal values.radioactive iodide uptake t., RAI t;
Ivy bleeding time t. a bleeding time t. in which a sphygmomanometer is inflated to 40 mm Hg around the upper arm, a 5-mm deep incision is made on the flexor surface of the forearm, and the time is measured to cessation of bleeding.
Jacquemin's t. a t. for phenol; to the suspected fluid an equal amount of aniline is added, and, after thorough admixture, a little solution of sodium hypochlorite; if phenol is present the fluid becomes blue.
Jaffe's t. 1. a qualitative t. for the presence of indicanuria; after an equal amount of HCl is added to the urine, the further addition of chloroform and CaCl2 gives rise to blue or purple chloroform droplets which sink to the bottom if indican is present; 2. a quantitative t. for creatinine based on its reaction with alkaline picrate.
Janet's t. a t. for functional or organic anesthesia; the patient (with eyes closed) is told to say "yes" or "no" when he feels or does not feel the touch of the examiner's finger; in the case of functional anesthesia he may say "no" when an anesthetic area is touched, but will say nothing, being unaware that he is touched, in cases of organic anesthesia.
Jolles' t. a t. for bile; a precipitate is obtained by agitation with chloroform, a solution of barium chloride, and hydrochloric acid; the precipitate is removed, and the addition of a drop or two of sulfuric acid will produce a play of color if bile pigments are present.
Jones' t. fluorescein instillation t
Katayama's t. a qualitative colorimetric t. for the presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood.
ketogenic corticoids t. 17-ketogenic steroid assay t
17-ketogenic steroid assay t. a colorimetric t., based on the Zimmermann reaction, which indicates metabolites or adrenal and testicular steroids excreted as 17-ketones in the urine; increased values are most striking in adrenocortical tumors, decreased values in Addison's disease or in panhypopituitarism.ketogenic corticoids t;
Kirby-Bauer t. a standardized t. for microbiological susceptibility performed by transferring a standardized pure culture of the organism of interest onto a sensitivity plate (Petri dish with Mueller-Hinton agar) and observing growth in the presence of disks containing antibiotics.
Knoop hardness t. See Knoop hardness number.
Kober t. a t. for naturally occurring estrogens, based upon the production of a pink color (absorption maximum: 520 mmu) when an estrogen is heated in a mixture of phenol and sulfuric acid.
Kolmer t. a former standard quantitative method for the Wassermann t., with numerous modifications (especially as to antigen).
Korotkoff's t. a t. of collateral circulation; while the artery above an aneurysm is compressed, the blood pressure in the distal circulation is estimated; if it is fairly high, the collateral circulation is good.
Kurzrok-Ratner t. a t. for estrogens in the urine; the urine is extracted with ethyl acetate and, after purification, the extract is subjected to bioassay as in the Allen-Doisy t.
Kveim t. an intradermal t. for the detection of sarcoidosis, done by injecting Kveim antigen (obtained from spleens of persons with sarcoidosis) and examining skin biopsies after three and six weeks; a positive t. is indicated by typical nodules showing evidence of sarcoid tissue.Kveim-Stilzbach t., Nickerson-Kveim t;
Kveim-Stilzbach t. Kveim t
Lachman t. a maneuver to detect deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament; with the knee flexed 20 to 30 degrees, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 millimeters of displacement is positive (abnormal).
Landsteiner-Donath t. See Donath-Landsteiner phenomenon.
Lange's t. an obsolete, nonspecific t. for altered proteins in spinal fluid. As originally used by Lange in 1912, the t. was thought to be specific for neurosyphilis; however, this proved to be incorrect. Dilutions of spinal fluid are made in saline and to these a colloidal gold solution is added; if altered proteins are present, there is a color change or precipitate formed. At present, its chief use is to demonstrate cerebrospinal fluid protein abnormalities in multiple sclerosis.gold sol t., Zsigmondy's t;
latex agglutination t. a passive agglutination t. in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen.latex fixation t;
latex fixation t. latex agglutination t
LE cell t. in vitro incubation of blood or bone marrow of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, or action of their serum on normal leukocytes, causes formation of characteristic LE cells.lupus erythematosus cell t;
Legal's t. a t. for acetone; the urine is rendered alkaline by a few drops of a solution of potassium hydroxide, and to this are added 2 or 3 drops of a freshly prepared 10% solution of sodium nitroprusside; it is colored red, then yellow; then a few drops of acetic acid are trickled down the side of the t. tube and at the line of junction of the two fluids is formed a carmine or purple ring.
leishmanin t. (lesh´man-in) a delayed hypersensitivity t. for cutaneous leishmaniasis; a positive t. when granulomatous induration exceeds 5 min after 2-3 days at the intradermal injection site of a suspension of leishmanias in phenol.Montenegro t; [leishmania + suffix -in, component, derivative]
lepromin t. a t. utilizing an intradermal injection of a lepromin, such as the Dharmendra antigen or Mitsuda antigen, to classify the stage of leprosy based on the lepromin reaction, such as the Fernandez reaction or Mitsuda reaction; it differentiates tuberculoid leprosy, in which there is a positive delayed reaction at the injection site, from lepromatous leprosy, in which there is no reaction (i.e., a negative t. result) despite the active malignant Mycobacterium leprae infection; the t. is not diagnostic, since normal uninfected persons may react.
leukocyte adherence assay t. a t. to detect the ability of leukocytes to adhere to bacteria, performed in vitro using nylon fibers to measure adherence.
leukocyte bactericidal assay t. a t. of leukocytes to determine their ability to kill a culture of live bacteria.
Liebermann-Burchard t. a colorimetric t. for unsaturated sterols, notably cholesterol; a blue-green color develops when such substances are added to acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid in chloroform.
limulus lysate t. a t. for the rapid detection of Gram-negative bacterial meningitis; Gram-negative endotoxin induces gel formation of Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) lysates.
line t. a t. for rickets, based on observation of the lines of calcification in the growing ends of rachitic long bones in rats given vitamin D preparations under standard t. conditions; used in biological assay of vitamin D by the USP.
lipase t. a diagnostic t. based on the measurement of lipase in blood and urine as an indicator of pancreatic disease.
Lombard voice-reflex t. the observation of fluctuations in the intensity of a patient's voice when a masking noise is increased or decreased; a t. useful in assessing functional hearing loss.
Lücke's t. a t. for hippuric acid; hot nitric acid is added to the urine and evaporated to dryness; the presence of hippuric acid is indicated by an odor of nitrobenzol upon further heating.
lupus band t. a direct immunofluorescent technique for demonstrating a band of immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction of the skin of patients with lupus erythematosus.
lupus erythematosus cell t. LE cell t
Machado-Guerreiro t. a complement-fixation t. for infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.
Maclagan's t. thymol turbidity t
Maclagan's thymol turbidity t. thymol turbidity t
macrophage migration inhibition t. migration inhibitory factor t
Mantel-Haenszel t. a summary chi-square t. developed by Mantel and Haenszel for stratified data, used when controlling for confounding.
Mantoux t. See tuberculin t.
Marshall t. manual deviation of bladder neck during strain or cough to ascertain presence of stress urinary incontinence.Bonney t., Marshall-Marchetti t;
Marshall-Marchetti t. Marshall t
Master t. an early and long-used exercise challenge to identify ischemic heart disease using a pair of nine inch steps with a platform on top, the number of trips by the patient arbitrarily chosen and related to age and body weight. See also two-step exercise t.Master's two-step exercise t;
Master's two-step exercise t. Master t
Mauthner's t. an obsolete t. for color perception similar to Holmgren's, but made with vials filled with pigments instead of with skeins of wool.
maximal Histalog t. Histalog t
Mazzotti t. a t. for onchocerciasis using an oral t. dose of diethylcarbamazine (50 or 100 mg), resulting in the appearance of an acute rash in 2 to 24 hours from death of microfilariae in the skin.Mazzotti reaction;
McMurray t. rotation of the tibia on the femur to determine injury to meniscal structures.
McNemar's t. a form of chi-square t. for matched paired data.
McPhail t. a t. for progesterone and like substances; immature female rabbits are treated with 150 IU of estrone over a period of 6 days; the t. material is then given in five daily subcutaneous doses; progestational proliferation of the endometrium is noted and the results estimated according to a scale from 0 to ++++; the amount required to produce an average (++) response is taken as a unit, equivalent to 0.25 mg of progesterone.
Meinicke t. the first successful application (1917-1918) of immune precipitation to diagnosis of syphilis, now obsolete.
Meltzer-Lyon t. a t. used in diagnosis of gallbladder conditions: 25 ml of a 25% solution of magnesium sulfate are delivered into the region of the sphincter of Oddi through a duodenal tube, causing contraction of the gallbladder, relaxation of the sphincter, and the expulsion of bile from the common duct and gallbladder; bile from the common duct is relatively pale and is expelled first, that from the gallbladder follows; samples aspirated from the tube are examined for pus cells, pigment granules, epithelial cells, cholesterol, etc.
metabisulfite t. a t. for sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb S); deoxygenation of cells containing Hb S is enhanced by addition of sodium metabisulfite to the blood, causing sickling visible on a slide; certain other abnormal hemoglobins (Hb CHarlem and Hb I) also sickle in this t.
3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid t. vanillylmandelic acid t
metrotrophic t. a t. for the assay of estrogenic substances; immature female rats (25 to 49 g) are injected subcutaneously with the hormone and killed after 6 hours, when the increase in uterine weight (due largely to imbibation of water) is taken as the criterion of estrogenic activity.Astwood's t;
MHA-TP t. microhemagglutination-Treponema pallidum t
microhemagglutination-Treponema pallidum t. a microtiter version of the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination t.MHA-TP t;
microprecipitation t. a precipitation t. in which reduced quantities of t. reagents are used.
migration inhibition t. migration inhibitory factor t
migration inhibitory factor t. a t. which measures the presence of migration inhibitory factor. Usually peritoneal macrophages are placed in a capillary tube in the presence or absence of supernatants from activated T cells. If MIF is present, the migration of monocyte/macrophages is reduced.macrophage migration inhibition t., migration inhibition t;
milk-ring t. a special form of agglutination t. done on the pooled milk of many cows, usually entire herds, for the detection of herds containing individuals infected with bovine brucellosis.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory t. a paper and pencil test, consisting of 20 clinical scales derived from 175 self-descriptive statements, and developed in 1977 for use in the assessment of psychopathology and the more enduring patterns of personality; specifically designed to correspond with some of the disorders of personality included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders used in diagnosis by mental health professionals.Millon clinical multiaxial inventory;
Millon-Nasse t. a t. for protein, the tyrosine of which reacts with nitrite after a brief treatment with mercuric ion in acid to give a color.
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory t. (MMPI) a questionnaire type of psychological test for ages 16 and over, with 550 true-false statements coded in 4 validity and 10 personality scales which may be administered in both an individual or group format.Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory;
mixed agglutination t. See mixed agglutination reaction.
mixed lymphocyte culture t. a t. for histocompatibility of HL-A antigens in which donor and recipient lymphocytes are mixed in culture; the degree of incompatibility is indicated by the number of cells that have undergone transformation and mitosis, or by the uptake of radioactive isotope-labeled thymidine.MLC t;
MLC t. mixed lymphocyte culture t
Molisch's t. a color t. for sugar, which condenses with a-naphthol or thymol in the presence of strong sulfuric acid, which converts the sugar to furfural derivatives.
Moloney t. a t. to detect a high degree of sensitivity to diphtheria toxoid; more than a minimal local reaction to diluted 1 / 20) toxoid given intradermally indicates that prophylactic toxoid should be inoculated in fractional doses at suitable intervals.
Montenegro t. leishmanin t
Mörner's t. 1. for cysteine, which gives a brilliant purple color with sodium nitroprusside; 2. for tyrosine, which gives a green color on boiling with sulfuric acid containing formaldehyde.
Moschcowitz t. demonstration of lower limb ischemia by occlusion of the arterial circulation for five minutes with a tourniquet or Esmarch bandage. Following release, skin color normally will return in a few seconds; with arterial obstruction (e.g., arteriosclerotic) color returns more slowly.
Mosenthal t. an infrequently used t. to evaluate renal concentrating ability by measuring the density of urine every two hours during the ingestion of a controlled diet.
motility t. a t. based on microscopic observation or on the spread of growth in soft agar, used to determine if a microorganism is motile.
Motulsky dye reduction t. a t. for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the blood, using a mixture of brilliant cresyl blue, glucose 6-phosphate, and NADP.
mucin clot t. a t. that reflects the polymerization of synovial fluid hyaluronate; a few drops of synovial fluid added to acetic acid form a clot; poor clot formation occurs in a variety of inflammatory conditions including septic arthritis, gouty arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.Ropes t;
Mulder's t. See xanthoprotein reaction.
multiple puncture tuberculin t. a kind of tine t. See tuberculin t.
multiple sleep latency t. a t. of the propensity to fall asleep, done by performing polysomnography during multiple brief opportunities to sleep.
mumps sensitivity t. a skin t. for sensitivity to mumps, in which inactivated mumps virus is used as antigen.
Nagel's t. a t. for color vision in which the observer determines the relative amounts of red and green necessary to match spectral yellow; an instrument called Nagel's anomaloscope is used.
NBT t. abbreviation for nitroblue tetrazolium t.
neutralization t. protection t
niacin t. a t. of the ability of mycobacteria to elaborate niacin; used to distinguish different strains.
Nickerson-Kveim t. Kveim t
nitroblue tetrazolium t. (NBT t.) a t. to detect the phagocytic ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by measuring the capacity of the oxygen-dependent leukocytic bactericidal system.
nitroprusside t. a qualitative t. for cystinuria; following the addition of sodium cyanide to the urine, the further addition of nitroprusside produces a red-purple color if the cyanide has reduced any cystine present to cysteine.
nonstress t. a t. to evaluate fetal well-being by evaluating fetal heart rate response to fetal movement; a reactive nonstress t. is fetal heart rate accelerations in response to fetal movement.
nystagmus t. Bárány's caloric t
Obermayer's t. a t. for indican; solids in the urine are precipitated by means of a 20% solution of acetate of lead and then filtered, and to the filtrate is added fuming hydrochloric acid containing a small amount of ferric chloride solution; if indican is present, the addition of chloroform causes the formation of indigo, indicated by the blue color.
17-OH-corticoids t. 17-hydroxycorticosteroid t
oral lactose tolerance t. a t. for lactose deficiency; the plasma glucose response to an oral lactose load is measured as in the (oral) glucose tolerance t.
orcinol t. Bial's t
Ouchterlony t. double (gel) diffusion t. in two dimensions. See gel diffusion precipitin t.'s in two dimensions.Ouchterlony method;
oxidase t. a colon t. for the presence of intracellular cytochrome oxidase based on the reaction with p-phenylenediamine; aids in the identification of Neisseria species and Pseudomonadaceae.
Pachon's t. in a case of aneurysm, determination of the collateral circulation by estimation of the blood pressure.
Palmer acid t. for peptic ulcer in duodenal ulcer, the administration of acid by duodenal tube causes severe pain.
palmin t. , palmitin t. a t. of pancreatic efficiency, based upon the fact that the presence of fat in the stomach causes the pylorus to open and admit the pancreatic juice; this splits the palmin so that an examination of the stomach contents, after a t. meal containing palmin, will reveal the presence of fatty acids.
pancreozymin-secretin t. See secretin t.
Pandy's t. Pandy's reaction
Pap t. microscopic examination of cells exfoliated or scraped from a mucosal surface after staining with Papanicolaou's stain; used especially for detection of cancer of the uterine cervix.Papanicolaou smear t;
Papanicolaou smear t. Pap t
parallax t. measurement of the deviation in strabismus by the alternate cover t. combined with neutralization of the deviation using prisms.
parametric t. a statistical t. that depends on an assumption about the distribution of the data, e.g., that the data are normally distributed.
passive cutaneous anaphylaxis t. (an´a-fI-lak´sis) an animal is injected intradermally with antibody (usually IgE) and subsequently challenged intravenously with a mixture of antigen and Evans blue dye 24-48 hours later. A dark blue area indicates a positive reaction due to the leakage of the dye at the site of antigen-antibody reactions.
patch t. a t. of skin sensitiveness: a small piece of paper, tape, or a cup, wet with CO non-irritating diluted t. fluid, is applied to skin of the upper back or upper outer arm and after 48 hours the area previously covered is compared with the uncovered surface; an erythematous reaction with vesicles occurs if the substance causes contact allergy. See also photo-patch t.
Patrick's t. a t. to determine the presence or absence of sacroiliac disease; with the patient supine, the hip and knee are flexed and the external malleolus is placed above the patella of the opposite leg; this can ordinarily be done without pain, but, on depressing the knee, pain is promptly elicited in sacroiliac disease.
Paul-Bunnell t. t. for detection of heterophil antibodies in infectious mononucleosis. See Forssman antigen.
Paul's t. Paul's reaction
PBI t. protein-bound iodine t
pentagastrin t. an alternative to histamine for stimulation of acid secretion in gastric analysis.
performance t. a t., such as five of the eleven Wechsler adult intelligence scale subtests, requiring little or no verbal instruction from the examiner and virtually no verbal response by the examinee.
Perls' t. a t. for hemosiderin, utilizing Perls' Prussian blue stain.
personality t. any of the category of psychological t.'s designed to t. the characteristics of the personality, emotional status, mental disorder, etc., in contrast to an intelligence t.
Perthes' t. a t. for patency of deep femoral vein; with the patient standing, a tourniquet is applied above the knee; after walking, if deep circulation is competent, the superficial varicosities remain unchanged and legs become painful.
phenolsulfonphthalein t. obsolete t. for renal function; after the patient has drunk a glass or two of water, 1 ml of a 0.6% solution of dye is injected hypodermically; the time between this injection and the appearance of a pink tinge in the urine as it falls into an alkaline solution is noted; the amount excreted in each of the next 2 hours is then estimated colorimetrically.Geraghty's t., phthalein t., red t., Rowntree and Geraghty t;
phentolamine t. a t. for pheochromocytoma; intravenous administration of phentolamine (5 mg) reduces hypertension due to a pheochromocytoma but not that due to other causes, e.g., essential hypertension; the blood pressure is raised by the drug in the latter form of hypertension.
photo-patch t. a t. of contact photosensitization: after application of a patch with the suspected sensitizer for 48 hours to two sites, if there is no reaction one area is exposed to a weak erythema dose of sunlight or ultraviolet light; if positive, a more severe reaction with vesiculation develops at the exposed patch area than the nonexposed skin patch site.
photostress t. measurement of visual acuity before and after exposure of the eyes to intense light.
phrenic pressure t. pressure is made on the phrenic nerve on each side, above the clavicles where the nerve passes over the scalenus anticus muscle; if pain is felt and the patient inclines his head to the painful side, the problem is in the pleural space; if his head does not incline to one side, the problem is in the abdominal cavity.
phthalein t. phenolsulfonphthalein t
Pirquet's t. a cutaneous tuberculin t. See tuberculin t.dermotuberculin reaction, Pirquet's reaction;
pivot shift t. a maneuver to detect a deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee; when the knee is extended, a sudden subluxation of the lateral tibial condyle upon the distal femur is positive.
P-K t. Prausnitz-Küstner reaction
plasmacrit t. a serologic screening method used as an aid in the diagnosis of syphilis; after only a few drops of heparinized blood (obtained from a pricked finger) are collected in a special capillary tube, the capillary tube is centrifugated in order to collect plasma, which is then mixed with a 0.01-ml drop of antigen (cardiolipin previously treated with choline chloride as an anti-inhibitor, in order to avoid falsely negative results that may occur with nonheated plasma or serum). After mechanically agitating the antigen-plasma mixture for 4 min, the presence or absence of flocculation is observed. A positive result should not be regarded as conclusively diagnostic, but a negative result excludes the likelihood of syphilis.
platelet aggregation t. a t. of the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and hence form a hemostatic plug to prevent bleeding; failure to aggregate occurs in several conditions, e.g., thrombasthenia, Von Willebrand's disease, and following administration of aspirin, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin; the t. is conducted by quantitating the decrease in turbidity that occurs in platelet-rich plasma following the in vitro addition of one or several platelet-aggregating agents (e.g., ADP, epinephrine, or serotonin).
polyuria t. Albarran's t
Porges-Meier t. an early flocculation t. for syphilis; of significance in having introduced as antigens acetone-insoluble, alcohol-soluble fractions of tissue, and lecithin.
Porter-Silber chromogens t. 17-hydroxycorticosteroid t
P and P t. prothrombin and proconvertin t
precipitation t. precipitin t
precipitin t. an in vitro t. in which antigen is in soluble form and precipitates when it combines with added specific antibody in the presence of an electrolyte. See also gel diffusion precipitin t.'s, ring precipitin t.precipitation t;
prism cover t. measurement of the deviation in strabismus by the alternate cover t. combined with neutralization for the deviation using prisms.
prism vergence t. measurement of the amplitude of fusion by placing prisms of gradually increasing power in the direction tested until diplopia occurs.
projective t. a loosely structured psychological t. containing many ambiguous stimuli that require the subject to reveal his own feelings, personality, or psychopathology in response to them; e.g., Rorschach t., thematic apperception t.
protection t. a t. to determine the antimicrobial activity of a serum by inoculating a susceptible animal with a mixture of the serum and the virus or other microbe being tested.neutralization t;
protein-bound iodine t. a formerly used t. of thyroid function in which serum protein-bound iodine is measured to provide an estimate of hormone bound to protein in peripheral blood.PBI t;
prothrombin t. a quantitative t. for prothrombin in the blood based on the clotting time of oxalated blood plasma in the presence of thromboplastin and calcium chloride; measures the integrity of the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. See also prothrombin time.Quick's method, Quick's t;
prothrombin and proconvertin t. a t. formerly used by some to control anticoagulant therapy with bishydroxycoumarin and indandione drugs.P and P t;
provocative t. any procedure in which a suspected pathophysiological abnormality is deliberately induced by manipulating conditions known to provoke the abnormality.
provocative Wassermann t. an obsolete t. of historical interest only; the use of the Wassermann test from one or two days to one or two weeks after the administration of arsphenamine or neoarsphenamine; the result may then be positive when before the giving of arsphenamine it was negative.
psychological t.'s t.'s designed to measure a person's achievements, intelligence, neuropsychological functions, skills, personality, or individual and occupational characteristics, or potentialities. See also scale.
psychomotor t.'s psychological t.'s which, although based on other psychological processes (e.g., sensory, perceptual), require a motor reaction such as copying designs, building blocks, or manipulating controls.
pulp t. vitality t
Q tip t. a t. for determining the mobility of the urethra.
Queckenstedt-Stookey t. compression of the jugular vein in a healthy person causes an increase in the pressure of the spinal fluid in the lumbar region within 10 to 12 seconds, and an equally rapid fall to normal on release of the pressure on the vein; when there is a block of subarachnoid channels, compression of the vein causes little or no increase of pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid.
quellung t. Neufeld capsular swelling
Quick's t. prothrombin t
quinine carbacrylic resin t. a t. for gastric anacidity. See quinine carbacrylic resin.
Quinlan's t. a t. for bile; when a thin layer of bile is examined through a spectroscope, absorption lines appear in the violet.
radioactive iodide uptake t. 131I uptake t
radioallergosorbent t. (RAST) a radioimmunoassay t. to detect IgE-bound allergens responsible for tissue hypersensitivity: the allergen is bound to insoluble material and the patient's serum is reacted with this conjugate; if the serum contains antibody to the allergen, it will be complexed to the allergen.
radioimmunosorbent t. (RIST) a competition t., performed in vitro, used to measure IgE specific for a particular antigen. Known amounts of radiolabeled IgE compete with the patient's unlabeled IgE to bind to a surface coated with anti-IgE. The reduction in radiolabeled IgE due to the presence of IgE in the patient's serum can be determined by comparison to known IgE standards; thus, the amount of the patient's total serum IgE can be determined.
RAI t. 131I uptake t
rapid plasma reagin t. a group of serologic t.'s for syphilis in which unheated serum or plasma is reacted with a standard t. antigen containing charcoal particles; positive t.'s yield a flocculation. A modification, called the RPR (circle) card t., is widely used as a screening t.RPR t;
Rapoport t. a differential ureteral catheterization t. used to evaluate suspected renovascular hypertension; urine specimens from each kidney are obtained by bilateral ureteral catheterization, and the tubular rejection fraction ratio is determined by measuring concentrations of sodium and creatinine in the urine from each kidney.
Rayleigh t. Rayleigh equation
red t. phenolsulfonphthalein t
red cell adherence t. adhesion t
Reinsch's t. a t. for arsenic in which a strip of copper is placed in the suspected fluid, which is then acidulated with hydrochloric acid and boiled; if arsenic is present a gray deposit occurs on the copper, and this deposit on heating is sublimated and deposited as a crystalline layer on a piece of glass held above the copper strip.
Reiter t. a complement-fixation t. for syphilis using as antigen material prepared from the Reiter strain of Treponema pallidum; the t. has been largely replaced in laboratory medicine by the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) t.
resorcinol t. a t. for fructosuria; fresh urine treated with resorcinol in acid gives a red precipitate in the presence of fructose; the precipitate should form a red solution in ethanol.Selivanoff's t;
Reuss' t. a t. for atropine; the addition of oxidizing agents and sulfuric acid to a liquid containing atropine produces an odor of orange-flowers and roses.
Rh blocking t. a t. for nonagglutinating Rh antibodies: an Rh agglutination t. is first carried out; if the t. for Rh agglutinins is negative, then 1 drop of anti-Rho agglutinating serum of moderate titer is mixed with the patient's serum containing Rh-positive t. cells; if after incubating for from 1 to 2 hr at 37°C no agglutination occurs, Rho-blocking antibodies are assumed to be present in the patient's serum.
Rickles t. a colorimetric t. for predicting dental caries activity by incubating saliva in sucrose and determining pH changes.
Rimini's t. a t. for formaldehyde in urine, milk, and other fluids, by the use of dilute solution of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, sodium nitroprusside, and sodium hydroxide.
ring t. ring precipitin t
ring precipitin t. a precipitin t. in which antigen solution is carefully layered over antibody solution in a tube; as diffusion proceeds, a disk of precipitate forms where the antibody ratio is optimal.ring t;
Rinne's t. 1. as a positive t.: a vibrating tuning fork is held in contact with the skull (usually the mastoid process) until the sound is lost, its prongs are then brought close to the auditory orifice when, if the hearing is normal, a faint sound will again be heard; 2. as a negative t.: a vibrating tuning fork is heard longer and louder when in contact with the skull than when held near the auditory orifice, indicating some disorder of the sound conducting apparatus.
Romberg t. Romberg's sign
Römer's t. a t. of historical interest: tuberculin, either pure or diluted, is injected intracutaneously into a guinea pig; if the animal is tuberculous, a large papule with a necrotic hemorrhagic center appears in about 24 hours (cocarde or cockade reaction).
Ropes t. mucin clot t
Rorschach t. a projective psychological t. in which the subject reveals his or her attitudes, emotions, and personality by reporting what is seen in each of 10 inkblot pictures.inkblot t;
rose bengal radioactive (131I) t. a t. of liver function used as a means of measuring hepatic blood flow and for scintillation scanning of the liver to determine size and contour of the liver, or the presence of space-occupying masses in the liver.
Rosenbach-Gmelin t. Gmelin's t
Rosenbach's t. a t. for bile in the urine; the suspected urine is passed several times through the same filter paper, which is then dried and touched with a drop of slightly fuming nitric acid; the presence of bile is indicated by the resulting play of colors characteristic of the bile pigments (a yellow spot surrounded by rings of red, violet, blue, and green).
rosette t. a t. for rosette-forming cells (T-lymphocytes) in which these cells and sheep erythrocytes, are incubated and centrifuged lightly, then examined under a microscope for rosette formation or adherence of erythrocytes to T lymphocytes.
Rose-Waaler t. a t. of historical interest: when sheep red cells are suspended in a concentration of antiserum to sheep red cells which is too low to cause agglutination, the addition of serum from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis will cause agglutination.
Ross-Jones t. a t. for an excess of globulin in the cerebrospinal fluid; 1 ml of cerebrospinal fluid is carefully floated over 2 ml of a concentrated ammonium sulfate solution; if globulin is present in excess, a fine white ring appears at the line of junction in about 3 min.
Rothera's nitroprusside t. a t. for ketone bodies; 5 ml of fresh urine are saturated with solid ammonium sulfate and mixed with 10 drops of freshly prepared 2% sodium nitroprusside solution, which is then mixed with 10 drops of concentrated ammonia water and allowed to stand for 15 min; the presence of acetoacetic acid, or of larger concentrations of acetone, is indicated by the development of a blue-purple color.
Rowntree and Geraghty t. phenolsulfonphthalein t
RPR t. rapid plasma reagin t
rubella HI t. a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) t. for rubella, often performed routinely as part of a prenatal workup of the pregnant woman; the presence of any detectable HI titer in the absence of disease indicates previous infection and immunity to reinfection; if HI antibody is undetected, the patient is considered potentially susceptible and is followed accordingly. See also hemagglutination inhibition.
Rubin t. an obsolete t. of patency of the fallopian tubes; a cannula is introduced into the cervix uteri, and carbon dioxide gas is passed through the cannula by means of a syringe with manometer attachment; if the tubes are patent, the escape of gas into the abdominal cavity is evidenced by a high-pitched bubbling sound heard on auscultation over the lower abdomen, or free gas under the diaphragm can be demonstrated by x-ray.
Rubner's t. a t. for lactose or glucose in the urine; lead acetate is added to the suspected urine which is then filtered; ammonia is added until a permanent precipitate is formed; if lactose is present, the precipitate will take on a pink to red color when the fluid is heated; if there is glucose, the color will be yellow to brown.
Rumpel-Leede t. a tourniquet t. for capillary fragility, often positive in the presence of severe thrombocytopenia. See also capillary fragility t.bandage sign, Hess' t., Rumpel-Leede sign;
Sabin-Feldman dye t. a method for the detection of anti-toxoplasma antibody in serum, based on the fact that Toxoplasma gondii cells (from peritoneal exudate in mice) are fairly well stained with alkaline methylene blue, whereas organisms in a serum that contains specific antibody have no affinity for the dye; furthermore, normal toxoplasma cells become rounded, and the nucleus and cytoplasm deeply stained, when treated with the methylene blue; on the other hand, when dye is mixed with organisms and antibody, the cells retain their crescent shape and only the shrunken nuclear endosome is stained.
Sachs-Georgi t. the first precipitin t. for syphilis of diagnostic practicality, the significant innovation having been the addition of cholesterol to the lipoidal antigen (alcoholic tissue extract) used in the earlier Meinicke t.
Saundby's t. a t. for blood in the stools; on the addition of 30 drops of a 20-volume hydrogen peroxide solution to a mixture of 10 drops of a saturated benzidine solution and a small quantity of feces in a test tube, a persistent dark blue color denotes the presence of blood.
scarification t. a t., e.g., Pirquet's t., in which a material is pricked or scratched into the skin.
Schaffer's t. a t. for nitrites in the urine; urine is decolorized with animal charcoal and then 4 ml of a 10% solution of acetic acid and 3 drops of a 5% solution of potassium ferrocyanide are added; if nitrites are present, an intense yellow color will be produced.
Schellong t. a t. for circulatory function; the subject is required to stand for 10 to 20 minutes, during which time the blood pressure is measured continuously; a fall of systolic pressure of 20 mm Hg or more indicates poor circulatory function.
Schick t. a t. for susceptibility to Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin: 0.1 ml of Schick test toxin is injected into the skin of one forearm (test site) and the same quantity of the same, but heat-inactivated, material into the skin of the other forearm (control site); individuals with toxin-neutralizing antibodies either will have no reaction at either injection site (negative test) or may have a pseudoreaction due to antibodies for substances (antigens) in the test materials other than diphtheria toxin; individuals lacking toxin-neutralizing antibodies may have a positive reaction, which consists of an area of redness appearing 24 to 36 hours at the test site only and persisting for 4 to 5 days.Schick method;
Schiller's t. a t. for nonglycogen-containing areas of the portio vaginalis of the cervix, which may be the site of early carcinoma; such areas fail to stain dark brown with iodine solution; loss of glycogen due to erosion and other benign conditions may also give a positive result.
Schilling t. a procedure for determining the amount of vitamin B12 excreted in the urine using cyanocobalamin tagged with a radioisotope of cobalt.
Schirmer t. a t. for tear production using a strip of filter paper; a measurement of basal and reflex lacrimal gland function.
Schönbein's t. Almén's t. for blood
Schwabach t. a series of five tuning forks of different tones is used and the number of seconds is noted in which the patient can hear each by air and bone conduction.
scratch t. a form of skin t. in which antigen is applied through a scratch in the skin.
screening t. any testing procedure designed to separate people or objects according to a fixed characteristic or property.
Seashore t. a t. in which the individual must discriminate between two sounds; or in which the sense of pitch, intensity, rhythm, and other components of innate musical ability can be measured. See Halstead-Reitan battery.
secretin t. a t. of pancreatic exocrine function, variably performed and standardized, in which the bicarbonate, amylase, and volume of the duodenal aspirate are measured after intravenous administration of secretin.
Selivanoff's t. resorcinol t
shadow t. retinoscopy
shake t. foam stability t
sickle cell t. in an anaerobic wet preparation containing equal amounts of blood and 2% sodium bisulfite, erythrocytes containing hemoglobin S undergo a change in shape to a sickle cell form; the number of sickled red cells per 1000 red blood cells is determined, and expressed as a percentage.
single (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in one dimension See gel diffusion precipitin t.'s in one dimension.
single (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in two dimensions See gel diffusion precipitin t.'s in two dimensions.
SISI t. the sounding of a tone 20 dB above threshold, followed by a series of 200-msec tones 1 dB louder; perception of these is indicative of cochlear damage.small increment sensitivity index t;
situational t. in psychology and psychiatry, a t. situation in which a subject is observed as he or she performs a task or an actual sample of the job or role to be performed; e.g., a test used to select individuals for the Office of Strategic Services during the Second World War and for managerial positions today.
skin t. a method for determining induced sensitivity (allergy) by applying an antigen (allergen) to, or inoculating it into, the skin; induced sensitivity (allergy) to the specific antigen is indicated by an inflammatory reaction of one of two general kinds: 1) immediate, appears in minutes to an hour or so and in general is dependent upon circulating immunoglobulins (antibodies); 2) delayed, appears in 12 to 48 hours and is not dependent upon these soluble substances but upon cellular response and infiltration.cutaneous t., cutireaction t., skin reaction;
skin-puncture t. t. for Behçet's syndrome; after pricking the skin with a sterile needle, pustulation follows within 24 hours, owing to the dermal sensitivity in this disease.
small increment sensitivity index t. SISI t
sniff t. at fluoroscopy, a t. for diaphragmatic function; paradoxical motion of a hemidiaphragm when a patient sniffs vigorously shows phrenic nerve paralysis or paresis of the hemidiaphragm. If rapid upward movement of the diaphragm occurs on brisk sniffing in the supine position, it is highly suggestive of paralysis of the diaphragm.
Snyder's t. a colorimetric t. for determining dental caries activity or susceptibility based on the rate of acid production by acidogenic oral microorganisms (e.g., lactobacillus) in a glucose medium, using bromcresol green as the indicator, and producing a color change from green to yellow.colorimetric caries susceptibility t;
solubility t. a screening t. for sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb S), which is reduced by dithionite and is insoluble in concentrated inorganic buffer; addition of blood showing Hb S to buffer and dithionite causes opacity of the solution.
spironolactone t. administration of spironolactone (400 mg orally) for 4 consecutive days: an increase in serum potassium during the t., and a decrease afterward, strongly suggest primary aldosteronism.
split renal function t. differential ureteral catheterization t
spot t. for infectious mononucleosis a slide t. widely used for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis, based on the principle that the heterophil antibodies that occur in the serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis are absorbed by beef red cells but not by guinea pig kidney cells; thus, when horse red cells (which provoke heterophil antibodies) are mixed with patient serum and agglutination occurs in the presence of beef red cells, the presumptive diagnosis is infectious mononucleosis.
standard serologic t.'s for syphilis , STS for syphilis nontreponemal antigen t.'s giving presumptive but not conclusive evidence of syphilis, including the Wassermann and VDRL t.'s.
standing t. a t. for the effect of a hypotensive drug, carried out by the patient: after taking the drug, he stands perfectly still for one minute commencing from the time that the maximal action of the drug should be manifested; if the dose is adequate, the patient should experience a slight hypotensive reaction.
standing plasma t. if plasma is stored at 4°C upright in a t. tube, chylomicrons will float to the top and form a creamy layer.
starch-iodine t. a t. for sweating in which iodine in oil is painted on the skin, followed by dusting with a starch powder which turns blue-black in the presence of iodine and moisture.
station t. Romberg's sign
Stein's t. in cases of labyrinthine disease the patient is unable to stand or to hop on one foot with his eyes shut.
Stenger t. a test for detecting simulation of unilateral deafness.
Stewart's t. estimation of the amount of collateral circulation, in case of an aneurysm of the main artery of a limb, by means of a calorimeter.
Strassburg's t. a t. for bile in the urine; albumin, if present, is precipitated, then cane sugar is added and filter paper is dipped in the fluid and dried; if bile pigments are present in the urine, sulfuric acid will turn the filter paper a reddish violet.
stress t. any cardiac challenge, physical, pharmacologic, or mental delivered under monitored conditions. Most commonly this is exercise, the most common monitor being electrocardiography although any other graphic technique, including cardiac catheterization, may be applied.
string t. 1. a t. to locate gastrointestinal hemorrhage; a string is repeatedly swallowed and removed, each time allowing the string to go further down the gut until blood is encountered; 2. a procedure to obtain a specimen of duodenal juices; a weighted string is swallowed, withdrawn after four hours, and the duodenal secretions extracted from the string for examination.
Strong vocational interest t. a t. that matches an individual's specific likes, dislikes, and interests to those characteristic of persons working in each of a number of vocations.
Student's t t. a statistical method analogous to the calculation of the normal deviation; the formula is t = (x- x)/s, where the numerator is the deviation from the mean, and the denominator is the standard deviation for sample sizes of less than 30 cases.
Stypven time t. a t. measuring the clotting time of plasma after addition of Russell's viper venom, useful in evaluating patients with deficiencies in factor X. [Trade name [styptic + venom]
sucrose hemolysis t. isotonic sucrose promotes binding of complement to red blood cells; in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria a proportion of the cells is sensitive to complement-mediated lysis, and hemolysis ensues.
sulfosalicylic acid turbidity t. a t. for measurement of protein in the urine; sulfosalicylic acid precipitates protein in the urine with a turbidity that is approximately proportional to the concentration of protein in a solution.
sweat t. a t. for cystic fibrosis of the pancreas in which electrolytes are measured in collected sweat; sodium chloride concentration above 50 mEq/l (children) or 60 mEq/l (adults) is positive.
sweating t. a t. for locating the level of a lesion in the spinal cord; when the body is heated or the patient is given a diaphoretic, sweat secretion is absent below the level of the lesion.
swimming t. a t. for activity of adrenal cortical preparations; two days after adrenalectomy, rats are placed in water and the time during which they can swim is recorded; they are then injected with the material to be tested; the response is termed "positive" if the swimming time is doubled.
swinging light t. alternating light t
swordfish t. a rarely used t. for androgenic activity, based upon the fact that androgens cause the development of the sword, a male structure, in female swordfish (Xiphophorus helleri)Xiphophorus t;
t t. a t. that uses a statistic which under the null hypothesis has the t distribution, to test whether two means differ significantly.
Tactual Performance T. Halstead-Reitan battery
thematic apperception t. (TAT) a projective psychological t. in which the subject is asked to tell a story about standard ambiguous pictures depicting life-situations to reveal his or her own attitudes and feelings.
thermostable opsonin t. a t. for opsonic activity of antibody in the absence of effect of heat-labile complement.
Thompson's t. the urine, in a case of gonorrhea, is passed into two glasses; if the gonococci and gonorrheal threads are found only in the first glass the probability is that the process is limited to the anterior urethra.two-glass t;
Thormählen's t. a t. for melanin; the suspected liquid is treated with sodium nitroprusside, caustic potash, and acetic acid; if melanin is present, the solution takes on a deep blue color.
Thorn t. a putative t. of adrenal cortical function; stimulation of a normally functioning adrenal cortex by the adrenocorticotrophic hormone is followed by a reduction in the number of circulating eosinophils and lymphocytes and an increase in the excretion of uric acid. The t. lacks sufficient specificity and is rarely used.
three-glass t. the bladder is emptied by passing urine into a series of 3-ounce test tubes, and the contents of the first and the last are examined; the first tube contains the washings from the anterior urethra, the second, material from the bladder, and the last, material from the posterior urethra, prostate, and seminal vesicles.Valentine's t;
thymol turbidity t. precipitation of abnormal proportions of albumin and globulin from the serum of patients with liver disease by addition of thymol. Although popular in the past it has been superseded by quantitative determination of specific proteins and direct measurement of liver enzymes.Maclagan's t., Maclagan's thymol turbidity t;
thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation t. , TSH stimulating t. a t. that measures the uptake of 131I in the thyroid gland before and after administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone; useful in distinguishing primary hyperthyroidism (increased TSH serum concentration) from secondary or tertiary hyperthyroidism (low TSH serum concentrations).
thyroid suppression t. a thyroid function t. used to diagnose difficult cases of hyperthyroidism, now largely replaced by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation t.; triiodothyronine is administered for a week to 10 days, and a reduction of its uptake by the thyroid gland to less than half of the initial uptake is a normal response.Werner's t;
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation t. , TRH stimulation t. a t. of pituitary response to injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which normally stimulates pituitary secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin), used primarily to distinguish pituitary from hypothalamic causes of thyroid disorders; TSH does not rise in cases of pituitary dysfunction, but does rise in cases of hypothalamic disorders.
tilt t. any measurement of response during tilting of the body usually head up but also head down. The t. may be monitored by catheterization, echocardiography, electrophysiologic measurements, electrocardiography, or mechanocardiography.
tine t. See tuberculin t.
titratable acidity t. the number of milliliters of 0.1 n NaOH required to neutralize a 24-hr specimen of urine.
tolbutamide t. a t. to detect insulin-producing tumors; after a 1-g intravenous dose of tolbutamide, plasma insulin and glucose are measured at intervals up to 3 hr; higher insulin responses and lower glucose values characterize patients with such tumors.
tone decay t. the sounding of a continuous tone at threshold for 1 min; if the intensity must be increased by more than 5 dB for continued perception, it may be a sign of retrocochlear damage.
Töpfer's t. an obsolete t. for free hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents; dimethylaminoazobenzene is used as the indicator.
total catecholamine t. a fluorometric determination of catecholamines in 24-hr urine specimens; elevated values are seen in patients with pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma; spurious elevations may be seen due to excretion products of medication containing adrenaline, tetracyclines, quinidine, and some antihypertensive agents; false-positive elevations may be seen in persons with extensive burns, in vigorous exercise, or in progressive muscular dystrophy.
tourniquet t. See capillary fragility t., Rumpel-Leede t.
TPHA t. Treponema pallidum hemagglutination t
TPI t. Treponema pallidum immobilization t
Trendelenburg's t. a t. of the valves of the leg veins; the leg is raised above the level of the heart until the veins are empty and is then rapidly lowered; in varicosity and incompetence of the valves the veins will at once become distended, but placement of a touriquet around the leg will prevent distention of veins below the incompetent perforators or valves below the tourniquet.
Treponema pallidum hemagglutination t. a highly sensitive and specific t. for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis; tanned sheep red blood cells are coated with the antigen of Treponema pallidum and, following absorption of nonspecific patient serum antibody, a positive reaction with tanned sheep red blood cells and patient serum indicates the presence of specific antibody for Treponema pallidum in patient serum.TPHA t;
Treponema pallidum immobilization t. , TPH t. a t. for syphilis in which an antibody other than Wassermann antibody is present in the serum of a syphilitic patient, which in the presence of complement causes the immobilization of actively motile Treponema pallidum obtained from testes of a rabbit infected with syphilis.TPI t., Treponema pallidum immobilization reaction;
triiodothyronine uptake t. a t. of thyroid function in which triiodothyronine (T3) is added to a patient's serum in vitro to measure the relative affinities of serum proteins and of an added competitive substance for T3; higher T3 uptakes are associated with hyperthyroidism.T3 uptake t;
tuberculin t. application of the skin t. to the diagnosis of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in which tuberculin or its "purified" protein derivative serves as an antigen (allergen); injection of graduated doses of tuberculin or of purified protein derivative into the skin, most often by means of a needle and syringe (Mantoux t.) or by means of tines (tine t.); t. material may also be applied by means of a "patch" in which it is absorbed but this method (patch t.) is viewed as being less reliable; the t. is read on the basis of induration and erythema, the former being considered the more diagnostic of infection with the tubercle bacillus (M. tuberculosis); the t. does not distinguish between infection in a resistant person without disease and an individual with clinical manifestations of disease.
T3 uptake t. triiodothyronine uptake t
two-glass t. Thompson's t
two-step exercise t. a t. used mainly for coronary insufficiency; significant depression of RS-T in the electrocardiogram is considered abnormal and suggests coronary insufficiency.
two-tail t. a statistical t. based on the assumption that the data are distributed in both directions from some central value.
Tzanck t. the examination of fluid from a bullous lesion for Tzanck cells (altered epithelial cells, rounded and devoid of intercellular attachments). The periphery of these cells is basophilic and the nucleus is spherical and enlarged with prominent nucleoli. They are characteristic of lesions due to varicella, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, and pemphigus vulgaris.
urea clearance t. a t. of renal function based on urea clearance.
urease t. 1. a t. for urea based on the conversion of urea into ammonium carbonate by the enzyme urease; 2. a t. for the production of urease, used for identification of cryptococci and Heilcobacter pylori.
urecholine supersensitivity t. urodynamic t. that tries to elicit an abnormal cystometrogram after subcutaneous injection of a drug, urecholine. Subcutaneous injection of urecholine may increase detrusor pressure response during filling in patients with some types of neuropathic bladder.
urinary concentration t. a t. of renal tubular function whereby the patient is dehydrated for a measured period of time and the specific gravity of the urine is subsequently determined.
vaginal cornification t. a t. for estrogenic activity, in which the appearance of cornified epithelial cells in a vaginal smear of a test animal is an indication of the action of an estrogen.
vaginal mucification t. a t. for progestational activity; stimulation of mucus production by the vaginal epithelium in rats, guinea pigs, or mice by progestogens.
Valentine's t. three-glass t
Valsalva t. the heart is monitored by ECG, pressure recording, or other methods while the patient performs the Valsalva maneuver; the heart becomes smaller in normal persons but may dilate in the patient with impaired myocardial reserve; there is a characteristic complex sequence of cardiocirculatory events, departure from which indicates disease or malfunction.
van Deen's t. Almén's t. for blood
van den Bergh's t. a t. for bile pigments (bilirubin) by reaction with diazotized sulfanilic acid (diazo reaction).
van der Velden's t. a t. for free hydrochloric acid, the presence of which turns an added solution of methylene blue from violet to green.
vanillylmandelic acid t. a t. for catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma) performed on a 24-hr urine specimen; it is based on the fact that vanillylmandelic acid is the major urinary metabolite of norepinephrine and epinephrine.3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid t., VMA t;
VDRL t. a flocculation t. for syphilis, using cardiolipin-lecithin-cholesterol antigen as developed by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service.
vitality t. a group of thermal and electrical t.'s used to aid in assessment of dental pulp health.pulp t;
vitamin C t. capillary fragility t
VMA t. vanillylmandelic acid t
Volhard's t. a t. for renal function: the patient drinks 1500 ml of water on an empty stomach; if the patient was not dehydrated beforehand and the kidneys are normal, this fluid will be excreted by the end of 4 hr, with specific gravity of the urine being from 1.001 to 1.004.
Vollmer t. a tuberculin patch t.
Wada t. unilateral internal carotid injection of amobarbital to determine the laterality of speech; injection on the dominant side causes transient aphasia or mutism; used prior to surgical treatment of epilepsy.
Waldenström's t. a t. for porphyrin in the urine; 2 ml of urine are mixed with an equal amount of 2% dimethyl-p-aminobenzaldehyde in 50/100 HCl. A red color appears if urobilinogen (Ehrlich's benzaldehyde reaction) or porphobilinogen is present.
Wang's t. a quantitative t. for indican, which is transformed into indigo-sulfuric acid and then titrated by a solution of potassium permanganate.
washout t. a means of estimating renal obstruction by the rate of disappearance of excreted radioactive material from the kidney.
Wassermann t. a complement-fixation t. used in the diagnosis of syphilis; originally the "antigen" was an extract of liver from a syphilitic fetus, but later the active substance, referred to as cardiolipin, was found to be present in normal tissues, including heart, and has been identified as a diphosphatidylglycerol.Wassermann reaction;
water-drinking t. a t. of the assessment of open-angle glaucoma, measuring intraocular pressure after drinking a quart of water in five minutes.
Watson-Schwartz t. a qualitative screening t. for diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria by the addition of Ehrlich's reagent and saturated sodium acetate to the urine; a pink or red color indicates the presence of porphobilinogen or urobilinogen; the former indicates porphyria, the latter does not; therefore, positive results require further differential extraction with butanol and chloroform to eliminate false-positive results due to urobilinogen.
Weber's t. for hearing the application of a vibrating tuning fork to one of several points in the midline of the head or face, to ascertain in which ear the sound is heard best by bone conduction, that ear being the affected one if the sound-conducting apparatus (middle ear) is at fault (positive t.), but probably the normal one if the neurosensory apparatus is diseased (negative t.).
Webster's t. a t. for trinitrotoluene in the urine.
Weil-Felix t. a t. for the presence and type of rickettsial disease based on the agglutination of X-strains of Proteus vulgaris with suspected rickettsia in a patient's blood serum.Weil-Felix reaction;
Werner's t. thyroid suppression t
Wheeler-Johnson t. cystosine or uracil when treated with bromine yields dialuric acid which gives a green color with excess of barium hydroxide.
Wormley's t. a t. for alkaloids, by treating the solution with picric acid or a dilute iodine-potassium-iodide solution, the presence of alkaloids being shown by a color reaction.
Wurster's t. a t. for tyrosine; the substance is dissolved in boiling water and quinone is added; if tyrosine is present a ruby-colored reaction takes place, the solution changing to brown after a few hours.
x2 t. chi-square t
Xiphophorus t. swordfish t
xylose t. a laboratory aid in diagnosing alimentary or essential pentosuria, conditions in which xylose (a pentose) is excreted; the xylose may be identified by rapid reduction of Benedict's solution, by nonfermentation by yeasts, or by a positive Bial's t. for pentose.
Yvon's t. 1. for alkaloids; to the suspected solution is added a mixture of bismuth subnitrate, potassium iodide, and hydrochloric acid in water; a positive reaction is indicated by the appearance of a red color; 2. for acetanilid in the urine; the suspected fluid is extracted with chloroform and heated with yellow nitrate of mercury; if acetanilid is present, the fluid will be green.
Zimmermann t. Zimmermann reaction
Zondek-Aschheim t. Aschheim-Zondek t
Zsigmondy's t. Lange's t
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1. eggshell 2. In protozoology, usually termed test; an envelope of certain forms of ameboid protozoa, consisting of various earthy materials cemented to a chitinous base (as in the testate rhizopods of the subclass Testacealobosia) or the calcareous, siliceous, organic, or strontium sulfate skeletons in the rhizopod subclass Foraminifera. 3. In botany, the outer, sometimes the only, coat of a seed. [L. shell]
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A subclass of the subphylum Sarcodina (amebae), in which the cells are provided with a firm chitinous envelope, often containing earthy material, with an opening through which the pseudopodia are protruded. [L. testa, shell]
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orchialgia [testis + G. algos, pain]
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Crossing of an unknown genotype to a recessive homozygote so that the phenotype of the progeny corresponds directly to the chromosomes carried by the parents of unknown genotype.backcross (2);
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orchiectomy [testis + G. G. ektome, excision]
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Plural of testis. [L.]
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testis [L. testiculus, dim. of testis]
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Relating to the testes.
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testis [L.]
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See test.
bench t. t. of a device against specifications in a simulated (nonliving) environment.
genetic t. DNA diagnostics
histocompatibility t. a t. system for HLA antigens, of major importance in transplantation.
reality t. in psychiatry and psychology, the ego function by which the objective or real world and one's subjectively sensed relationship to it are evaluated and appreciated; the ability to distinguish internal from external events.
susceptibility t. the determination of the ability of an antibiotic to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
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One of the two male reproductive glands, located in the cavity of the scrotum.didymus, genital gland (1), male gonad, orchis, testicle, testiculus; [L.]
cryptorchid t. undescended t
ectopic t. a variant of undescended t. wherein testicular position is outside the usual pathway of descent. See also testis ectopia.
movable t. a condition in which there is a tendency in the t. to ascend to the upper part of the scrotum or into the inguinal canal.
retractile t. a t. that periodically disappears from the scrotum, as contrasted with an undescended t.
undescended t. a t. that has failed to descend into the scrotum; there are palpable and unpalpable (impalpable) variants.cryptorchid t;
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orchitis
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See test types.
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1. androgenic 2. androgen [testis + G. eidos, resemblance]
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d-Homo-17a-oxa-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione;an androgenic agent used as an antineoplastic agent for treatment of mammary carcinoma.
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17beta-Hydroxy-4-androstene-3-one;the most potent naturally occurring androgen, formed in greatest quantities by the interstitial cells of the testes, and possibly secreted also by the ovary and adrenal cortex; may be produced in nonglandular tissues from precursors such as androstenedione; used in the treatment of hypogonadism, cryptorchism, certain carcinomas, and menorrhagia.
t. cypionate a preparation with the same actions and uses as t. propionate, but with a prolonged duration of action.
t. enanthate a preparation with the same actions and uses as t., but with a prolonged duration of action, being administered in oil.
t. phenylpropionate an alternate preparation for the propionate.
t. propionate a preparation that has an action similar to but more pronounced and prolonged than that of t.; used in the treatment of undescended testes and in menorrhagia.
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See test types.
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Letters of various sizes used to test visual acuity.
Jaeger's t.t. type of different sizes used for testing the acuity of near vision.
point system t.t. a near-vision test chart in which the various test types are multiples of a point (1 / 72 inch), lower-case letters being one-half the designated point size; reading 4-point at 16 inches is normal, and is designated N-4.
Snellen's t.t. square black symbols employed in testing the acuity of distant vision; the letters vary in size in such a way that each one subtends a visual angle of 5´ at a particular distance.
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See tetano-.
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Obsolete synonym for tetany.
t. gas´trica gastric tetany
t. gravida´rum tetany in pregnant women.
t. neonato´rum neonatal tetany
t. parathyreopri´va parathyroid tetany
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1. Relating to or marked by a sustained muscular contraction, as in tetanus. 2. An agent, such as strychnine, that in poisonous doses produces tonic muscular spasm. [G. tetanikos]
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tetanoid (1)
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Causing tetanus or tetaniform spasms. [tetanus + G. -gen, producing]
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1. fibrillary myoclonia 2. tetany [Mod. L. dim. of L. tetanus]
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neonatal tetany
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1. The act of tetanizing the muscles. 2. A condition of tetaniform spasm.
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To stimulate a muscle by a rapid series of stimuli so that the individual muscular responses (contractions) are fused into a sustained contraction; to cause tetanus (2) in a muscle.
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Combining forms denoting tetanus, tetany. [G. tetanos, convulsive tension]
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Denoting the quiet interval between the recurrent tonic spasms in tetanus. [G. tetanodes]
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1. Resembling or of the nature of tetanus.tetaniform; 2. Resembling tetany. [tetano- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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A hemolytic principle, elaborated by Clostridium tetani, which seems to have no role in the etiology of tetanus.
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An instrument for measuring the force of tonic muscular spasms. [tetano- + G. metron, measure]
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An instrument by means of which tonic spasms are produced by the mechanical irritation of a hammer striking the motor nerve of the muscle affected. [tetano- + L. motor, a mover]
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The neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani, which causes the characteristic signs and symptoms of tetanus; chief action is on the anterior horn cells, and the spasms seem to be due to action at inhibitory synapses.
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tetanus toxin [tetano- + G. toxikon, poison]
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1. A disease marked by painful tonic muscular contractions, caused by the neurotropic toxin (tetanospasmin) of Clostridium tetani acting upon the central nervous system. 2. A sustained muscular contraction caused by a series of nerve stimuli repeated so rapidly that the individual muscular responses are fused; producing a sustained tetanic contraction. See emprosthotonos, opisthotonos, pleurothotonos. [L. fr. G. tetanos, convulsive tension]
acoustic t. experimental t. induced by a faradic current, the speed of which is estimated by the pitch of the vibrations.
anodal closure t. (ACTe) obsolete term for a tetanic muscular contraction occurring during the time the circuit is closed, the current then running, while the positive pole is applied.
anodal duration t. (ADTe, AnDTe) obsolete term for the period of muscular contraction occurring at the anode when the electric circuit is closed.
anodal opening t. obsolete term for a tonic contraction in a muscle, to which the anode is applied, when the circuit is opened.
t. anti´cus emprosthotonos
apyretic t. tetany
benign t. a disorder marked by intermittent tonic muscular contractions of the extremities, especially the hands and feet (carpopedal spasm), accompanied by paresthesias and, when severe, by crowing respirations due to laryngospasm and seizures; results from hypocalcemia, caused by various disorders, including gastrointestinal abnormalities.intermittent cramp (2);
cathodal closure t. (CCTe) obsolete term for a tetanic muscular contraction occurring during the time the circuit is closed, the current then running, while the negative pole is applied.
cathodal duration t. (CaDTe) obsolete term for a tetanic contraction occurring on application of the cathode or negative pole, while the circuit is closed.
cathodal opening t. obsolete term for a tonic contraction in a muscle, to which the cathode is applied; when the circuit is opened, the contraction is suddenly interrupted.
cephalic t. a type of local tetanus that follows wounds to the face and head; after a brief incubation (1-2 days) the facial and ocular muscles become paretic yet undergo repeated tetanic spasms. The throat and tongue muscles may also be affected.cerebral t., head t., hydrophobic t., rose cephalic t., Rose's cephalic t;
cerebral t. cephalic t
complete t. t. (2) in which stimuli to a particular muscle are repeated so rapidly that decrease of tension between stimuli cannot be detected.
t. dorsa´lis opisthotonos
drug t. tonic spasms caused by strychnine or other tetanic.toxic t;
generalized t. the most common type of t., often with trismus as its initial manifestation; the muscles of the head, neck, trunk and limbs become persistently contracted, and then painful paroxysmal tonic contractions (tetanic seizures) are superimposed; the high mortality rate (50%) is due to asphyxia or cardiac failure.
head t. cephalic t
hydrophobic t. cephalic t
imitative t. conversion hysteria that resembles t.
incomplete t. t. (2) in which each stimulus causes a contraction to be initiated when the muscle has only partly relaxed from the previous contraction.
intermittent t. tetany
local t. the most benign type of t.; the muscles in close proximity to an infected wound develop persistent involuntary contractions, often with transient, intense superimposed spasms triggered by various stimuli. The more distal upper extremity muscles are most often affected; gradual but complete recovery is typical.
neonatal t. t. neonatorum
t. neonatorum (ne-o-na´tor-um) t. occurring in newborn infants, usually due to infection of umbilical area with Clostridium tetani, often a result of ritualistic practices; has high fatality rate (about 60%).neonatal t;
t. posti´cus opisthotonos
postpartum t. puerperal t
puerperal t. t. occurring during the puerperium from infection of the obstetric wound.postpartum t., uterine t;
Ritter's opening t. the tetanic contraction that occasionally occurs when a strong current, passing through a long stretch of nerve, is suddenly interrupted.
rose cephalic t. cephalic t
Rose's cephalic t. cephalic t
toxic t. drug t
traumatic t. t. following infection of a wound.
uterine t. puerperal t
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A clinical neurological syndrome characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, and carpopedal spasm, and when severe, laryngospasm and seizures; these findings reflect irritability of the central and peripheral nervous systems, usually resulting from low serum levels of ionized calcium or, rarely, magnesium. Causes include hyperventilation, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, and uremia.apyretic tetanus, intermittent cramp (1), intermittent tetanus, tetanilla (2); [G. tetanos, tetanus]
t. of alkalosis t. due to a loss of acid from the body or an increase in alkali, resulting in a reduction of ionized calcium in plasma and body fluids, e.g., hyperventilation t. (loss of CO2), gastric t. (loss of HCl by vomiting), or injection or ingestion of excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate.
duration t. (DT) a tonic spasm occurring in degenerated muscles upon application of a strong galvanic current.
epidemic t. rheumatic t
gastric t. t. associated with a gastric disorder, especially with loss of HCl by vomiting.tetania gastrica;
grass t. a highly fatal disease of cows and sheep occurring generally during the first two weeks in the spring after the animals have been out on lush pastures; it is characterized by convulsions, hypomagnesemia, and usually hypocalcemia.wheat pasture poisoning;
hyperventilation t. t. caused by forced overbreathing, due to a reduction in CO2in the blood.
hypoparathyroid t. parathyroid t
infantile t. t. of infants occurring usually in rickets, due to dietary deficiency of vitamin D.
latent t. a rather vague disorder recognized more in Europe than in the U.S. consisting of a number of nonspecific complaints, including generalized weakness, hand and foot cramping, distal paresthesia, anxiety, and depression. Some think it is a "normocalcemic tetany"; others consider it "chronic hyperventilation syndrome." Typically with certain provoking procedures (e.g., limb ischemia, hyperventilation) in which case, obvious tetany develops. See Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, Erb sign.crytotetany, spasmophilia;
manifest t. t. from any cause in which neuromuscular hyperexcitability are clearly evident, as opposed to latent t.symptomatic t;
neonatal t. hypocalcemic t. occurring in neonates or young infants, due to transient functional hypoparathyroidism in consumption of cow's milk (high phosphorus content).myotonia neonatorum, tetania neonatorum, tetanism;
parathyroid t. t. due to lack of parathyroid function, spontaneous or following excision of the parathyroid glands.hypoparathyroid t., parathyroprival t., tetania parathyreopriva;
parathyroprival t. parathyroid t
phosphate t. t. due to the ingestion of an excess of alkaline phosphates (Na2HPO4 or K2HPO4); most commonly produced experimentally in animals by the injection of alkaline phosphate, which reduces the ionized calcium of the blood.
postoperative t. parathyroid t. caused by injury to or excision of the parathyroids during thyroid removal.
recurrent t. a simple autosomal recessive trait in Scottish terrier dogs, characterized by arching of the back and a stiff-legged gait due to overflexed hindlimbs and abducted forelimbs.Scotch cramp;
rheumatic t. an acute epidemic form of t., of several weeks' duration, occurring chiefly in winter.epidemic t;
symptomatic t. manifest t
transport t. an acute disease seen in cattle and sheep during and shortly after shipping; it appears most often in females in advanced pregnancy and is believed to be precipitated by stress, lack of food and water, and perhaps heat.railroad disease, railroad sickness;
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Four (properly affixed to words derived from G. roots). [G. tetra-, four]
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Absence of upper and lower limbs. [tetra- + G. a- priv. + melos, limb]
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Denoting an acid having four acid groups and thereby being able to neutralize four equivalents of base.
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2-Oxo-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-11bH-benzo[a]quinolizine;formerly used as a tranquilizer; resembles reserpine in its actions but duration of effect is shorter.
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Perboric or pyroboric acid.pyroboric acid;
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An individual with four arms. [tetra- + G. brachion, arm]
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The sodium salt of a brominated dye; it was used early in the development of cholecystography.
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2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl p-(butylamino)benzoate monohydrochloride;a highly potent local anesthetic used for spinal, nerve block, and topical anesthesia.
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A malformed individual having four hands. [tetra- + G. cheir, hand]
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An anthelmintic against hookworm and other nematodes.carbon dichloride, ethylene tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene;
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6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-trichloromethyl-2H-1,2,4 -benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;a diuretic of the thiazide type.teclothiazide;
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Cl2HC-CHCl2;acetylene tetrachloride; a nonflammable solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, etc.; used in the manufacture of paint and varnish removers, photographic films, lacquers, and insecticides. Its toxicity exceeds that of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, and produces narcosis, liver damage, kidney damage, and gastroenteritis.cellon;
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tetrachlorethylene
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carbon tetrachloride
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A spherical bacterium that divides in two planes and characteristically forms groups of four cells. [tetra- + G. kokkos, berry]
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cosyntropin
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lignoceric acid
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Denoting a pulse curve with four upstrokes in the cycle. [tetra- + G. krotos, a striking]
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Having four cusps.quadricuspid;
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A broad spectrum antibiotic (a naphthacene derivative), the parent of oxytetracycline, prepared from chlortetracycline and also obtained from the culture filtrate of several species of Streptomyces; also available as t. hydrochloride and t. phosphate complex. T. fluorescence has been used in studies of growing tumors and calcium deposition in developing bone and teeth.
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1. A collection of four things having something in common such as a deformity with four features e.g., Fallot's tetralogy.tetralogy; 2. In chemistry, a quadrivalent element. 3. In heredity, a bivalent chromosome that divides into four during meiosis. [G. tetras (tetrad-), the number four]
Fallot's t. tetralogy of Fallot
narcoleptic t. the clinical syndrome of narcolepsy, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.
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Having only four fingers or toes on a hand or foot.quadridigitate; [tetra- + G. daktylos, finger or toe]
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myristic acid
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A double ester of phorbol found in croton oil; a cocarcinogen or tumor promoter.
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Relating to a tetrad.
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A potent neurotoxin found in the liver and ovaries of the Japanese pufferfish, Sphoeroides rubripes, other species of pufferfish, and certain newts; produces axonal blocks of the preganglionic cholinergic fibers and the somatic motor nerves. T. blocks voltage-gated Na channels in excitable tissues.
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(C2H5)4N+C l-;a quaternary ammonium compound that partially blocks transmission of impulses through parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia; its clinical usefulness is limited; formerly used as an antihypertensive drug.
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Pb(C2H5)4; tetraethylplumbane;an anti-knock compound added to motor fuel; has a toxic action causing anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular weakness, insomnia, irritability, nervousness, and anxiety; death may occur.lead tetraethyl;
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An anticholinesterase agent used in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Et4P2O7; [(EtO)2PO]2O;an organic phosphoric compound used as an insecticide; a potent irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor.
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disulfiram
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1. A tetrapeptide (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) used to test the secretion of digestive juice. 2. A pterin derivative that is a required cofactor for a number of enzymes; e.g., in the conversion of l-phenylalanine to l-tyrosine; the inability to synthesize tetrahydrobiopterin is associated with forms of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia.
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(NH2CH2COOH)4HI. 11 / 4I2;dissolves in water to the extent of 380 g per liter; used for the emergency disinfection of drinking water in amounts to yield 8 p.p.m. of active iodine.
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Quadrangle; a figure having four sides. [tetra- + G. gonia, angle]
t. lumba´le a quadrangular space bounded laterally by the obliquus externus abdominis muscle, medially by the erector spinae, above by the serratus posterior inferior, and below by the internal abdominal oblique muscle.
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Obsolete term for platysma muscle.
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Denoting a compound containing four ionizable hydrogen atoms (four acid groups).
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Prefix denoting attachment of four hydrogen atoms; e.g., tetrahydrofolate, H4folate.
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C21H30O2;the DELTA1-3,4-trans isomer and the DELTA6-3,4-trans isomer are believed to be the active isomers present in Cannabis, having been isolated from marijuana. See also cannabis, dronabinol.
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dihydrofolate reductase
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methionine synthase
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The active coenzyme form of folic acid; participates in one-carbon metabolism.coenzyme F;
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A sympathomimetic agent related to ephedrine, used as a topical nasal and conjunctival decongestant; excessive amounts may convert an acute congestion into a chronic reactive hyperemia.
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A ciliate belonging to a large group characterized by three membranes on one side of the buccal cavity and one on the other; it somewhat resembles the paramecium and, like it, is readily cultured and used extensively for experimental studies. [tetra- + G. hymen, membrane]
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iodophthalein
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tetrad (1) [G. tetralogia]
Eisenmenger's t. Eisenmenger's complex
t. of Fallot a set of congenital cardiac defects including ventricular septal defect, pulmonic valve stenosis or infundibular stenosis, and dextroposition of the aorta so that it overrides the ventricular septum and receives venous as well as arterial blood. Right ventricular hypertrophy is considered part of the tetralogy although it is reactive to the other defects.Fallot's tetrad;
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Presence of four breasts on an individual. [tetra- + G. mastos, breast]
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A protozoan or other microorganism possessing four flagella. [tetra- + G. mastix, whip]
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Having four breasts.
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Conjoined twins possessing four arms (tetrabrachius), or four legs (tetrascelus). See conjoined twins, under twin. [tetra- + G. melos, limb]
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A genus of stomach-infecting parasitic nematodes (family Spiruridae) of birds. When filled with eggs, the female worm is enormously enlarged and has a globular, blood-red appearance. Species include T. americana, found in the proventriculus of chickens (sometimes severely pathogenic in young chicks), turkeys, grouse, and quail, and transmitted by infected cockroaches and grasshoppers, and T. fissispina, found in the proventriculum of ducks, geese, wild waterfowl, pigeons, and doves but rarely in gallinaceous birds. [see tetrameric]
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Having four parts, or parts arranged in groups of four, or capable of existing in four forms. [tetra- + G. meros, part]
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glaucine
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(CH3)4NI3;dissolves in water to the extent of 0.25 gm per liter; used for the emergency disinfection of drinking water.
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cacodyl
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A derivative of putrescine, C8H20N2, similar in its action to muscarine.
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erythrityl tetranitrate
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A compound of four nucleotides; once thought to represent the actual structure of nucleic acid (tetranucleotide theory).
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tetrotus
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Weakness of all four extremities.quadriparesis;
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A compound of four amino acids in peptide linkage.
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Peromelia involving all four extremities. [tetra- + G. peros, maimed, + melos, limb]
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Phocomelia involving all four limbs.
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quadriplegia [tetra- + G. plege, stroke]
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quadriplegic
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See polyploidy. [G. tetraploos, fourfold, + eidos, form]
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A malformed individual with four feet. [G. tetrapous, fr. tetra- + pous, foot]
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A molecule containing four pyrrole nuclei; e.g., porphyrin.
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A sugar containing four molecules of a monosaccharide; e.g., stachyose.
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A malformed individual with four legs. [tetra- + G. skelos, leg]
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Relating to a cell nucleus in which one chromosome is represented four times while all others are present in the normal number. [tetra- + chromosome]
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A figure exceptionally and abnormally occurring in mitosis, in which there are four asters. [tetra- +G. aster, star]
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Duplication of the growth of the eyelashes (in four rows). [tetra- + G. stichos, row]
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Hydrocarbons or their derivatives formed by the condensation of eight isoprene units (i.e., four terpenes) and therefore containing 40 carbon atoms; e.g., various carotenoids.
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Denoting a quadrivalent element or radical. [tetra- + G. atomos, atom]
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A genus of parasitic protozoan flagellates, formerly part of the genus Trichomonas but now separated into a distinct genus by the presence of four anterior and one trailing flagella, a pelta, and a disc-shaped parabasal body. See Trichomonas. [tetra- + Trichomonas]
T. o´vis a species that occurs in the cecum or rumen of domestic sheep.
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quadrivalent [tetra- + L. valentia, strength]
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The compound CN4H2 with the structure of tetrazolium.
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Any of a group of organic salts having the general structure which on reduction (cleaving the 2,3 bond) yields a colored insoluble formazan; used as a reagent in oxidative enzyme histochemistry.
nitroblue t. (NBT) a pale yellow dye that is converted on reduction to colored formazans in the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases; used in hematology for staining of neutrophils to help indicate the presence of bacterial infections.
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A monosaccharide containing only four carbon atoms in the main chain; e.g., erythrose, threose, erythrulose.
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A malformed individual with four ears, four eyes, two faces, and two almost separate heads.tetraotus; [tetra- + G. ous (ot-), ear]
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An oxide containing four oxygen atoms; e.g., OsO4.
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An outmoded colloquial term, popularly applied to ringworm and eczema, and occasionally applied to other eruptions. [A.S. teter]
branny t. 1. dandruff 2. seborrhea capitis
crusted t. impetigo
dry t. obsolete colloquialism for eczema.
honeycomb t. obsolete term for favus.
humid t. wet t
milk t. obsolete term for crusta lactea.
moist t. wet t
scaly t. obsolete colloquialism for eczema.
wet t. outmoded term for a moist eczematous dermatitis.humid t., moist t;
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F.E.K. von, German anatomist, 1842-?. See T.'s ligament.
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Weblike. [L. textum, something woven]
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Relating to the texture of the tissues.
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The composition or structure of a tissue or organ. [L. textura, fr. texo, pp. textus, to weave]
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A tissue. [L.]
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Abbreviation for time-varied gain control;time-gain compensation.
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Abbreviation for transmissible gastroenteritis of swine.
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Abbreviation for transforming growth factors, under factor.
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Abbreviation for transforming growth factor a.
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Abbreviation for transforming growth factor beta.
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Abbreviation for T helper cells, under cell.
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Symbol for thorium.
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Alan P., U.S. surgeon, *1925. See T. procedure.
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See thalamo-.
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See chemothalamectomy. [thalamus + G. ektome, excision]
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Relating to the thalamencephalon.
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That part of the diencephalon comprising the thalamus and its associated structures. [thalamus + G. enkephalos, brain]
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Relating to the thalamus.
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The thalamus. [G. thalamos, bedroom (thalamus)]
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Relating to the efferent connections of the thalamus with the cerebral cortex.
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Relating to the thalamus, usually the dorsal thalamus, and the lenticular nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus).
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Destruction of a selected portion of the thalamus by stereotaxy for the relief of pain, involuntary movements, epilepsy, and, rarely, emotional disturbances; produces few, if any, neurological deficits or undesirable personality changes. [thalamus + G. tome, incision]
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The large, ovoid mass of gray matter that forms the larger dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon; it is placed medial to the internal capsule and the body and tail of the caudate nucleus. Its medial aspect forms the dorsal half of the lateral wall of the third ventricle; its dorsal surface can be subdivided into a lateral triangle forming the floor of the body (central part) of the lateral ventricle, and a medial triangle covered by the velum interpositum; its taillike caudal part curves ventralward around the posterolateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle and ends in the lateral geniculate body. The t. is composed of a large number of anatomically and functionally distinct cell groups or nuclei, usually classified as 1) sensory relay nuclei (ventral posterior nucleus, lateral and medial geniculate body) each receiving a modally specific sensory conduction system and in turn projecting each to the corresponding primary sensory area of the cortex; 2) "secondary" relay nuclei (ventral intermediate nucleus and ventral anterior nucleus) receiving fibers from the medial segment of the globus pallidus, the contralateral deep cerebellar nuclei (i.e., cerebellothalamic fibers) and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra which project to various regions of the motor cortex; 3) a nucleus associated with the limbic system: the composite anterior nucleus receiving the mamillothalamic tract and projecting to the fornicate gyrus; 4) association nuclei (medial dorsal nucleu, lateral nucleus including the large pulvinar) each projecting to a particular large expanse of association cortex; 5) the midline and intralaminar nuclei or "nonspecific" nuclei (centromedian nucleus, central lateral nucleus, paracentral nucleus, nucleus reuniens). [G. thalamos, a bed, a bedroom]
dorsal t. the large part of the diencephalon located dorsal to the hypothalamus and excluding the subthalamus and the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (sometime the latter two are collectively called the metathalamus); the dorsal t. includes the major motor and somatosensory relay nuclei, nuclei that project to association areas, and the intralaminar nuclei.
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Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism in which there is impaired synthesis of one or more of the polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist, and the corresponding clinical picture may vary from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [G. thalassa, the sea, + haima, blood]
a t. t. due to one of two or more genes that depress (severely or moderately) synthesis of a-globin chains by the chromosome with the abnormal gene. Heterozygous state: severe type, t. minor with 5 to 15% of Hb Barts at birth, only traces of Hb Barts in adult; mild type, 1 to 2% of Hb Barts at birth, not detectable in adult. Homozygous state: severe type, erythroblastosis fetalis and fetal death, only Hb Barts and Hb H present; mild type not clinically defined. See also hemoglobin H.
A2 t. beta t., heterozygous state.
beta t. t. due to one of two or more genes that depress (partially or completely) synthesis of beta-globin chains by the chromosome bearing the abnormal gene. Heterozygous state (A2 t.): t. minor with Hb A2 increased, Hb F normal or variably increased, Hb A normal or slightly reduced. Homozygous state: t. major with Hb A reduced to very low but variable levels, Hb F very high level.
beta-delta t. t. due to a gene that depresses synthesis of both beta- and delta-globin chains by the chromosome bearing the abnormal gene. Heterozygous state: t. minor with Hb F comprising 5 to 30% of total hemoglobin but distributed unevenly among cells, Hb A2 reduced or normal. Homozygous state: moderate anemia with only Hb F present, no Hb A or Hb A2.F t;
F t. beta-delta t
t. interme´dia a clinical variant of t. characterized by an intermediate degree of severity. These patients have severe anemia but usually do not require regular blood transfusions. Intermedia disorders represented a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders and may include cases with homozygous or heterozygous abnormalities in the beta-globin chain gene.
a t. interme´dia See hemoglobin H.
Lepore t. [MIM*142000.0020 and others] t. syndrome due to production of abnormally structured Lepore hemoglobin. Heterozygous state: t. minor with about 10% of Hb Lepore, Hb F moderately increased, Hb A2 normal. Homozygous state: t. major with only Hb F and Hb Lepore produced, no Hb A or Hb A2.
t. ma´jor [MIM*141800-142310 passim] the syndrome of severe anemia resulting from the homozygous state of one of the t. genes or one of the hemoglobin Lepore genes with onset, in infancy or childhood, of pallor, icterus, weakness, splenomegaly, cardiac enlargement, thinning of inner and outer tables of skull, microcytic hypochromic anemia with poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, stippled cells, target cells, and nucleated erythrocytes; types of hemoglobin are variable and depend on the gene involved.Cooley's anemia, primary erythroblastic anemia;
t. mi´nor [MIM*141800-142310 passim] the heterozygous state of a t. gene or a hemoglobin Lepore gene; usually asymptomatic and quite variable hematologically, with target cells, mild hypochromic microcytosis, and often slightly reduced hemoglobin level with slightly increased erythrocyte count; types of hemoglobin are variable and depend on the gene involved.
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Morbid fear of the sea. [G. thalassa, the sea, + phobos, fear]
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mariposia [G. thalassa, the sea, + posis, drinking]
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Treatment of disease by exposure to sea air, by sea bathing, or by a sea voyage. [G. thalassa, the sea]
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a-Phthalimidoglutarimide; N-phthalylglutamimide; N-(2,6-dioxo-3-(piperidyl)phthalimide;a hypnotic drug which, if taken in early pregnancy, may cause the birth of infants with phocomelia and other defects; occasionally used for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosun.
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Denoting conidia produced with no enlargement or growth after delimitation by septa in the hypha (thallus); the entire parent cell becomes an arthroconidium.
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A white metallic element, atomic no. 81, atomic wt. 204.3833; 201Tl (half-life equal to 3.038 days) is used to scan the myocardium. [G. thallos, a green shoot (it gives a green line in the spectrum)]
t.-201 (201Tl) the radioisotope of t. used widely for myocardial nuclear imaging; it is also taken up by certain tumors.
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In older classification systems, a primary division of the plant kingdom whose members, with a few exceptions, were devoid of true roots, stems, and leaves; it included bacteria, fungi, and algae. [G. thallos, a green shoot, + phyton, plant]
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A member of the division Thallophyta.
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Obsolete term for a reproductive asexual type of spore formed as an integral part of the thallus or mycelium, in contrast to a conidium formed on a specialized hypha. [G. thallos, a green twig, + sporos, seed]
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Poisoning by thallium; marked by stomatitis, gastroenteritis, peripheral and retrobulbar neuritis, endocrine disorders, and alopecia. [thallium + G. toxikon, poison, + -osis, condition]
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A simple plant or fungus body which is devoid of roots, stems, and leaves. The vegatative growth of a fungus. [G. thallos, a young shoot]
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Death. See also necro-. [G. thanatos, death]
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Relating to the processes involved in life and death. [thanato- + G. bios, life, + logos, study]
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Of fatal prognosis, indicating the approach of death. [thanato- + G. gnome, a sign]
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1. A description of one's symptoms and thoughts while dying. 2. A treatise on death. [thanato- + G. graphe, a writing]
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1. Resembling death. 2. Deadly. [thanato- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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The branch of science concerned with the study of death and dying. [thanato- + G. logos, study]
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Illness or death resulting from belief in the efficacy of magic; a phenomenon observed among those primitive societies or illiterate and superstitious people who believe in the power of evil spirits, spells, curses, and individuals over one's bodily processes, with such belief and resulting fear manifesting itself as psychosomatic illness and even death. [thanato- + G. mania, frenzy]
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Venomous snakes. [thanato- + G. ophidion, dim. of ophis, a serpent]
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Morbid fear of death. [thanato- + G. phobos, fear]
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Leading to death. [thanato- + G. phoros, bearing]
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autopsy (1) [thanato- + G. opsis, view]
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In psychoanalysis, the death principle, representing all instinctual tendencies toward senescence and death. See also entries underinstinct Cf. eros. [G. death]
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Sir George D., English anatomist, 1850-1930. See T.'s method.
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The transformation of one form of tissue into another. [G. thauma (thaumat-), a wonder, + trope, a turning]
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J.D. See T.-Martin medium, agar.
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Abbreviation for tetrahydrocannabinol.
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Symbol for ribothymidine.
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tea [Mod. L.]
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theinism
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1. A large room for lectures and demonstrations; sometimes applied to an operating room equipped for observation by persons other than the surgical team. 2. Any operating room or suite of such rooms. [G. theatron, a place for seeing, theater, fr. theomai, to look at]
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Relating to or derived from opium. [L. Thebaicus, relating to Thebes, whence opium was formerly obtained]
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C19H21NO3;an alkaloid obtained from opium (0.3 to 1.5%); it resembles strychnine in its action, causing tetanic convulsions.paramorphine;
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Adam C., German physician, 1686-1732. See thebesian foramina, under foramen, thebesian valve, thebesian veins, under vein.
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A sheath or capsule. [G. theke, a box]
t. cor´dis pericardium
t. exter´na tunica externa thecae folliculi
t. follic´uli the wall of a vesicular ovarian follicle. See also tunica externa, tunica interna thecae folliculi.
t. inter´na tunica interna thecae folliculi
t. ten´dinis synovial tendon sheath
t. vertebra´lis dura mater of spinal cord
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Relating to a sheath, especially a tendon sheath. [see theca]
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Inflammation of the sheath of a tendon. [G. theke, box (sheath), + -itis, inflammation]
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Having the teeth inserted in alveoli. [G. theke, box, + odous (odont-), tooth]
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A neoplasm derived from ovarian mesenchyme, consisting chiefly of spindle-shaped cells that frequently contain small droplets of fat; gross features generally resemble those of a granulosa cell tumor, i.e., firm, yellow, encapsulated mass, ordinarily about 10 cm or less in diameter, but it tends to be less malignant; it may form considerable quantities of estrogens, thereby resulting in precocious development of secondary sexual features in prepubertal girls, or hyperplasia of the endometrium in older patients.theca cell tumor; [G. theke, box (theca), + -oma, tumor]
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A stromal hyperplasia or increase in the number of connective tissue elements of an ovary.
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Constriction of a tendon sheath. [G. theke, box (sheath), + stegnosis, a narrowing]
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Johann C.A., German surgeon, 1714-1797. See T.'s method.
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Friedrich W., German anatomist, 1801-1879. See T.'s canal, glands, under gland, muscle.
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Max, South African microbiologist in the U.S. and Nobel laureate, 1899-1972. See T.'s disease, virus.
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A genus of piroplasmid sporozoan protozoa (family Theileriidae, order Piroplasmida, class Sporozoea) that are tick-borne parasites and among the most important pathogens of domestic animals; they multiply asexually in lymphocytes or other cells and then invade the erythrocytes, where they remain without multiplying until ingested by a transmitting tick.Cytauxzoon; [A. Theiler]
T. annula´ta a species that causes Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis in cattle.
T. bo´vis T. parva bovis
T. fe´lis a highly pathogenic species that causes theileriosis in domestic cats and bobcats.Cytauxzoon felis;
T. hir´ci a species that causes malignant theileriosis in sheep and goats.
T. lawren´cei T. parva lawrencei
T. mu´tans a species that causes benign bovine theileriosis in Africa and the Carribbean; occasionally causes fatal disease in cattle.
T. orienta´lis a bovine species found worldwide which, in some regions, has been reported to cause clinical disease in cattle.T. sergenti;
T. par´va a species now divided into three subspecies: T. parva bovis, T. parva lawrencei, and T. parva parva.
T. par´va bo´vis a parasite causing Rhodesian malignant theileriosis in cattle.T. bovis;
T. par´va lawren´cei a parasite of the wild African buffalo (Syncerus caffer); it is highly pathogenic to cattle, causing Corridor disease.T. lawrencei;
T. par´va par´va a highly pathogenic parasite causing East Coast fever in cattle.
T. sergen´ti T. orientalis
T. taurotra´gi a species that causes benign bovine theileriosis, and is infective to sheep and goats; transmitted by Rhipicephalus pulchellus in Africa.
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theileriosis
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A family of sporozoan protozoa which, combined with the family Babesiidae, comprises the order Piroplasmida; it consists of one recognized genus, Theileria, transmitted by ixodid ticks; some species are highly pathogenic to domestic and wild ruminants, causing theileriosis.
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Protozoan disease of cattle, sheep, and goats caused by infection with protozoan of the genus Theileria, and transmitted by ixodid ticks.theileriasis;
benign bovine t. t. in cattle, a protozoan disease caused either by Theileria mutans (transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma in Africa and the Caribbean) or by T. taurotragi (transmitted by the ticks Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. pulchellus in Africa).
malignant ovine and caprine t. a highly pathogenic protozoan disease of sheep and goats in southeastern Europe, northern Africa, and the Near and Middle East; it is caused by Theileria hirci and transmitted by the tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.
Mediterranean t. tropical t
Rhodesian malignant t. a highly pathogenic protozoan disease of cattle in Zimbabwe caused by Theileria parva bovis and transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. See also kaodzera.
tropical t. a highly pathogenic protozoan disease of cattle in northern Africa, southern Europe, the Near and Middle East, and central Asia; caused by Theileria annulata and transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma.Mediterranean t;
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caffeine
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Chronic poisoning resulting from immoderate tea-drinking, marked by palpitation, insomnia, nervousness, headache, and dyspepsia.theaism; [Mod. L. thea, tea]
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See thelo-.
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The beginning of development of the breasts in the female. [thel- + G. arche, beginning]
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The eye worms, a genus of spiruroid nematodes that inhabit the lacrimal ducts and surface of the eyes of various domestic and wild animals, but rarely man; a number of species have been reported from wild birds. Cyclic development occurs in muscoid flies; infective larvae emerge from the fly mouthparts while the fly is feeding on or near the eyes of the host. [G. thelazo, to suck]
T. californien´sis a species occurring in the tear ducts, conjunctival sac, or under the nictitating membrane of dogs, coyotes, black bears, sheep, deer, jack rabbits, cats, and occasionally humans in the western and southwestern U.S.; heavy infections cause photophobia, lacrimation, eyelid edema, conjunctivitis, and even blindness.
T. callipae´da a species reported from man in Southeast Asia and California; the worm, embedded in a subconjunctival tumor or swimming in the aqueous humor after penetrating the corneoscleral limbus, causes pain, photophobia, and tearing.
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Infection with nematodes of the genus Thelazia.
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nipple [G.]
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mammillaplasty [thel- + G. plastos, formed]
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1. A nipple-like structure. 2. A cellular layer. 3. nipple [Mod. L., fr. G. thele, nipple]
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The nipples. Cf. mamil-. [G. thele]
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A neoplasm involving the nipple. [thelo- + G. onkos, a mass]
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Bleeding from the nipple. [thelo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]
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Toward the thenar or lateral side of the palm of the hand. [G. thenar, the palm of the hand, + L. ad, to]
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thenar (2)
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Thenophenopiperidine; 1-methyl-4-N-2-thenylanilinopiperidine;an antihistaminic and antipruritic agent (as the tartrate).
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1. [NA] thenar eminence 2. Applied to any structure in relation with the thenar eminence or its underlying collective components.thenal; [G. the palm of the hand]
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Relating only to the palm, specifically to the radial side. [G. thenar, palm, + en, in]
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The radical of 2-methylthiophene, (SC4H3)CH2-. Cf. thienyl.
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C14H19N3S HCl; 2-[(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-3-thenylamino]pyridine hydrochloride;an antihistaminic.
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See Smith.
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cacao [G. theos, a god, + broma, food]
t. oil the fat obtained from the wasted seed of Theobroma cacao (family Sterculiaceae); it contains the glycerides of stearic, palmitic, oleic, arichidic, and linoleic acids; used as a base for suppositories and ointments and, in operative dentistry, as a lubricant and protective.cacao butter, cocoa butter, cacao oil;
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3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-dihydroxypurine; 3,7-di-methylxanthine;an alkaloid resembling caffeine in its action, prepared from the dried ripe seed of Theobroma cacao or made synthetically; formerly used widely as a diuretic, myocardial stimulant, dilator of coronary arteries, and smooth muscle relaxant. Compounds with calcium gluconate, calcium salicylate, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and sodium salicylate have been listed.
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A delusion in which one believes that he or she is God. [G. theos, god, + mania, frenzy]
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Morbid fear of God. [G. theos, god, + phobos, fear]
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1,3-Dimethylxanthine;an alkaloid found with caffeine in tea leaves (commercial t. is prepared synthetically); a smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic, cardiac stimulant, and vasodilator; used in bronchial asthma and other forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
t. aminoisobutanol ambuphylline
t. calcium salicylate a mixture of calcium t. and sodium salicylate in molecular proportion; has the same actions and uses as t.
t. ethanolamine t. monoethanolamine, with the same actions and uses as t.
t. ethylenediamine aminophylline
t. isopropanolamine has the same actions and uses as aminophylline, but a more rapid onset and a longer duration of action.
t. sodium acetate a mixture of t. sodium and sodium acetate, with 60% of t.; has the same uses as t.
t. sodium glycinate equilibrium mixture containing t. sodium and glycine in approximately molecular proportions, buffered with an additional mole of glycine; similar in action and uses to aminophylline but more stable in air, and less irritating to the gastric mucosa.
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A proposition that can be proved, and so is established as a law or principle. See also law, principle, rule.
Bayes t. the impacts of new data on the evidential merits of competing scientific hypotheses are compared by computing for each the product of the antecedent plausibility (the prior probability) and the likelihood of the current data given that hypothesis (the conditional probability) and rescaling them so that their total is unity (the rescaled values being posterior probabilities). See also diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, predictive value.
Bernoulli's t. Bernoulli's law
central limit t. the sum (or average) of n realizations of the same process, provided only that it has a finite variance, will approach the gaussian distribution as n becomes indefinitely large. This theory provides a broad warrant for the use of normal theory even for nongaussian data. In the form stated here, it constitutes the classical version; more general versions allow serious relaxation of the usual assumptions.
Gibbs' t. substances that lower the surface tension of the pure dispersion medium tend to collect in its surface, whereas substances that raise the surface tension tend to remain out of the surface film.
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A reasoned explanation of known facts or phenomena that serves as a basis of investigation by which to reach the truth. See also hypothesis, postulate. [G. theoria, a beholding, speculation, theory, fr. theoros, a beholder]
adsorption t. of narcosis that a drug becomes concentrated at the surface of the cell as a result of adsorption, and thus alters permeability and metabolism.
Altmann's t. a t. that protoplasm consists of granular particles (called bioblasts) that are clustered and enclosed in indifferent matter.
Arrhenius-Madsen t. that the reaction of an antigen with its antibody is a reversible reaction, the equilibrium being determined according to the law of mass action by the concentrations of the reacting substances.
atomic t. that chemical compounds are formed by the union of atoms in certain definite proportions; in its modern form, first advanced in 1803 by John Dalton.
Baeyer's t. that carbon bonds are set at fixed angles (109° 28´) and that those carbon rings are most stable that least distort those angles; for this reason, planar rings composed of 5 or 6 carbon atoms (e.g., cyclopentane, benzene) are more common than rings containing less than 5 or more than 6 carbon atoms.
balance t. in social psychology, a t. which assumes that steady and unsteady states can be specified for cognitive units, such as an individual and his or her attitudes or acts, and that such units tend to seek steady states (balance); e.g., balance exists when both parts of a unit are evaluated the same, but disequilibrium arises when both parts are not evaluated the same, which causes either cognitive reevaluation of the parts or their segregation. See also cognitive dissonance t., consistency principle.
beta-oxidation-condensation t. that the two carbon fragments split from the fatty acid molecule by beta-oxidation are converted to acetic acid and then condensed to acetoacetic acid.
Bohr's t. that spectrum lines are produced 1) by the quantized emission of radiant energy when electrons drop from an orbit of a higher to one of a lower energy level, or 2) by absorption of radiation when an electron rises from a lower to a higher energy level.
Bordeau t. , Bordeu t. See de Bordeau t.
Bowman's t. that the urine is formed by passive filtration through the glomeruli and secretion by the epithelium of the tubules, the water and salts being separated from the plasma in the former situation, the urea and other urinary constituents in the latter. Parts of this t. are now known to be wrong.
Broonsted t. that an acid is a substance, charged or uncharged, liberating hydrogen ions in solution, and that a base is a substance that removes them from solution (e.g., NH4+, CH3COOH, and HSO4- are acids; NH3, CH3COO-, and SO4- are bases); useful in the concept of weak electrolytes and buffers. Cf. Broonsted acid, Broonsted base.
Burn and Rand t. that stimulation of sympathetic fibers results first in the production of acetylcholine in the postganglionic nerve endings, which then release norepinephrine to act on the active site of the effector cell.
Cannon-Bard t. the view that the feeling aspect of emotion and the pattern of emotional behavior are controlled by the hypothalamus.
Cannon's t. emergency t
catastrophe t. a branch of mathematics dealing with large changes in the total system that may result from a small change in a critical variable in the system; an example is the change in the physical properties of H2O as the temperature reaches zero or 100° C; many applications of catastrophe t. occur in clinical medicine and in epidemiology.
cellular immune t. a concept, put forth by Elie Metchnikoff, that cells, not antibodies, were responsible for the immune response of an organism.
celomic metaplasia t. of endometriosis that endometrial tissue arises directly from the peritoneal mesothelium.
chaos t. a branch of mathematics dealing with events and processes that cannot be predicted precisely on the basis of conventional mathematical t.'s or laws; some biological processes, e.g., spread of malignant disease, appear to conform to chaos t., at least sometimes.
chemiosmotic t. A hypothesis proposing that cellular energy requiring processes such as ATP synthesis and ion pumping may be driven by a pH and membrane potential gradient; proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961.
cloacal t. the belief sometimes held by neurotic adults or children that a child is born, as a stool is passed, from a common opening.
clonal deletion t. the elimination of certain T cell populations in the thymus that have receptors for self-antigens. See immunologic tolerance.
clonal selection t. a t. which states that each lymphocyte has membrane bound immunoglobulin receptors specific for a particular antigen and once the receptor is engaged, proliferation of the cell occurs such that a clone of antibody producing cells (plasma cell) is produced.
cognitive dissonance t. a t. of attitude formation and behavior describing a motivational state that exists when an individual's cognitive elements (attitudes, perceived behaviors, etc.) are inconsistent with each other, such as the espousal of the Ten Commandments concurrent with the belief that it is all right to cheat on one's taxes; a t. which indicates that persons try to achieve consistency (consonance) and avoid dissonance which, when it arises, may be coped with by changing one's attitudes, rationalizing, selective perception, and other means. See also balance t., consistency principle.
Cohnheim's t. that neoplasms originate from various cell rests, i.e., embryonal cells thought to persist in various sites after the development of the fetal organs and tissues.emigration t;
colloid t. of narcosis that coagulation or flocculation of protein causes dehydration and reduction of metabolism.
darwinian t. the t. of the origin of species and of the development of higher organisms from lower forms through natural selection (survival of the fittest in the struggle for existence), and of the evolution of humans from an ancestor common to himself and the apes.
de Bordeau t. that each organ of the body manufactured a specific humor which it secreted into the bloodstream.
decay t. a t. of forgetting based on the premise that an engram or memory trace dissipates progressively with time during the interval when it is not activated.
Dieulafoy's t. an obsolete t. that appendicitis is always the result of the transformation of the appendicular canal into a closed cavity.
dipole t. a t. in which the activation current of the heart is conceived as a single net moving dipole, the positive pole leading.
duplicity t. of vision that the cones of the retina function in bright light and the rods function in dim light.
Ehrlich's side-chain t.
Ehrlich's t. See side-chain t.
t. of electrolytic dissociation See Arrhenius doctrine.
emergency t. a t. of the emotions, advanced by W.B. Cannon, that animal and human organisms respond to emergency situations by increased sympathetic nervous system activity including an increased catecholamine production with associated increases in blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, and skeletal muscle blood flow. See also relaxation response.Cannon's t;
emigration t. Cohnheim's t
enzyme inhibition t. of narcosis that narcotics inhibit respiratory enzymes by suppression of the formation of high energy phosphate bonds within the cell.
Flourens' t. that thought is a process depending upon the action of the entire cerebrum.
Frerichs' t. that uremia represents a toxic condition caused by ammonium carbonate, which is formed as the result of the action of a plasma enzyme on the increased amounts of urea.
Freud's t. a comprehensive t. of how personality is formed and develops in normal and emotionally disturbed individuals; e.g., that an attack of conversion hysteria is due to a psychic trauma which was not adequately reacted to at the time it was received, and persists as an affect memory. See also psychoanalysis.
game t. the branch of mathematical logic concerned with the range of possible reactions to a particular strategy; each reaction can be assigned a probability and each reaction can lead to a counter-reaction by the "adversary" in the game. Used mainly in systems analysis, game t. has some applications in disease surveillance and control; it is one of the underlying t.'s in clinical decision analysis.
gastrea t. Haeckel's gastrea t
gate-control t. a theory to explain the mechanism of pain; small fiber afferent stimuli, particularly pain, entering the substantia gelatinosa can be modulated by large fiber afferent stimuli and descending spinal pathways so that their transmission to ascending spinal pathways is blocked (gated).gate-control hypothesis;
germ t. the t., now a doctrine, that infectious diseases are due to the presence and functional activity of microorganisms within the body.
germ layer t. the concept that young embryos differentiate three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), each of which has the potentiality of forming different characteristic structures and organs in the developing body.
gestalt t. See gestaltism.
Haeckel's gastrea t. that the two-layered gastrula is the ancestral form of all multicellular animals.gastrea t;
Helmholtz t. of accommodation that the ciliary muscle relaxes for near vision and allows the anterior aspect of the lens to become more convex.
Helmholtz t. of color vision Young-Helmholtz t. of color vision
Helmholtz-Gibbs t. See Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
Helmholtz t. of hearing resonance t. of hearing
hematogenous t. of endometriosis that endometrial tissue is carried, like metastases of a malignant tumor, through the blood stream.
Hering's t. of color vision that there are three opponent visual processes: blue-yellow, red-green, and white-black.
humoral t. See humoral doctrine.
hydrate microcrystal t. of anesthesia a t. of narcosis pertaining to nonhydrogen-bonding agents; postulates the interaction of the molecules of the anesthetic drug with water molecules in the brain.Pauling's t;
implantation t. of the production of endometriosis that, at the time of menstruation, cells of the uterine mucosa pass through the fallopian tubes and escape into the pelvic cavity where they implant themselves on the peritoneum.
incasement t. preformation t
information t. in the behavioral sciences, a system for studying the communication process through the detailed analysis, often mathematical, of all aspects of the process including the encoding, transmission, and decoding of signals; not concerned in any direct sense with the meaning of a message.
instructive t. a t. that states that an antibody learns or acquires its specificity after contact with a particular antigen.
James-Lange t. that bodily changes, such as tachycardia or sweating, precede rather than follow the conscious perception of an emotion and by themselves evoke the emotional feeling.
kern-plasma relation t. a t. enunciated by Hertwig (1903) that a definite relation as to size normally exists in every cell between the mass of nuclear material and that of the protoplasm. [Ger. kern, kernel, nucleus]
Knoop's t. that the catabolism of fatty acids occurs in stages in each of which there is a loss of two carbon atoms as a result of oxidation at the beta-carbon atom, e.g.,
Ladd-Franklin t. molecular dissociation t
lamarckian t. that acquired characteristics may be transmitted to the descendants and that experience, and not biology alone, can change and thereby influence genetic transmission.
learning t. any of several prominent theories designed to explain learning, especially those promulgated by Pavlov, Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull, Kohler, Spence, Miller, Skinner, and their modern followers. See also conditioning.
libido t. Freud's t. that humans psychic life results mainly from instinctual or libidinal needs and the attempts to satisfy them.
Liebig's t. that the hydrocarbons that oxidize readily and burn are aliments that produce the greatest quantity of animal heat.
lipoid t. of narcosis that narcotic efficiency parallels the coefficient of partition between oil and water, and that lipoids in the cell and on the cell membrane absorb the drug because of this affinity.Meyer-Overton t. of narcosis;
lymphatic dissemination t. of endometriosis that endometrial tissue is transmitted by the lymphatic channels.
mass action t. that large areas of brain tissue function as a whole in learned or intelligent action.
t. of medicine the science, as distinguished from the art, or practice, of medicine.
membrane expansion t. that adsorption of anesthetics into membranes so alters membrane volume and/or configuration that membrane function is affected in such a way as to produce anesthesia.
Metchnikoff's t. the phagocytic t., that the body is protected against infection by the leukocytes and other cells that engulf and destroy the invading microorganisms.
Meyer-Overton t. of narcosis lipoid t. of narcosis
miasma t. (mI-az´ma) an explanation of the origin of epidemics, based on the false notion that they were caused by air of bad quality, e.g., emanating from rotting vegetation in marshes or swamps.
migration t. obsolete t. that sympathetic ophthalmia is caused by a migration of the pathogenic agent through the lymph channels of the optic nerve.
Miller's chemicoparasitic t. that dental caries is caused by microorganisms of the mouth fermenting dietary carbohydrates and producing acids that demineralize the teeth.
mnemic t. mnemic hypothesis
molecular dissociation t. a t., pertaining to color vision, that gray is the earliest of color sensations, from which are derived, by molecular change, two paired substances that, respectively, detect yellow and blue, and that the yellow gives rise to paired substances for detection of red and green.Ladd-Franklin t;
monophyletic t. monophyletism
myoelastic t. a t. stating that sound of the human voice is produced by vibrations of the vocal cords resulting from folding upward due to air pressure below, and subsequent movement downward due to elastic tension of cords.
myogenic t. that cardiac movements are due mainly to stimuli originating in the heart muscle itself and that the heart does not act solely in response to nerve stimulation.
Nernst's t. that the passage of an electric current through the tissues causes a dissociation of the ions, with consequent concentration of salts in the solution bathing the cell membranes, the electric stimulus being thereby effected.
neurochronaxic t. t. stating that variations in pitch of the human voice are produced by active muscular contractions synchronized with cycles per second of pitch, no longer believed to be true.
Ollier's t. a t. of compensatory growth; after resection of the articular extremity of a bone, the articular cartilage of the other bone entering into the structure of the joint takes on an increased growth.
omega-oxidation t. that the oxidation of fatty acids commences at the CH3 group, i.e., the terminal or omega-group; beta-oxidation then proceeds at both ends of the fatty acid chain.
overproduction t. Weigert's law
oxygen deprivation t. of narcosis that narcotics inhibit oxidation, which causes the cell to be narcotized.
Pauling's t. hydrate microcrystal t. of anesthesia
permeability t. of narcosis that the permeability of the cell membrane is decreased by narcotic concentrations of aliphatic and other central nervous system depressants.
phlogiston t. See phlogiston.
pithecoid t. the t. of human's descent with the ape from a common ancestor. See also darwinian t.
place t. a t. of pitch perception which states that the perception of the pitch of a sound depends upon the level or region of the basilar membrane of the cochlea which is set into vibration by the sound waves. See also resonance t. of hearing.
Planck's t. quantum t
polyphyletic t. polyphyletism
preformation t. archaic t. that the embryo was fully formed in miniature within a gamete at the time of conception. See also homunculus.emboitement, incasement t;
quantum t. that energy can be emitted, transmitted, and absorbed only in discrete quantities (quanta), so that atoms and subatomic particles can exist only in certain energy states.Planck's t;
recapitulation t. the t. formulated by E.H. Haeckel that individuals in their embryonic development pass through stages similar in general structural plan to the stages their species passed through in its evolution; more technically phrased, the t. that ontogeny is an abbreviated recapitulation of phylogeny.biogenetic law, law of biogenesis, Haeckel's law, law of recapitulation;
Reed-Frost t. of epidemics a mathematical t. to explain how epidemics originate and continue.
reed instrument t. a no longer tenable t. stating that in human voice production the larynx functions in a manner similar to a reed musical instrument.
reentry t. that extrasystoles are due to reentry of an impulse initiated by the sinus impulse, to which the extrasystole is coupled, into the ectopic focus.
resonance t. of hearing that the basilar membrane of the cochlea acts as a resonating structure, recording low tones from its apical turns and high tones from its basal turns.Helmholtz t. of hearing;
Ribbert's t. that a neoplasm may result when a reduction in tension (exerted by adjacent tissues) leads to conditions favorable to uncontrolled growth of cell rests.
Semon-Hering t. mnemic hypothesis
sensorimotor t. in the developmental t. of Piaget, the postulation that during the first 18 months of life there occurs a transformation of action into thought; at first there is a gradual shift from inborn to acquired behavior, then from body-centered to object-centered activity, ultimately permitting intentional behavior and inventive thinking.
side-chain t. Ehrlich postulated that cells contained surface extensions or side chains (haptophores) that bind to the antigenic determinants of a toxin (toxophores); after a cell is stimulated, the haptophores are released into the circulation and become the antibodies. See also receptor.Ehrlich's postulate;
somatic mutation t. of cancer that cancer is caused by a mutation or mutations in the body cells (as opposed to germ cells), especially nonlethal mutations associated with increased proliferation of the mutant cells.
Spitzer's t. an interpretation of the partitioning of the heart of mammalian embryos primarily on the basis of recapitulations of the adult structural pattern of lower forms; most frequently cited in relation to the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus to form ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, which is achieved by the phylogenetic development of the lungs.
stringed instrument t. a no longer tenable t. stating that in human voice production the vocal cords function in a manner similar to the strings in a stringed musical instrument.
surface tension t. of narcosis that substances which lower the surface tension of water pass more readily into the cell and cause narcosis by decreasing metabolism.
telephone t. a t. of pitch perception which states that the cochlea possesses no faculty of sound analysis, but that the frequency of the impulses transmitted over the auditory nerve fibers corresponds to the frequency of the sound vibrations, and is the sole basis for pitch discrimination; a t. no longer tenable.
thermodynamic t. of narcosis that the interposition of narcotic molecules in nonaqueous cellular phase causes changes that interfere with facilitation of ionic exchange.
two-sympathin t. a t., now obsolete, advanced by Cannon and Rosenblueth that two different types of substances (sympathin E and I) diffuse into circulation when adrenergic nerves are stimulated, although the mediator itself is the same.
van't Hoff's t. that substances in dilute solution obey the gas laws. Cf. van't Hoff's law.
Warburg's t. that the development of cancer is due to irreversible damage to the respiratory mechanism of cells, leading to the selective multiplication of cells with increased glycolytic metabolism, both aerobic and anaerobic.
Wollaston's t. a t. that the semidecussation of the optic nerves at the chiasm is proved by the homonymous hemianopia seen in brain lesions.
Young-Helmholtz t. of color vision a t. that there are three color-perceiving elements in the retina: red, green, and blue. Perception of other colors arises from the combined stimulation of these elements; deficiency or absence of any one of these elements results in inability to perceive that color and a misperception of any other color of which it forms a part.Helmholtz t. of color vision;
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Treatment of disease by prayer or religious exercises. [G. theos, god, + therapeia, therapy]
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A nest or aggregation of nevocytes in the epidermis. [Fr. a small box]
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1. therapeutics 2. therapy
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Relating to therapeutics or to the treatment, remediating, or curing of a disorder or disease. [G. therapeutikos]
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The practical branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease or disorder.therapeusis (1), therapia (2); [G. therapeutike, medical practice]
ray t. obsolete term for radiotherapy.
suggestive t. treatment of disease or disorder by means of suggestion.
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One skilled in therapeutics.
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1. therapy 2. therapeutics [L. fr. G. therapeia, therapy]
t. mag´na sterili´sans Ehrlich's concept that an infectious disease, especially one of protozoal origin, can be cured by one large dose of a suitable remedy, large enough to sterilize all the tissues and to destroy the microorganism contained therein.
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One professionally trained and/or skilled in the practice of a particular type of therapy.
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1. The treatment of disease or disorder by various methods. See also therapeutics. 2. In psychiatry, and clinical psychology, a short term for psychotherapy. See also psychotherapy, psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis.therapeusis (2), therapia (1); [G. therapeia, medical treatment]
alkali t. See alkalitherapy.
analytic t. short term for psychoanalytic t.
anticoagulant t. the use of anticoagulant drugs to reduce or prevent intravascular or intracardiac clotting.
antisense t. use of antisense DNA for the inhibition of translation of a specific gene product for therapeutic purposes.
autoserum t. t. with serum obtained from the patient's own blood.
aversion t. a form of behavior t. that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with undesirable behavior(s) so that the patient learns to avoid the latter. See also aversive training.
behavior t. an offshoot of psychotherapy involving the use of procedures and techniques associated with research in the fields of conditioning and learning for the treatment of a variety of psychological conditions; distinguished from psychotherapy because specific symptoms (e.g., phobia, enuresis, high blood pressure) are selected as the target for change, planned interventions or remedial steps to extinguish or modify these symptoms are then employed, and the progress of changes is continuously and quantitatively monitored. See systematic desensitization.conditioning t;
client-centered t. a system of nondirective psychotherapy based on the assumption that the client (patient) both has the internal resources to improve and is in the best position to resolve his or her own personality dysfunction, provided that the therapist can establish a permissive, accepting, and genuine atmosphere in which the client feels free to discuss problems and to obtain insight into them in order to achieve self-actualization.
cognitive t. any of a variety of techniques in psychotherapy that utilizes guided self-discovery, imaging, self-instruction, symbolic modeling, and related forms of explicitly elicited cognitions as the principal mode of treatment.
collapse t. the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis whereby the diseased lung is placed, totally or partially, temporarily or permanently, in a nonfunctional respiratory state of retraction and immobilization. Now rarely performed except in drug resistant TB, such as with AIDS.
conditioning t. behavior t
conjoint t. a type of t. in which a therapist sees the two spouses, or parent and child, or other partners together in joint sessions.
convulsive t. electroshock t
cytoreductive t. t. with the intention of reducing the number of cells in a lesion, usually a malignancy.
depot t. injection of a drug together with a substance that slows the release and prolongs the action of the drug.
diathermic t. treatment of various lesions by diathermy.
electroconvulsive t. (ECT) electroshock t
electroshock t. (ECT) a form of treatment of mental disorders in which convulsions are produced by the passage of an electric current through the brain.convulsive t., electroconvulsive t;
electrotherapeutic sleep t. treatment by inducing sleep by means of nonconvulsive electric stimulation of the brain.
extended family t. a type of family t. that involves family members outside the nuclear family and who are closely associated with it and affect it.
family t. a type of group psychotherapy in which a family in conflict meets as a group with the therapist and explores its relationships and processes; focus is on the resolution of current interactions between members rather than on individual members.
fever t. See pyrotherapy.
foreign protein t. protein shock t
functional orthodontic t. functional jaw orthopedics
gene t. the process of inserting a gene into an organism to replace or repair gene function to treat a disease or genetic defect.Alterations of somatic or germ-line DNA to correct or prevent disease. Multiple animal experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of somatic gene therapy, in which functional DNA sequences are inserted into cells which lack or bear faulty versions of a particular gene. Vectors include modified viruses (e.g., adenovirus) and liposomes. In some cases, cells are removed from the body, treated with modified DNA, cultured, and returned to the body. The first human trial of somatic therapy took place in 1990, with melanoma patients. Germ-line therapy inserts specific genes directly into the DNA of sperm, eggs, or embryos, producing heritable alterations of the genome. Experimenters have inserted human DNA into germ cells of pigs, mice, and other laboratory animals, creating chimeras, but experiments with human germ cells are under federal ban.
geriatric t. gerontotherapy
gestalt t. a type of psychotherapy, used with individuals or groups, that emphasizes treatment of the person as a whole: the individual's biological component parts and their organic functioning, perceptual configuration, and interrelationships with the external world; it focuses on the sensory awareness of the person's immediate experiences rather than on past recollections or future expectations, employing role playing and other techniques to promote the patient's growth process and to develop the individual's full potential.
heterovaccine t. t. with a vaccine obtained from organisms not directly concerned with the disorder being treated.
hormone replacement t. in females, treatment with sex hormones for a number for reasons, including menopause, partial or full hysterectomy, or amenorrhea.In women, treatment with sex hormones is indicated for a number of reasons, including menopause, partial or full hysterectomy, or amenorrhea. After menopause, conjugated estrogens, estradiol, or estrone sulfate are given to reduce pain during intercourse, limit blood vessel effects, and prevent loss of bone mass. After radical hysterectomy, conjugated estrogens are given for similar reasons. After menopause or partial hysterectomy, progestin is administered at the same time to offset an increased risk of endometrial cancer. In some amenorrheas, estrogen is given to restore menses; if the therapy is unsuccessful, this may indicate the presence of pathology, for instance, pituitary tumor. Benefits for postmenopausal women include a lowered risk of heart attack (estrogen lowers LDL and raises HDL levels), and prevention of osteoporosis, since the rate of bone loss is directly linked to a drop in estrogen levels (see perimenopause). Medical opinion about the hazard posed by such therapy remains divided. Some studies have indicated increased incidence of breast cancer; however, a comprehensive 1992 review of the literature contradicted this finding.
hyperbaric oxygen t. treatment in which oxygen is provided in a sealed chamber at an ambient pressure greater than 1 atmosphere. See also hyperbaric oxygenation.
implosive t. a type of behavior t. using implosion.
individual t. dyadic psychotherapy
inhalation t. therapeutic use of gases or aerosols by inhalation.
insulin coma t. See insulin coma treatment.
interstitial t. radiation t. by means of radioactive seeds or needles implanted directly into the tissues to be irradiated.
intralesional t. t. by injection directly into a lesion, as in corticosteroid injections into skin lesions.
maintenance drug t. in chemotherapy, systematic dosage at a level that maintains protection against exacerbation.
marital t. marriage t
marriage t. a type of family t. that involves both husband and wife and focuses on the marital relationship as it affects the individual personalities, behaviors, and psychopathologies of the partners; the rationale for this method is the assumption that emotional or psychopathological processes within the family structure and in the social matrix of the marriage perpetuate individual pathological personality structures, which find expression in the disturbed marriage and are aggravated by the feedback between partners.marital t;
microwave t. microkymatotherapy
milieu t. psychiatric treatment employing manipulation of the social environment for the benefit of the patient; e.g., using the day-to-day experiences of patients living in a ward as the stimuli for discussion and therapeutic change.
myofunctional t. t. of malocclusion and other dental and speech disorders utilizing muscular exercises of the tongue and lips; most often intended to alter a tongue thrust swallowing pattern.
nonspecific t. the injection of a foreign protein, typhoid vaccine, etc., to induce fever in the treatment of certain diseases, especially those of a parasyphilitic nature.phlogotherapy;
occupational t. (OT) therapeutic use of self-care, work, and recreational activities to increase independent function, enhance development, and prevent disability; may include adaptation of tasks or environment to achieve maximum independence and optimum quality of life.
orthodontic t. See orthodontics.
orthomolecular t. treatment designed to remedy deficiencies in any of the normal chemical constituents of the body.
oxygen t. treatment in which an increased concentration of oxygen is made available for breathing, through a nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask.
parenteral t. t. introduced usually by a needle through some other route than the alimentary canal.
photoradiation t. photoradiation
physical t. (PT) 1. treatment of pain, disease, or injury by physical means;physiotherapy; 2. the health profession concerned with promotion of health, with prevention of physical disabilities, with evaluation and rehabilitation of persons disabled by pain, disease, or injury, and with treatment by physical therapeutic measures as opposed to medical, surgical, or radiologic measures.
plasma t. treatment with plasma.
play t. a type of t. used with children in which they can express or reveal their problems and fantasies by playing with dolls or other toys, drawing, etc.
proliferation t. rehabilitation of an incompetent structure (ligament or tendon) by the induced proliferation of new cells; accomplished by injecting an irritating substance into the loose ligament or tendon, the resulting scar formation and contracture serving to tighten up the ligament or tendon as scar tissue proliferates.
protein shock t. the injection of a foreign protein to induce fever as a means of treating certain diseases.foreign protein t;
psychedelic t. psychiatric t. utilizing psychedelic drugs.
psychoanalytic t. psychoanalysis (1)
pulse t. a short, intensive course of pharmacotherapy, usually given at intervals such as weekly or monthly; often used in chemotherapy of malignancy.
quadrangular t. marriage t. involving the husband and wife and their respective therapists.
radiation t. treatment with x-rays or radionuclides. See radiation oncology.
radium beam t. teleradium t
rational t. therapeutic procedures introduced by Albert Ellis and based on the premise that lack of information or illogical thought patterns are basic causes of a patient's difficulties; it is assumed that the patient can be assisted in overcoming his or her problems by a direct, prescriptive, advice-giving approach by the therapist.
reflex t. treatment of some morbid condition by exciting a reflex action, as in the household treatment of nosebleed by a piece of ice applied to the cervical spine.reflexotherapy;
replacement t. t. designed to compensate for a lack or deficiency arising from inadequate nutrition, from certain dysfunctions (e.g., glandular hyposecretion), or from losses (e.g., hemorrhage); replacement may be physiological or may entail administration of a substitute (e.g., a synthetic estrogen in place of estradiol).
root canal t. dental t. for damaged pulp by removal of the pulp and sterilization and filling of the root canal.
rotation t. teletherapy in which a desirable radiation dose distribution is achieved by rotating the patient or machine about an axis passing through the center of the tumor.
salvage t. salvage chemotherapy
sclerosing t. sclerotherapy
serum t. serotherapy
shock t. See shock treatment.
social t. a psychiatric rehabilitative t. to improve a patient's social functioning.
social network t. a type of t. involving the assembling of all persons emotionally or functionally important to the patient for the purpose of affecting behavioral change in the patient.
solar t. treatment of disease by exposure to sunlight.
specific t. t. aimed at the cause(s) of a disease process, as opposed to symptomatic therapy.
substitution t. replacement t., particularly when replacement is not physiological but entails administration of a substitute.
substitutive t. allopathy
teleradium t. therapeutic use of radium rays, the source of which is a quantity of radium at a distance from the patient.radium beam t;
thyroid t. the treatment of hypothyroidism.
total push t. the application of all available t.'s to the treatment of a psychiatric patient in a hospital setting.
ultrasonic t. t. for musculoskeletal disease using ultrasonic waves to produce heat.
viral t. the use of genetically altered virus particles for delivering genes to specific sites for the purpose of t.
x-ray t. radiation t. using x-rays; sometimes used ironically to refer to excessive use of diagnostic radiation.
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Denoting a skull in which the angle at the hormion, formed by lines converging from the inion and nasion, measures from 116°to 129°. [G. ther, wild beast, + enkephalos, brain]
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A mixture containing a great number of ingredients, used in the Middle Ages and believed to possess antidotal and curative powers to an almost miraculous degree. [L. antidote to snake bite, fr. G. theriakos, pertaining to wild beasts]
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The medical treatment of animals in a zoo or menagerie. [G. therion, beast, + iatrike, medical treatment]
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Animals. [G. ther, therion, beast]
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Pertaining to theriogenology.
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The study of reproduction in animals, especially domestic animals; includes the study of obstetrics and genital diseases in male and female animals, as well as the physiology of animal reproduction. [therio- + G. genos birth, + logos, study]
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Ascription of animal characteristics to human beings. Cf. anthropomorphism. [therio- + morphe, form]
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A unit of heat used indiscriminately for: 1) a small calorie, 2) a large calorie, 3) 1000 large calories, 4) 100,000 British thermal units. [G. therme, heat]
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See thermo-.
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The elevation of body temperature by drug action. [G. therme, heat, + pharmakon, drug, + genesis, production]
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Pertaining to heat.
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High sensibility to heat; pain caused by a slight degree of heat.thermoalgesia; [therm- + G. algesis, sense of pain]
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Burning pain. See also causalgia. [therm- + G. algos, pain]
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thermoanesthesia [therm- + analgesia]
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thermoanesthesia
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The branch of therapeutics concerned with the application of heat. See also thermotherapy. [therm- + G. logos, study]
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An electric thermometer, especially used for recording slight variations of temperature. [therm- + electric + G. metron, measure]
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thermoesthesia
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thermoesthesiometer
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A device for determining temperature; also may be used to monitor control of temperature. [G. therme, heat]
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Heat. [G. therme, heat; thermos, warm or hot]
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Archaebacteria that grow in hot sulfur springs at low pH.
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thermalgesia
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thermoanesthesia
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Loss of the temperature sense or of the ability to distinguish between heat and cold; insensibility to heat or to temperature changes.ardanesthesia, thermanalgesia, thermanesthesia, thermoanalgesia; [thermo- + G. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]
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Removal of tissue by thermocautery. [thermocautery + G. ektome, excision]
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The use of an actual cautery, such as an electrocautery. [thermo- + G. kauterion, branding iron (cautery)]
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The interrelation of chemical action and heat.
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1. Relating to thermochrose. 2. Exerting a selective action on heat rays.
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thermochrosis
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The property possessed by heat rays of reflection, refraction, and absorption, similar to that of light rays.thermochrosy; [thermo- + G. chrosis, coloring]
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The selective action of certain substances on radiant heat, absorbing some of the rays, reflecting or transmitting others.thermochroism; [thermo- + G. chrosis, coloring]
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thermochrose
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The process of converting tissue into a gel by heat.
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A device for measuring slight changes in temperature, consisting of two wires of different metals, one wire being kept at a certain low temperature, the other in the tissue or other material whose temperature is to be measured; a thermoelectric current is set up which is measured by a potentiometer.thermojunction;
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A current of thermoelectricity.
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Diffusion of fluids, either gaseous or liquid, as influenced by the temperature of the fluid.
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Reduction in temperature in a liquid that occurs when it is introduced into a colder liquid; the volume of the latter liquid can be calculated from the amount of rise in its temperature.
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Resistant to the effects of exposure to high temperature; used especially with reference to microorganisms. [thermo- + L. durus, hard, enduring]
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1. The branch of physicochemical science concerned with heat and energy and their conversions one into the other involving mechanical work. 2. The study of the flow of heat. [thermo- + G. dynamis, force]
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Relating to thermoelectricity.
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An electrical current generated in a thermopile.
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The ability to distinguish differences of temperature.temperature sense, thermal sense, thermic sense, thermesthesia; [thermo- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
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An instrument for testing the temperature sense, consisting of a metal disk with thermometer attached, by which the exact temperature of the disk at the time of application may be known.thermesthesiometer; [thermo- + G. aisthesis, sensation, + metron, measure]
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Stimulating the production of heat.
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The production of heat; specifically the physiologic process of heat production in the body. [thermo- + G. genesis, production]
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1. Relating to thermogenesis.thermogenous; 2. calorigenic (2)
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The science of heat production.
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A protein found in brown adipose tissue that acts as a thermogenic uncoupling protein of oxidative phosphorylation; it allows thermogenesis in this type of tissue.
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thermogenetic (1)
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1. A regional temperature map of the surface of a part of the body, obtained by infrared sensing device; it measures radiant heat, and thus subcutaneous blood flow, if the environment is constant. 2. The record made by a thermograph. [thermo- + G. gramma, a writing]
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An instrument or device used in producing a thermogram. [thermo- + G. grapho, to write]
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The technique for making a thermogram.
infrared t. measurement of the regional skin temperature with an infrared sensing device.
liquid crystal t. measurement of the regional skin temperature by contact with a flexible plate containing liquid crystals that change color with changes in temperature.
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Excessive thermalgesia. [thermo- + G. hyper, over, algesis, sense of pain]
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Very acute thermoesthesia or temperature sense; exaggerated perception of hot and cold. [thermo- + G. hyper, over, + aisthesis, sensation]
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Diminished perception of temperature differences.thermohypoesthesia; [thermo- + G. hypo, under, + aisthesis, sensation]
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thermohypesthesia
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Inhibiting or arresting thermogenesis.
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Any device for assessing the effective warmth or coldness of an environment as it might be experienced by a living organism, taking into account radiation and convection as well as conduction. Conceived of as a thermal model of an organism, the device usually consists of a standard object (e.g., sphere, cylinder), the surface temperature of which is measured while it is being heated internally at a standard rate.
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thermocouple
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A procedure in which the application of heat shrinks the collagen of the corneal stroma and flattens the cornea in the area of heat application. This tends to make the eye less myopic. See refractive keratoplasty. [thermo- + G. keras, horn, + plasso, to form]
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Subject to alteration or destruction by heat. [thermo- + L. labilis, perishable]
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heat lamp
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The science of heat.thermotics; [thermo- + G. logos, study]
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1. Loss of body heat by evaporation, radiation, etc. 2. Chemical decomposition by heat. [thermo- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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1. Relating to thermolysis. 2. An agent promoting heat dissipation.
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Combination of heat and massage in physical therapy.
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An instrument for indicating the temperature of any substance; usually a sealed vacuum tube containing mercury, which expands with heat and contracts with cold, its level accordingly rising or falling in the tube, with the exact degree of variation of level being indicated by a scale. See also scale. [thermo- + G. metron, measure]
air t. See gas t.
axilla t. t. used by placing it in the armpit, with arm held closely to the side.axillary t;
axillary t. axilla t
clinical t. a small, self-registering t., consisting of a simple scaled glass tube containing mercury, used for taking the temperature of the body.
differential t. thermoscope
gas t. a t. filled with dry air or a gas, the expansion or increased pressure of which indicates the degree of heat; used to measure high temperatures.
resistance t. a device measuring temperature by the change of the electrical resistance of a metal wire.resistance pyrometer;
self-registering t. a t. in which the maximum or minimum temperature, during the period of observation, is registered by means of a special appliance; in the clinical t. only the highest temperature is registered, usually by a steel bar above the column of mercury or by a segment of the mercury separated from the main column by a bubble of air; after the maximum temperature is registered, the bar or segment of mercury remains in place as the column of mercury contracts.
spirit t. a t. filled with alcohol, used to measure extreme degrees of cold.
surface t. a t. in the form of a disk or strip that indicates the temperature of the portion of the skin to which it is applied.
wet and dry bulb t. psychrometer
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Relating to thermometry or to a thermometer reading.
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The measurement of temperature. [thermo- + G. metron, measure]
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Elevation of the temperature of the body due to an emotional influence.
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Pertaining to nuclear reactions brought about by nuclear fusion; (e.g., the fusion of hydrogen to helium at temperatures of over 100,000,000°C). (the reaction in the "hydrogen bomb").
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medical diathermy
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An organism that thrives at a temperature of 50°C or higher. [thermo- + G. phileo, to love]
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Pertaining to a thermophile.
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Morbid fear of heat. [thermo- + G. phobos, fear]
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1. An arrangement for applying heat to a part; consists of a water heater, a tube conveying hot water to a coil, and another tube conducting the water back to the heater. 2. A flat bag containing certain salts that produce heat when moistened; used as a substitute for the hot-water bag. [thermo- + G. phoros, bearing]
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Resistant to heat, denoting certain microorganisms. [thermo- + G. phylaxis, protection]
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A thermoelectric battery, consisting usually of a series of bars of antimony and bismuth joined together, that generates a thermoelectric current when the junctions are heated; used as a thermoscope.thermoelectric pile; [thermo- + pile]
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Obsolete method for determination of placental position by detection of infrared rays from the large amounts of blood flowing through the placenta. [thermo- + L. placenta, placenta, + G. grapho, to write]
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A genus of bacteria (order Mycoplasmatales) which possess the same characteristics as the organisms in the genus Mycoplasma except that the thermoplasmas do not require sterol for growth, have an optimal temperature of 55 to 59°C, have an optimal pH of 1.0 to 2.0, and reproduce by budding. The type species is T. acidophilum. [thermo- + G. plasma, something formed]
T. acidoph´ilum a species found in a coal refuse pile which had undergone self-heating; it is also found in acid hot springs; it is the type species of the genus T.
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A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Thermoplasma.
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A classification for materials that can be made soft by the application of heat and harden upon cooling.
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A rarely used term for sunstroke. [thermo- + G. plege, stroke]
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A receptor that is sensitive to heat.
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Temperature control, as by a thermostat.
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thermostat
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An instrument for indicating slight differences of temperature, without registering or recording them.differential thermometer; [thermo- + G. skopeo, to view]
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A classification for materials that become hardened or cured by the application of heat.
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Not readily subject to alteration or destruction by heat.heat-stable; [thermo- + L. stabilis, stable]
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An apparatus for the automatic regulation of heat, as in an incubator.thermoregulator; [thermo- + G. statos, standing]
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The abstraction or deprivation of heat. [thermo- + G. steresis, deprivation, loss]
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A stromuhr that consists of a heating element between two thermocouples, which are applied to the outside of a vessel; blood flow is calculated from the difference in temperatures recorded by the proximal and distal thermocouples.
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Relating to thermosystaltism. [thermo- + G. systaltikos, contractile]
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Contraction, as of the muscles, under the influence of heat. [see thermosystaltic]
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Relating to thermotaxis.
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1. Reaction of living protoplasm to the stimulus of heat. Cf. thermotropism. 2. Regulation of the temperature of the body. [thermo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]
negative t. repulsion of a plant or animal from heat.
positive t. attraction of a plant or animal to heat.
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Treatment of disease by therapeutic application of heat. [thermo- + G. therapeia, treatment]
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Relating to thermotics.
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thermology [G. thermotes, heat]
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An instrument for measuring the degree of thermosystaltism, or muscular contraction under the influence of heat. [thermo- + G. tonos, tone, tension, + metron, measure]
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The motion by a part of an organism (e.g., leaves or stems) toward or away from a source of heat. Cf. thermotaxis. [thermo- + G. trope, a turning]
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Resembling an animal in instincts or propensities. [G. ther, a wild beast, + eidos, resemblance]
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The study of mammals. [G. ther, a wild beast, + logos, study]
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Rarely used term for a metabolic disorder in which a substance accumulates or is stored in certain cells, usually in large amounts. [G. thesauros, store, storehouse, + G. -osis, condition]
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Pertaining to thesaurismosis.
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Abnormal or excessive storage in the body of normal or foreign substances. [G. thesauros, store, storehouse]
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1. An essay on a medical topic prepared by the graduating student. 2. A proposition submitted by the candidate for a doctoral degree in some universities, which must be sustained by argument against any objections offered. 3. Any theory or hypothesis advanced as a basis for discussion. [G. a placing, a position, thesis]
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1. 8th Letter in the Greek alphabet. 2. Symbol for angle; the eighth in a series; denotes the position of a substituent located on the eighth atom from the carboxyl or other functional group.
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Methyl sulfonium compounds, abundant in marine algae, in which the S-methyl group is "active," and that therefore act as methyl donors in some plants; e.g., dimethylpropriothetin, (CH3)2S+-CH2-CH2-COO-.
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Abbreviation for tetrahydrofolate. See 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase.
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The replacement of carbon by sulfur in a ring or chain. Cf. thio-. [G. theion]
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2-(4-Thiazolyl)benzimidazole;a broad spectrum anthelmintic especially useful against Strongyloides stercoralis and, with corticosteroids, against Trichinella infection (trichina worm).
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buthiazide
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amithiozone
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5-Allyl-5-(2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-thiobarbituric acid;an ultra-short acting thiobarbiturate for induction of general anesthesia by intravenous injection; used as the sodium salt.
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4-Butoxy-4´-(dimethylamino)thiocarbanilide;an antileprotic agent.
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A heat-labile and water-soluble vitamin contained in milk, yeast, synthesized; in the germ and husk of grains, also artificially synthesized; essential for growth; a deficiency of t. is associated with beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome.aneurine, antiberiberi factor, antiberiberi vitamin, antineuritic factor, antineuritic vitamin, thiamine, vitamin B1; [thia- + vitamin]
t. hydrochloride a coenzyme used in the prevention of beriberi and other conditions associated with a deficiency of t. in the diet.aneurine hydrochloride;
t. mononitrate same action as t. hydrochloride.
t. pyridinylase an enzyme catalyzing transfer of a pyridine or other bases into the position of the pyrimidine in t.; e.g., t. reacting with pyridine produces heteropyrithiamin and 4-methyl-5-(2´-hydroxyethyl)-thiazole.pyrimidine transferase, thiaminase I;
t. pyrophosphate (TPP) the diphosphoric ester of t., a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and a-oxoacid dehydrogenases.aneurine pyrophosphate, cocarboxylase, diphosphothiamin;
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1. An enzyme present in raw fish that destroys thiamin and may produce thiamin deficiency in animals on a diet largely composed of raw fish. 2. A hydrolase cleaving thiamin into a pyrimidine moiety (i.e., 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine) and a thiazole moiety (i.e., 4-methyl-5-(2´-hydroxyethyl)-thiazole); the pyrimidine moiety may appear in the urine as pyramin.t. II;
t. I thiamin pyridinylase
t. II thiaminase (2)
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thiamin
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dextrosulphenidol; d-(+)-threo-2,2-dichloro-N-[beta-hydroxy-a-(hydroxymethyl)-p-(methylsulfonyl)phenethyl]acetamide;an antibiotic with uses and toxicity similar to those of chloramphenicol.thiophenicol;
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Sodium 5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbiturate;a short-acting barbiturate, prepared as a mixture with sodium bicarbonate, used intravenously to produce anesthesia of short duration.
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A widespread genus of operculate snails (family Thiaridae, subclass Prosobranchiata) found in fresh and brackish waters, chiefly in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia. T. tuberculata is one of the initial intermediate hosts of the human lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani, and of several fish-borne heterophyid flukes of man and fish-eating mammals.
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Abbreviated form of benzothiadiazides.
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C12H10SN2; Iminothiodiphenylimine;parent substance of a family of biological blue dyes; e.g., methylene blue, thionin, toluidine blue.
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2-Amino-5-sulfanylthiazole;it has the same uses as glucosulfone sodium, but is less toxic and also less effective in the treatment of leprosy.
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1. The measure of the depth of something, as opposed to its length or width. 2. A layer or stratum.
Breslow's t. maximal t. of a primary cutaneous melanoma measured in tissue sections from the top of the epidermal granular layer, or from the ulcer base (if the tumor is ulcerated), to the bottom of the tumor; metastatic rates correlate closely with tumor t.
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sulfhydryl
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The presence of sulfur in the circulating blood. [G. theion, sulfur, + haima, blood]
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The first member of a family of des-thia-carbapenem nucleus antibiotics having a thioethylamine side-chain on the enamine portion of the fused 5-membered ring.
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The radical of thiophene, SC4H3-. Cf. thenyl.
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3-(3-Thienyl)alanine;a compound structurally similar to phenylalanine that inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli, presumably by competitive inhibition of enzymes for which l-phenylalanine is the substrate.
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Carl Jörg, German physician. See Weyers-T. syndrome.
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Joseph, French physician, *1885. See Achard-T. syndrome.
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Karl, German surgeon, 1822-1895. See T. graft; T.'s canaliculi, under canaliculus, method, operation; Ollier-T. graft.
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2-Ethyl-mercapto-10-3-(1-methyl-4-piperazinyl)propyl phenothiazine dimaleate;an antiemetic agent used to control nausea and vomiting associated with vertigo, the administration of general anesthetics, and with several other clinical conditions; it also has weak hypotensive, spasmolytic, antihistaminic, and hypothermic actions.
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The part of the inferior limb, between the hip and the knee.
driver's t. sciatic neuropathy due to pressure on the nerve produced by the long-continued use of the accelerator pedal in driving a vehicle.
Heilbronner's t. in cases of organic paralysis, flattening and broadening of the t., when the patient lies supine on a hard mattress; absent in hysterical paralysis.
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Sensibility to touch. [G. thigma, touch, + aisthesis, sensation]
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A form of barotaxis; denoting the reaction of plant or animal protoplasm to contact with a solid body. Cf. thigmotropism. [G. thigma, touch, + taxis, orderly arrangement]
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A movement toward or away from a touch stimulus on the part of a portion of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils. Cf. thigmotaxis. [G. thigma, touch, + trope, a turning]
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[(o-carboxyphenyl)thio]ethylmercury sodium salt;an antiseptic.thiomersal, thiomersalate;
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The act of reasoning.
abstract t. t. in terms of concepts and general principles (e.g., perceiving a table and a chair as furniture), as contrasted with concrete t.
archaic-paralogical t. prelogical t
concrete t. t. of objects or ideas as specific items rather than as an abstract representation of a more general concept, as contrasted with abstract t. (e.g., perceiving a chair and a table as individual useful items and not as members of the general class, furniture).
creative t. productive t., with novel rather than routine elements and results.
magical t. the irrational equating of t. with doing.
prelogical t. a concrete type of t., characteristic of children and primitives, to which schizophrenic persons are sometimes said to regress.archaic-paralogical t., prelogical mind;
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The psychological process of understanding, with insight, one's own behavior.
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Causing a decrease in viscosity by chemical means, as by the addition of a solvent, or by mechanical means, as in shear t.
shear t. decreasing the viscosity of a polymer or macromolecule or gel by increasing the rate of shear; not ordinarily a function of time. See also thixotropy.
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Prefix denoting the replacement of oxygen by sulfur in a compound. Cf. thia-. [G. theion, sugar]
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An organic acid in which one or more of the oxygen atoms have been replaced by sulfur atoms; e.g., thiosulfuric acid.sulfacid, sulfoacid (1);
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mercaptan (1)
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An amide in which S replaces O.
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A salt or ester of a -thioic acid.
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Hypnotics of the barbiturate group, e.g., thiopental, in which the oxygen atom at carbon-2 is replaced by sulfur.
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thiourea
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4,4´-Di(isoamyloxy)thiocarbanilide;a synthetic compound whose molecule contains the three antituberculous groups p-aminosalicylic acid, p-aminobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, and the thiocarbamide group; an antitubercular agent.
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A fluorescent compound, C12H14N4OS, produced by the oxidation of thiamin; used in methods for detection and determination of thiamin.
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lipoic acid
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A salt of thiocyanic acid.rhodanate, sulfocyanate;
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HS-CN;hydrogen thiocyanate.rhodanic acid, sulfocyanic acid;
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Peptides that also contain one or more acylated thiol groups (e.g., of cysteine). [thio- + G. depseo, to knead, blend, + peptide]
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phenothiazine
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An acylated thiol; RCOSR´; e.g., acetyl-CoA.acylmercaptan;
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes thioesters; e.g., the deacylating activity at the end of fatty acid biosynthesis that releases palmitate.thiolesterase;
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In enzymology, an ester where the oxygen bridging the substrate or product carbonyl carbon and the enzyme is replaced by a sulphur (usually through a cys residue); a high energy intermediate in many enzymes.
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An enzyme transferring acetyl from acetyl-CoA to the sulfur atom of thioethanolamine, thus producing coenzyme A and S-acetylthioethanolamine.thiotransacetylase B;
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An organic sulfide; an ether in which the oxygen is replaced by sulfur; R-S-R´
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A methylated and sulfonated derivative of primulin; a yellowish dye used in fluorescence microscopy as a vital stain.
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A yellow thiazole dye, C17H19N2SCl, used in histopathology as a fluorochrome for hyaline and amyloid.
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thiophene
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An enzyme in mustard seed that converts thioglycosides into thiols plus sugars.myrosinase, sinigrase, sinigrinase;
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monothioglycerol
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A salt or ester of thioglycolic acid; frequently used in bacterial media to reduce their oxygen content so as to create favorable conditions for the growth of anaerobes; the t. will also inactivate any mercurial that might be carried over with the inoculum.
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HSCH2COOH;used as a reagent for the detection of metals such as iron, molybdenum, silver, and tin; the ammonium and sodium salts are used in home permanents, the calcium salt as a depilatory.mercaptoacetic acid;
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2-Aminopurine-6-thiol;an antineoplastic agent used for leukemias and nephrosis.
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Suffix denoting the radical, -C(S)OH or -C(O)SH, the sulfur analog of a carboxylic acid, i.e., a thiocarboxylic acid.
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Group term for enzymes that form acyl-CoA compounds from the corresponding fatty acids and CoA; the bond is through the sulfur atom of the CoA.
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1. The monovalent radical -SH when attached to carbon; a hydrosulfide; a mercaptan. 2. A mixture of sulfurated and sulfonated petroleum oils purified with ammonia; used in the treatment of skin diseases.
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acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase
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thiophene
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thioesterase
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ergothioneine
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dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase
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The cleavage of a chemical bond with the addition of coenzyme A to one part; analogous to hydrolysis and phosphorolysis.
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thimerosal
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thimerosal
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methylthioadenosine
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cystathionine beta-synthase
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Suffix denoting the radical C=S, the sulfur analog of a ketone, i.e., a thiocarbonyl group.
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The apoprotein of metallothionein.
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ergothioneine
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Relating to sulfur.
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amidophenthiazine;a dark green powder, giving a purple solution in water; useful as a basic stain in histology for chromatin and mucin because of its metachromatic properties.Lauth's violet;
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Prefix sometimes used for thioxo-.
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pantoyltaurine
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Sodium 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbiturate;an ultra-short-acting barbiturate administered intravenously or rectally for induction of anesthesia.
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The fundamental ring compound.thiofuran, thiole;
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thiamphenicol
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2-Chloro-10-{3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazinyl]propyl}phenothiazine dihydrochloride;a phenothiazine derivative related chemically and pharmacologically to prochlorperazine and perphenazine; an antipsychotic.
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N,N-Dimethyl-10-[3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]phenothiazine-2-sulfonamide;an antiemetic and antianxiety agent.
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A protein that participates in the oxidation-reduction reactions associated with the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides.
t. reductase a flavoprotein that uses NADPH to re-reduce t. in the formation of deoxyribonucleotides.
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10-[2-(1-Methyl-2-piperidylethyl]-2-(methylthio)phenothiazine monohydrochloride;an antipsychotic with action similar to that of chlorpromazine.
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One of the group of thiosemicarbazones with a tuberculostatic action; used as a reagent in the detection of metals.
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1. A compound containing the thiosemicarbazide radical, =N-NH-C(S)-NH2. 2. One of a group of tuberculostatic drugs that includes thiosemicarbazide, benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, and 4-aminoacetylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone.
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S2O3=;the anion of thiosulfuric acid; elevated in individuals with a molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
t. cyanide transsulfurase t. sulfurtransferase
t. sulfurtransferase a transferase that catalyzes the formation of thiocyanate and sulfite from cyanide and t.rhodanese, t. cyanide transsulfurase, t. thiotransferase;
t. thiotransferase t. sulfurtransferase
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H2S2O3;sulfuric acid in which an atom of oxygen has been replaced by one of sulfur.
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triethylenethiophosphoramide
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N,N-Dimethyl-9-[3-(4-methyl-i-piperazinyl)propylidene]thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide;an antipsychotic.
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thioethanolamine acetyltransferase
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2-Mercapto-4-pyrimidinone;a rare component of transfer RNA's; a thioamide derivative that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones; hence, a goitrogen.
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Uracil with S replacing O in position 4, isomeric with 2-thiouracil; a rare component of transfer RNA's.
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SC(NH2)2;an antithyroid compound of the thioamide group, with the same actions and uses as thiouracil. Several derivatives of t. are useful in the treatment of leprosy.thiocarbamide;
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A class of tricyclic compounds resembling phenothiazine, but with the central ring nitrogen replaced by a carbon atom; current use emphasizes the antipsychotic and antiemetic properties of this class.
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Prefix indicating =S in a thioketone.
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6-Hydroxy-1,3-benzoxathiol-2-one;an antiseborrheic.
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a-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c] pyridin-3-ol;an agonist at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors. Unlike other agonists of this type, upon systemic administration THIP penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is used as a pharmacological tool to explore GABA receptor function in the brain and spinal cord.
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Diphenylthioacetic acid S-(2-diethylaminoethyl) ester hydrochloride;an anticholinergic drug.
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A desire to drink associated with uncomfortable sensations in the mouth and pharynx. [A.S. thurst]
false t. t. that is not satisfied by drinking or taking water; t. associated with a dry mouth but not with a bodily need for water.pseudodipsia;
insensible t. hypodipsia
morbid t. dipsesis
subliminal t. hypodipsia
true t. t. that can be satisfied by drinking water.
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Ludwig, Austrian physiologist, 1817-1897. See T.'s fistula; T.-Vella fistula.
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Susceptible to thixotropy.
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Pertaining to, or characterized by, thixotropy.
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The property of certain gels of becoming less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity upon standing (e.g., synovial fluid, ferrous hydroxide gel); a characteristic of a system exhibiting a decrease in viscosity with an increase in the rate of shear, usually a function of time.reclotting phenomenon; [G. thixis, a touching, + trope, turning]
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Richard, German histologist, 1847-1923. See T.'s ampulla, fixative, laws, under law.
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Hugh Owen, British surgeon, 1834-1891. See T. splint.
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Sir Henry, English surgeon, 1820-1904. See T.'s test.
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Asmus J., Danish physician, 1815-1896. See T.'s disease.
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Matthew Sidney, English dermatologist, *1894. See Rothmund-T. syndrome.
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F.H., English physician, 1867-1938. See T.'s sign.
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Hexadecyl[2-[(p-methoxybenzyl)-2-pyrimidinylamino]ethyl]dimethylammonium bromide;a surface-active agent used in ear drops and aerosols.
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2-[(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)(p-methoxybenzyl)amino]pyrimidine hydrochloride;an antihistamine.
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See thoraco-.
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thoracic
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Pain in the chest.thoracodynia; [thoraco- + G. algos, pain]
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Paracentesis of the pleural cavity.pleuracentesis, pleurocentesis, thoracocentesis; [thoraco- + G. kentesis, puncture]
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Relating to the thorax.thoracal;
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See thoraco-.
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thoracoabdominal
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thoracoacromial
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Relating to the thorax and the humerus.
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The chest (thorax). [G. thorax]
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Relating to the thorax and the abdomen.thoracicoabdominal;
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Relating to the acromion and the thorax; denoting especially the thoracoacromial artery.acromiothoracic, thoracicoacromial;
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A congenital fissure of the trunk embracing both the thoracic and abdominal cavities.thoracogastroschisis; [thoraco- + G. koilia, belly, + schisis, fissure]
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thoracentesis
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A deformity of the chest. [thoraco- + G. kyllosis, a crippling]
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Abnormally wide curvature of the chest wall. [thoraco- + G. kyrtosis, a being crooked]
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thoradelphus
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Relating to the external posterior chest wall, denoting especially an artery, vein, and nerve.
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thoracalgia [thoraco- + G. odyne, pain]
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thoracoceloschisis [thoraco- + G. gaster, belly, + schisis, fissure]
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An obsolete term for an instrument for determining the horizontal contour of the chest. [thoraco- + G. grapho, to record]
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Exposure of diaphragmatic region by an incision that opens both thorax and abdomen (thoraco-abdominal incision). [thoraco- + laparotomy]
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1. Relating to the thoracic and lumbar portions of the vertebral column. 2. Relating to the origins of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. See autonomic nervous system.
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Breaking up of pleural adhesions. [thoraco- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the parasite, often only a single arm or leg, is attached to the thorax of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [thoraco- + G. melos, limb]
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An instrument for measuring the circumference of the chest or its variations in respiration. [thoraco- + G. metron, measure]
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Pain in the muscles of the chest wall. [thoraco- + G. mys, muscle, + odyne, pain]
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Conjoined twins with fusion in the thoracic region. See conjoined twins, under twin.synthorax; [thoraco- + G. pagos, something fastened]
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Unequal conjoined twins in which a rudimentary parasitic head is attached to the thorax of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [thoraco- + G. para, beside, + kephale, head]
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Any disease of the thoracic organs or tissues. [thoraco- + G. pathos, suffering]
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An operation that reduces intra-thoracic space. [thoraco- + G. plastos, formed]
conventional t. resection of ribs to allow inward retraction of the chest wall to reduce size of the pleural space; may be used in the treatment of empyema.
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Plastic surgery of the chest in which the lung is also involved. [thoraco- + G. pneumon, lung, + plastos, formed]
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Congenital fissure of the chest wall. [thoraco- + G. schisis, fissure]
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A scope for viewing intrathoracic structures; may be video-assisted. [thoraco- + G. skopeo, to view]
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Examination of the pleural cavity with an endoscope.pleuroscopy; [thoraco- + G. skopeo, to view]
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Narrowness of the chest. [thoraco- + G. stenosis, narrowing]
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Establishment of an opening into the chest cavity, as for the drainage of an empyema. [thoraco- + G. stoma, mouth]
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Incision into the chest wall.pleurotomy; [thoraco- + G. tome, incision]
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Duplicitas posterior in which, from the navel upward, the conjoined twins are fused into one. See conjoined twins, under twin.thoracodelphus; [thoraco- + G. adelphos, brother]
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The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; it is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and the muscles and fasciae attached to these; below it is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm; it contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems, as distinguished from the abdomen which encloses those of the digestive apparatus. [L. fr. G. thorax, breastplate, the chest, fr. thoresso, to arm]
barrel-shaped t. increased antero-posterior dimension of the t., so that lateral and antero-posterior dimensions are about equal, due to hyperinflation of the lungs. Seen in patients with emphysema.
Peyrot's t. an obliquely oval deformity of the chest in cases of a very large pleural effusion.
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A radioactive metallic element; atomic no. 90, atomic wt. 232.0381. 232Th, the only naturally occurring nuclide, with a half-life of 14 x 109 years, is used in colloidal form in electron microscopy as a stain for acid mucopolysaccharides. [Thor, Norse god of thunder]
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Johann, 19th century German physician. See T.'s test.
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George W., U.S. physician, *1906. See T. test; T.'s syndrome.
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In anatomy, a thornlike or spinous structure.
dendritic t.'s dendritic spines, under spine
penis t.'s penis spines, under spine
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Datura stramonium
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Gustavus Ludwig. See Tornwaldt.
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A breed of light horses used for racing purposes; often used erroneously for purebred.
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Synovial distention of the sheath of the flexor perforans tendon of the horse, causing a swelling on each side of the hollow of the hock.
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The delusion of experiencing one's thoughts, as they occur, as being broadcast from one's head to the external world where other people can hear them.
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The delusion that one's thoughts are not really one's own but are being placed into one's mind by an external force.
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The delusion that one's thoughts have been removed from one's head resulting in a diminished number of thoughts remaining.
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Symbol for threonine or its radical forms.
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1. A fine strand of suture material. 2. A filamentous structure. [M.E., fr. A.S. thraed]
Simonart's t.'s amniotic bands, under band
terminal t. terminal filum
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Common name for species of the genus Strongyloides; sometimes applied to any of the smaller parasitic nematodes.
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The acid derived by oxidation of the CHO group of threose to COOH; a product of the oxidation of ascorbic acid by hypoiodite.
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CH3CH(OH)-CH(NH3)+COO-; 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid;the l-isomer is one of the naturally occurring amino acids, included in the structure of most proteins, and nutritionally essential in the diet of man and other mammals.
t. deaminase t. dehydratase
t. dehydratase an enzyme catalyzing the anaerobic deamination of l-t. to 2-ketobutyric acid and ammonia; a central step in t. catabolism.serine deaminase, t. deaminase;
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An aldotetrose; one of the two aldoses (the other is erythrose) containing four carbon atoms.
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1. The point at which a stimulus first produces a sensation. 2. The lower limit of perception of a stimulus. 3. The minimal stimulus that produces excitation of any structure; e.g., the minimal stimulus eliciting a motor response. 4. limen [A.S. therxold]
absolute t. the lowest limit of any perception whatever. Cf. differential t. stimulus t;
achromatic t. visual t
auditory t. the intensity of any barely perceptible sound.
brightness difference t. the smallest difference that can be perceived as a difference in brightness.light difference (2);
t. of consciousness the lowest point at which a stimulus sensation can be perceived.
convulsant t. the smallest amount of stimulation, electric current, or drug required to induce a convulsion.
differential t. the lowest limit at which two stimuli can be differentiated.threshold differential;
displacement t. the least distinguishable break in the contour of a line.
double-point t. the least degree of separation of two points applied to the body surface that permits of their being felt as two.
erythema t. the dose at which erythema of the skin is produced by irradiation with ultraviolet, gamma, or x-rays.
fibrillation t. least intensity of an electrical stimulus that will initiate fibrillation.
galvanic t. rheobase
t. of island of Reil limen insulae
light differential t. the smallest difference in light intensity that can be appreciated.
minimum light t. visual t
t. of nose limen nasi
pain t. the smallest intensity of a painful stimulus at which the subject perceives pain.
phenotypic t. a quantitative genetic trait with a continuous distribution termed its liability may generate two kinds of phenotype, according to whether the liability lies above or below some critical t. at about which a radical change in behavior occurs. For instance, blood uric acid level is a liability with an approximately gaussian distribution. At a critical point of chemical saturation (the t. crystallization occurs and the resulting gout or nongout is a t. trait.
relational t. the smallest degree of difference between two stimuli that permits them to be perceived as different.
renal t. concentration of plasma substance above which the substance appears in the urine.
stimulus t. absolute t
swallowing t. 1. the moment that the act of swallowing begins after the mastication of food; 2. the critical moment of reflex action initiated by minimum stimulation, prior to the act of deglutition.
visual t. , t. of visual sensation the minimal light intensity evoking a visual sensation.achromatic t., minimum light t;
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A vibration accompanying a cardiac or vascular murmur that can be palpated. See also fremitus.
diastolic t. a t. felt over the precordium or over a blood vessel during ventricular diastole.
hydatid t. the peculiar trembling or vibratory sensation felt on palpation of a hydatid cyst.Blatin's syndrome, hydatid fremitus;
presystolic t. a t. immediately preceding the ventricular contraction, that is sometimes felt on palpation over the apex of the heart.
systolic t. a t. felt over the precordium or over a blood vessel during ventricular systole.
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hair [G.]
t. annula´ta ringed hair
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1. The fauces and pharynx.gullet; 2. The anterior aspect of the neck.jugulum; 3. Any narrowed entrance into a hollow part. [A.S. throtu]
sore t. a condition characterized by pain or discomfort on swallowing; it may be due to any of a variety of inflammations of the tonsils, pharynx, or larynx.
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1. To pulsate. 2. A beating or pulsation.
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See thrombo-.
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thrombin
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An abnormality of platelets characteristic of Glanzmann's t. See also Bernard-Soulier syndrome.thromboasthenia; [thromb- + G. astheneia, weakness]
Glanzmann's t. [MIM*273800] a hemorrhagic diathesis of autosomal recessive inheritance in almost all cases, characterized by normal or prolonged bleeding time, normal coagulation time, defective clot retraction, normal platelet count but morphologic or functional abnormality of platelets; several different kinds of platelet abnormalities have been described; defect in platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex.constitutional thrombopathy, Glanzmann's disease, hereditary hemorrhagic t;
hereditary hemorrhagic t. Glanzmann's t
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The excision of a thrombus. [thromb- + G. ektome, excision]
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Plural of thrombus.
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1. An enzyme (proteinase), formed in shed blood, that converts fibrinogen into fibrin by hydrolyzing peptides (and amides and esters) of l-arginine; formed from prothrombin by the action of prothrombinase (factor Xa, another proteinase). 2. A sterile protein substance prepared from prothrombin of bovine origin through interaction with thromboplastin in the presence of calcium; causes clotting of whole blood, plasma, or a fibrinogen solution; used as a topical hemostatic for capillary bleeding with or without fibrin foam in general and plastic surgical procedures.factor IIa, fibrinogenase, thrombase, thrombosin;
human t. t. obtained from human plasma by precipitation with suitable salts and organic solvents; same uses as t.
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prothrombin
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Thrombin production.
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Blood clot; coagulation; thrombin. [G. thrombos, clot (thrombus)]
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Inflammation of the intima of a blood vessel, with thrombosis. [thrombo- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]
t. oblit´erans inflammation of the entire wall and connective tissue surrounding medium-sized arteries and veins, especially of the legs of young and middle-aged men; associated with thrombotic occlusion and commonly resulting in gangrene.Buerger's disease, Winiwarter-Buerger disease;
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Arterial inflammation with thrombus formation.
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thrombasthenia
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megakaryocyte [thrombo- + G. blastos, germ]
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thrombolytic
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A membranous sac enclosing a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. kystis, a bladder]
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A term for a group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the platelets may be only slightly reduced in number, or even within the normal range, but are morphologically abnormal, or are lacking in factors that are effective in the coagulation of blood. [thrombocyte + G. astheneia, weakness]
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platelet [thrombo- + G. kytos, cell]
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thrombocytosis [thrombocyte + G. haima, blood]
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serotonin
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General term for any disorder of the coagulating mechanism that results from dysfunction of the blood platelets. [thrombocyte + G. pathos, suffering]
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A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood.thrombopenia; [thrombocyte + G. penia, poverty]
autoimmune neonatal t. isoimmune neotal thrombocytopenia
canine infectious cyclic t. an infection of dogs with the rickettsia Ehrlichia platys characterized by recurrent cyclic t.
essential t. a primary form of t., in contrast to secondary forms that are associated with metastatic neoplasms, tuberculosis, and leukemia involving the bone marrow, or with direct suppression of bone marrow by the use of chemical agents, or with other conditions.
immune t. t. associated with antiplatelet antibodies. See isoimmune neonatal t., autoimmune neonatal t.
isoimmune neonatal t. immune t. resulting from maternal-fetal platelet incompatibility.
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The process of formation of thrombocytes or platelets. [thrombocyte + G. poiesis, a making]
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An increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood.thrombocythemia; [thrombocyte + G. -osis, condition]
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Registration of coagulation process by a thromboelastograph.
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Apparatus for registering elastic variations of a thrombus during the process of coagulation. [thromb- + G. elastreo, to push, + grapho, to write]
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Extraction of an embolic thrombus. [thrombo- + G. embolos, embolus, + ektome, excision]
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Embolism from a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. embolismos, embolism]
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An operation that involves opening an artery, removing an occluding thrombus along with the intima and atheromatous material, and leaving a clean, fresh plane internal to the adventitia. [thrombo- + endarterectomy]
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nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
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prothrombin [thrombo- + G. -gen, producing]
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factor V
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1. Relating to thrombogen. 2. Causing thrombosis or coagulation of the blood.
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Resembling a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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factor VIII
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thromboplastin
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Relating to a thrombolus.
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An embolus composed of agglutinated platelets. [thrombo- + G. embolos, embolus]
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Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel with the formation of a lymph clot.
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Fluidifying or dissolving of a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. lysis, a dissolving]
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Breaking up or dissolving a thrombus.thromboclastic;
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A glycoprotein present in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells that binds thrombin; participates in an additional regulatory mechanism in coagulation. [thrombo- + odulate + -in]
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An all-inclusive term for circulating thrombocytes (blood platelets) and the cellular forms from which they arise (thromboblasts or megakaryocytes). It is analogous to erythron and leukon of the red and white blood cells, respectively.
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Necrosis of the walls of a blood vessel, with thrombosis in the lumen.
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A nonspecific term applied to disorders of blood platelets resulting in defective thromboplastin, without obvious change in the appearance or number of platelets. [thrombo- + G. pathos, disease]
constitutional t. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
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thrombocytopenia
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A disorder of the hemopoietic system in which there is a tendency to the occurrence of thrombosis. [thrombo- + G. philos, fond]
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Venous inflammation with thrombus formation. [thrombo- + G. phleps, vein, + -itis, inflammation]
t. mi´grans creeping or slowly advancing t., appearing in first one vein and then another.
t. sal´tans t. occurring in the same vein, but at a distance from the original lesion, or appearing suddenly in a distant vein.
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1. platelet 2. A nucleated spindle cell in submammalian blood. [thrombo- + G. plastos, formed]
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A substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes necessary for the coagulation of blood; in the presence of calcium ions t. is necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, an important step in coagulation of blood. It is now generally believed that t. activity may be developed through blood (intrinsic) or tissue (extrinsic) systems. Tissue t. (factor III) interacts with factor VII and calcium to activate factor X; active factor X combines with factor V in the presence of calcium and phospholipid to produce t. activity (also commonly called t.).platelet tissue factor, thrombokinase, thrombozyme, tissue factor, zymoplastic substance;
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factor VIII
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An enzyme in blood that catalyzes the conversion of inactive thromboplastinogen to thromboplastin.
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The presence of thromboplastinogen in the circulating blood. [thromboplastinogen + G. haima, blood]
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Precisely, the process of a clot forming in blood, but generally used with reference to the formation of blood platelets (thrombocytes). [thrombo- + G. poiesis, a making]
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1. Clotted. 2. Denoting a blood vessel that is the seat of thrombosis.
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Plural of thrombosis.
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thrombin
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Formation or presence of a thrombus; clotting within a blood vessel which may cause infarction of tissues supplied by the vessel. [G. thrombosis, a clotting, fr. thrombos, clot]
atrophic t. t. due to feebleness of the circulation, as in marasmus.marantic t., marasmic t;
cerebral t. clotting of blood in a cerebral vessel.
compression t. t. due to arrest of the circulation in a vessel by compression, as from a tumor.
coronary t. coronary occlusion by thrombus formation, usually the result of atheromatous changes in the arterial wall and usually leading to myocardial infarction.
creeping t. a gradually increasing t. involving one section of a vein after another in continuity.
dilation t. t. due to slowed circulation consequent upon dilation of a vein.
effort-induced t. Paget-von Schrötter syndrome
marantic t. , marasmic t. atrophic t
mural t. the formation of a thrombus in contact with the endocardial lining of a cardiac chamber, or a large blood vessel, if not occlusive.
placental t. t. of the veins of the uterus at the placental site.
plate t. , platelet t. t. due to an abnormal accumulation of platelets.
posttraumatic arterial t. , posttraumatic venous t. intravascular clotting due to injury to a vessel wall.
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Local arrest of the circulation by thrombosis. [thrombo- + G. stasis, a standing]
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platelet actomyosin
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Relating to, caused by, or characterized by thrombosis.
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serotonin
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Homo-11a-oxaprostane (2R-trans)-3-heptyltetrahydro-2-octyl-2H-pyran;the formal parent of the thromboxanes; prostanoic acid in which the -COOH has been reduced to -CH3 and an oxygen atom has been inserted between carbons 11 and 12.
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A group of compounds, included in the eicosanoids, formally based on thromboxane, but with the terminal COOH group present; biochemically related to the prostaglandins and formed from them through a series of steps involving the formation of an endoperoxide (an O-O bridge between carbons 9 and 11 in the prostaglandins) by a cyclooxygenase, followed by a rearrangement (catalyzed by thromboxane synthase) that inserts one of the two oxygen atoms between carbons 11 and 12, leaving the other still bridging carbons 9 and 11. T. are so named from their influence on platelet aggregation and the formation of the oxygen-containing six-membered ring (pyran or oxane). Like the prostaglandins, individual t. (abbreviated TX) are designated by letters (A, B, C, etc.) and subscripts indicating structural features.
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thromboplastin
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A clot in the cardiovascular systems formed during life from constituents of blood; it may be occlusive or attached to the vessel or heart wall without obstructing the lumen (mural t.). [L. fr. G. thrombos, a clot]
agglutinative t. hyaline t
agonal t. a heart clot formed during the act of dying after prolonged heart failure.
antemortem t. a clot formed in the circulation during life.
ball t. an antemortem t. found in the left or right atrium usually in certain cases of mitral stenosis.
ball-valve t. ball t. intermittently occluding the mitral or tricuspid orifice.
bile t. an intracanalicular deposit of bile, usually a result of obstruction to bile drainage.
fibrin t. a t. formed by repeated deposits of fibrin from the circulating blood; it usually does not completely occlude the vessel.
globular t. one of a number of thrombi of varying size, from a pea to a walnut, within the heart cavity, connected by a delicate fibrinous network.
hyaline t. a translucent colorless plug, partly or wholly filling a capillary or small artery or vein, formed by agglutination of red blood corpuscles.agglutinative t;
infective t. a t. formed in septic phlebitis.
laminated t. a t. formed gradually by clotting of the blood in successive layers.
marantic t. , marasmic t. a t. formed in cases of marasmus or general debility.
mixed t. a laminated t., the layers of different ages being of different color or consistency.stratified t;
mural t. a t. formed on and attached to a diseased patch of endocardium, not on a valve or on one side of a large blood vessel. See also parietal t.
obstructive t. a t. due to obstruction in the vessel from compression or other cause.
pale t. white t
parietal t. an arterial t. adhering to one side of the wall of the vessel. See also mural t.
postmortem t. a clot formed within the heart or in a blood vessel after death.
propagated t. See creeping thrombosis.
red t. a t. formed rapidly by the coagulation of stagnating blood, composed mainly of red blood cells rather than platelets.
secondary t. a t. formed about an embolus as a nucleus.
stratified t. mixed t
valvular t. a parietal t. that projects into the lumen of the vessel.
white t. a t. of opaque dull white color composed essentially of blood platelets.pale t;
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1. Infection of the oral tissues with Candida albicans; often an opportunistic infection in people with AIDS or people suffering from other conditions that depress the immune system. 2. A rare foul-smelling infective process of the horse's foot, involving the frog and sole; the affected parts degenerate and soften, and a black exudate is present; generally occurs when horses are made to stand in wet, unhygienic stalls. [fr. the thrush fungus, Candida albicans]
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The fresh tops of Thuja occidentalis (family Pinaceae), an ornamental evergreen tree of eastern North America, a source of cedar leaf oil; has been used internally as an expectorant, emmenagogue, and anthelmintic, and externally as a mild counterirritant.thuya; [G. thyia, an African tree with sweet-smelling wood]
t. oil cedar leaf oil
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thujone
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C10H16O;the chief constituent of cedar leaf oil; a stimulant similar to camphor.absinthol, tanacetol, tanacetone, thujol, thuyol, thuyone;
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A metallic element of the lanthanide series, atomic no. 69, atomic wt. l68.93421. [L. Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia]
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The first digit on the radial side of the hand.digitus primus [NA], pollex [NA], first finger; [A.S. thuma]
bifid t. a congenital malformed t. where the distal phalanx is divided.
gamekeeper's t. chronic radial subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the t.
hitchhiker t.'s malposition of the t.'s which as a result of shortness of the first metacarpal stand at right angles to the radial border of the hand and in the same place as it; a characteristic sign of diastrophic dwarfism.
tennis t. tendinitis with calcification in the tendon of the long flexor of the t. (flexor pollicis longus) caused by friction and strain as in tennis playing, but also occurring in other exercises in which the t. is subject to repeated pressure or strain.
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A radiographic sign of intestinal ischemia associated with hematoma formation edema in the bowel wall; the thickened and edematous tissues encroach on the air- or contrast-filled lumen radiographically.
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1. Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm, or hiccups, occasionally seen in animals. 2. In swine, a type of irregular jerky breathing seen in swine influenza, in severely anemic pigs, and in young pigs when ascarid larvae are migrating through the tissues.
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olibanum [L. incense]
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thuja
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thujone
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Abbreviation for thymine.
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Phillips, U.S. ophthalmologist, *1903. See T.'s disease.
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Inflammation of the sebaceous glands of the skin. [G. thylax, bag, + -itis, inflammation]
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See thymo-.
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The dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris (family Labiatae), used as a condiment; it contains a volatile oil (t. oil) and is a source of thymol. [G. thymon, thyme]
t. oil , oil of t. a volatile oil distilled from the flowering plants of Thymus vulgaris or T. zygis; a flavoring agent.
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Removal of the thymus gland. [thymus + G. ektome, excision]
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Obsolete term for suppuration of the thymus gland. [thymus + G. helkosis, ulceration]
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See thymo-.
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Mind, soul, emotions. See also thymo- (2). [G. thymos, the mind or heart as the seat of strong feelings or passion]
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Relating to the thymus gland.
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thymol [see thyme]
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Relating to the thymus and the lymphatic system.
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1-(2-deoxyribosyl)thymine;one of the four major nucleosides in DNA (the others being deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyguanosine).deoxythymidine, thymine deoxyribonucleoside;
t. phosphorylase phosphorylase that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of t.; i.e., thymidine and Pi react to form thymine and 2-deoxy-d-ribose 1-phosphate.
tritiated t. t. containing the hydrogen radionuclide, tritium (H); used as a marker to measure and localize by radioautography the synthesis of DNA, into which it is incorporated.
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Thymidine esterified at its 5´ position with diphosphoric acid.
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thymidylic acid
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Thymidine esterified at its 5´ position with triphosphoric acid; the immediate precursor of thymidylic acid in DNA.
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An enzyme catalyzing conversion of deoxyuridine 5´-monophosphate to thymidine 5´-monophosphate, the methyl group coming from N5,N10- methylenetetrahydrofolate.
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A major constituent of DNA.thymidine 5´-monophosphate, thymine nucleotide;
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See thymopoietin.
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5-Methyluracil;a constituent of thymidylic acid and DNA; elevated in hyperuracil-thyminuria.
t. deoxyribonucleoside thymidine
t. deoxyribonucleotide deoxythymidylic acid
t. nucleotide thymidylic acid
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See hyperuracil thyminuria.
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Inflammation of the thymus gland.
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1. The thymus. [G. thymos] 2. Mind, soul, emotions. [G. thymos, the mind or heart as the seat of strong feelings or passions] 3. Wart, warty. [G. thymos, thymion]
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A cell that develops in the thymus, seemingly from a stem cell of bone marrow and of fetal liver, and is the precursor of the thymus-derived lymphocyte (T lymphocyte) that effects cell-mediated (delayed type) sensitivity. [thymus + G. kytos, cell]
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Of affective origin. [G. thymos, mind, + genesis, origin]
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Activating the thymus gland. [thymus + G. kinesis, movement]
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C10H14O; 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-isopropylbenzene;a phenol present in the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Monarda punctata (horsemint), and other volatile oils; used externally and internally as an antiseptic, as a deodorizer of offensive discharges, and as a specific for ancylostomiasis.thyme camphor, thymic acid;
t. blue [C.I. 52025] a dye used as an acid-base indicator, with a pK value at 1.7 and another at 8.9; red at pH values below 1.2, yellow between 2.8 and 8.0, and blue above 9.6.
t. iodide C20H24I2O2;has been used as a substitute for iodoform in skin diseases, wounds, ulcers, purulent rhinitis, otitis, etc.
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A neoplasm in the anterior mediastinum, originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated; occasionally invasive, but metastases are extremely rare; histologically, consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphoma that involves the thymus, e.g., Hodgkin's disease, should not be regarded as t. [thymus + G. -oma, tumor]
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deoxyribonuclease I
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Formerly called thymin; a polypeptide hormone that induces differentiation of lymphocytes to thymocytes. See also thymic lymphopoietic factor.
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Relating to or marked by premature atrophy or removal of the thymus. [thymus + L. privus, deprived of]
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A polypeptide hormone that restores T cell fucntion in a thymectomized animal. See also thymic lymphopoietic factor.
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moxisylyte
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1. [NA] A primary lymphoid organ, located in the superior mediastinum and lower part of the neck, that is necessary in early life for the normal development of immunological function. It reaches its greatest relative weight shortly after birth and its greatest absolute weight at puberty; it then begins to involute, and much of the lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat. The t. consists of two irregularly shaped parts united by a connective tissue capsule. Each part is partially subdivided by connective tissue septa into lobules, 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter, which consist of an inner medullary portion, continuous with the medullae of adjacent lobules, and an outer cortical portion. It is supplied by the inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries, and its nerves are derived from the vagus and sympathetic nerves. 2. The t. of the calf or lamb.thymus gland; [G. thymos, excrescence, sweetbread]
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See thyro-.
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Obsolete spelling for thyro-.
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The thyroid gland. [see thyroid]
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A degradation product of thyronine (alanine side chain reduced to acetic acid), itself a degradation product (or precursor) of thyroxine.
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thyroiditis [thyro- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]
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Anomalies observed in individuals with congenital defects of the thyroid gland and deficiency of its secretion. [thyro- + G. a- priv. + plasis, a molding]
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Relating to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. See thyroarytenoid muscle.
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calcitonin
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Affecting the heart as a result of hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
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A tumor of the thyroid gland, such as a goiter. [thyro- + G. kele, tumor]
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Relating to the thyroid gland and the neck, denoting an arterial trunk.
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A colloid substance in the thyroid gland.
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Relating to the thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis.
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laryngofissure
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Of thyroid gland origin. [thyroid + G. -gen, producing]
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1. A thyroid hormone-containing protein, usually stored in the colloid within the thyroid follicles; biosynthesis of thyroid hormone entails iodination of the l-tyrosyl moieties of this protein and the combination of two iodotyrosines to form thyroxine, the fully iodinated thyronine; secretion of thyroid hormone requires proteolytic degradation of t., with the attendant release of free hormone; a defect in t. will lead to hypothyroidism.iodoglobulin, thyroprotein (1); 2. A substance obtained by the fractionation of thyroid glands from the hog, Sus scrofa, containing not less than 0.7% of total iodine; used as a thyroid hormone in the treatment of hypothyroidism.
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Relating to the thyroid gland and the tongue, denoting especially an embryological duct.thyrolingual;
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The greater cornu of the hyoid bone.
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Relating to the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. See thyrohyoid muscle.
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1. Resembling a shield; denoting a gland (thyroid gland) and a cartilage of the larynx (thyroid cartilage) having such a shape. 2. The cleaned, dried, and powdered t. gland obtained from one of the domesticated animals used for food and containing 0.17 to 0.23% of iodine; used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, cretinism and myxedema, in certain cases of obesity, and in skin disorders. [G. thyreoeides, fr. thyreos, an oblong shield, + eidos, form]
accessory t. accessory thyroid gland
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thyroid gland
t. accesso´ria , t. i´ma accessory thyroid gland
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Removal of the thyroid gland. [thyroid + G. ektome, excision]
"chemical" t. jargon for the reduction of thyroid function produced by the administration of antithyroid drugs. See also radiothyroidectomy.
near-total t. removal of nearly all of each thyroid lobe leaving unresected only a small portion of gland adjacent to the entrance of the recurrent laryngeal nerve into the larynx.
subtotal t. removal of most but not all of each lobe of the thyroid.
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Obsolete designation for: 1. hyperthyroidism 2. Poisoning by overdoses of a thyroid extract.
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Inflammation of the thyroid gland.thyroadenitis; [thyroid + G. -itis, inflammation]
autoimmune t. Hashimoto's t
chronic atrophic t. replacement of the thyroid gland by fibrous tissue, the commonest cause of myxedema in older persons.
chronic fibrous t. Riedel's t
chronic lymphadenoid t. Hashimoto's t
chronic lymphocytic t. Hashimoto's t
de Quervain's t. subacute granulomatous t
focal lymphocytic t. focal infiltration of the thyroid by lymphocytes and plasma cells. See also Hashimoto's t.
giant cell t. subacute granulomatous t
giant follicular t. a variant of Hashimoto's t. in which lymphocytic infiltrate in thyroid has formed into giant follicles.
Hashimoto's t. diffuse infiltration of the thyroid gland with lymphocytes, resulting in diffuse goiter, progressive destruction of the parenchyma and hypothyroidism.autoimmune t., chronic lymphadenoid t., chronic lymphocytic t., Hashimoto's disease, Hashimoto's struma, lymphadenoid goiter, lymphocytic t., struma lymphomatosa;
ligneous t. Riedel's t
lymphocytic t. Hashimoto's t
parasitic t. chronic South American trypanosomiasis with involvement of the thyroid gland, causing myxedema.
Riedel's t. a rare fibrous induration of the thyroid gland, with adhesion to adjacent structures, which may cause tracheal compression.chronic fibrous t., ligneous struma, ligneous t., Riedel's disease, Riedel's struma;
subacute granulomatous t. t. with round cell (usually lymphocytes) infiltration, destruction of thyroid cells, epithelial giant cell proliferation, and evidence of regeneration; thought by some to be a reflection of a systemic infection and not an example of true chronic t.de Quervain's t., giant cell t;
subacute lymphocyte t. a subacute variant of Hashimoto's t.
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The study of the thyroid gland, both normal and pathological. [thyroid + G. logos, study]
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laryngofissure [thyroid + G. tome, incision]
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hyperthyroidism
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Relating to the thyroid gland or cartilage and the larynx.
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A tripeptide hormone from the hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior lobe of the hypophysis to release thyrotropin; l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-l-prolinamide.thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone; [thyrotropin + L. libero, to free, + -in]
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thyroglossal [thyro- + L. lingua, tongue]
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Causing destruction of thyroid gland cells. [thyro- + G. lytikos, dissolving]
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [thyro- + G. megas, large]
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HOC6H4-O-C6H4-CH2-CHNH2-COOH;an amino acid with a diphenyl ether group in the side chain; occurs in proteins only in the form of iodinated derivatives (iodothyronines), such as thyroxine.
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Denoting the palatopharyngeus muscle.
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Excision of thyroid and parathyroid glands.
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A disorder of the thyroid gland. [thyro- + G. pathos, suffering]
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A protein that participates in iodine metabolism in the thyroid follicle or in the follicular space; it utilized H2O2 to produce I+.
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Denoting the thyropharyngeal portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
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A surgical method of restoring vocal quality by altering the geometry of the thyroid cartilage. [thyro- + G. plastos, formed]
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Relating to thyroprivia, denoting hypothyroidism produced by disease or thyroidectomy.thyroprivic, thyroprivous; [thyro- + L. privus, deprived of]
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A state characterized by reduced activity of the thyroid.
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thyroprival
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1. thyroglobulin (1) 2. An iodinated protein, usually casein, that has thyroxine activity.
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Downward dislocation of the thyroid gland. [thyro- + G. ptosis, a falling]
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1. Any cutting operation on the thyroid gland. 2. laryngofissure [thyro- + G. tome, a cutting]
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Denoting thyrotoxicosis.
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The state produced by excessive quantities of endogenous or exogenous thyroid hormone. [thyro- + G. toxikon, poison, + -osis, condition]
apathetic t. chronic t., presenting as cardiac disease or as a wasting syndrome, with weakness of proximal muscles and depression but with few of the more typical clinical manifestations of t.
t. medicamento´sa a hyperthyroid state resulting from excessive doses of thyroid hormone preparation.
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1. A hypothetical substance formerly believed to be an abnormal product of diffusely hyperplastic thyroid glands in persons with Graves' disease, and presumed to be the cause of the distinctive signs and symptoms of that condition (in contrast to simple hyperthyroidism). 2. A complement-fixing antigenic factor associated with certain diseases of the thyroid gland. See also thyrotoxic complement-fixation factor. 3. Rarely used term referring to any material toxic to thyroidal tissue.
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A cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary that produces thyrotropin.
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thyrotropic [thyro- + G. trophe, nourishment]
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thyrotropin
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Stimulating or nurturing the thyroid gland.thyrotrophic; [thyro- + G. trope, a turning]
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A glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis which stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland; it also is used as a diagnostic test to differentiate primary and secondary hypothyroidism.thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin, thyrotropic hormone; [for thyrotrophin, fr. thyro- + G. throphe, nourishment; corrupted to -tropin, and reanalyzed as fr. G. trope, a turning]
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3,3´,5,5´-Tetraiodothyronine beta-[(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]alanine;the l-isomer is the active iodine compound existing normally in the thyroid gland and extracted therefrom in crystalline form for therapeutic use; also prepared synthetically; used for the relief of hypothyroidism, cretinism, and myxedema.
labeled t. radioactive t
radioactive t. t. in which a radioisotope of iodine (125I or 131I) is incorporated into its molecule; used in experiments tracing the metabolism of t.labeled t., radiolabeled t., radiothyroxin;
radiolabeled t. radioactive t
t. sodium a preparation obtained by the action of a limited amount of sodium carbonate upon t.; it contains between 61 and 65% of iodine. See sodium levothyroxine, sodium liothyronine.
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Fringed tapeworm of sheep, a relatively short, thick tapeworm (family Anocephalidae) in which the posterior borders of the proglottids are fringed. It inhabits the small intestine, but often invades the bile ducts and causes many livers to be condemned for human food. It is essentially nonpathogenic and is common in stock-raising countries, where it infects a wide variety of ruminants; oribatid mites are probably the vectors.
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The delay time between the inverting pulse and the "read" pulse in the inversion recovery experiment, in magnetic resonance imaging.
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Symbol for titanium.
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Abbreviation for transient ischemic attack.
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The medial and larger of the two bones of the leg, articulating with the femur, fibula, and talus.shank bone (2), shin bone; [L. the large shinbone]
saber t. deformity of the t. occurring in tertiary syphilis or yaws, the bone having a marked forward convexity as a result of the formation of gummas and periostitis.
t. val´ga genu valgum
t. va´ra genu varum
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In a direction toward the tibia. [tibia + L. ad, to]
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Relating to the tibia or to any structure named from it; also denoting the medial or tibial aspect of the lower limb.tibialis [NA]; [L. tibialis]
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os tibiale posterius
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Pain in the shin. [tibia + G. algos, pain]
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tibial [L.]
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The tibia. [L. tibia, the large shinbone]
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Relating to the tibia and the calcaneus.
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musculus tibiofascialis
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Relating to the tibia and the femur.
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Relating to both tibia and fibula; denotes especially the joints and ligaments between the two bones.peroneotibial, tibioperoneal;
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Relating to the tibia and the navicular bone of the tarsus.tibioscaphoid;
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tibiofibular
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tibionavicular
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Relating to the tarsal bones and the tibia.tarsotibial;
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Habitual, repeated contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods, e.g., clearing the throat, sniffing, pursing the lips, excessive blinking; especially prominent when the person is under stress; there is no known pathologic substrate. See also spasm.Brissaud's disease, habit chorea, habit spasm; [Fr.]
convulsive t. facial t
t. de pensée (de pahn-sa´) the habit of involuntarily giving expression to any thought that comes to mind. [Fr. of thought]
t. douloureux (du-lu-re´) trigeminal neuralgia [Fr. painful]
facial t. involuntary twitching of the facial muscles, sometimes unilateral.Bell's spasm, convulsive t., facial spasm, histrionic spasm, mimic convulsion, mimic spasm, mimic t., palmus (1), prosopospasm;
glossopharyngeal t. glossopharyngeal neuralgia
habit t. a habitual repetition of some grimace, shrug of the shoulder, twisting or jerking of the head, or the like.
local t. a t. of very limited extent, as the winking of an eye or a twitch of a finger.
mimic t. facial t
psychic t. a gesture or exclamation made under the influence of an irresistible morbid impulse.
rotatory t. spasmodic torticollis
spasmodic t. a disorder in which sudden spasmodic coordinated movements of certain muscles or groups of physiologically related muscles occur at irregular intervals.Henoch's chorea;
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The disodium salt of 6-(a-carboxy-a-thien-3-ylacetamido)penicillanic acid; a bactericidal antibiotic useful in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and similar in effect to carbenicillin disodium.
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An acarine of the families Ixodidae (hard t.'s) or Argasidae (soft t.'s), which contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals, and that probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents that they transmit. T.'s are differentiated from the much smaller true mites by possession of an armed hypostome and a pair of tracheal spiracular openings located behind the basal segment of the third or fourth pair of walking legs; the larva (seed t.) has six legs, and after molting appears as an eight-limbed nymph. Some important t.'s are Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star t.) and A. hebraeum (South African bont t.); Argas persicus (adobe, fowl, or Persian t.) and A. reflexus (pigeon t.); Boophilus (cattle t.'s); Dermacentor albopictus (horse or winter t.), D. andersoni (Rocky Mountain, spotted-fever, or wood t.), D. nitens (tropical horse t.), D. occidentalis (Pacific or wood t.), and D. variabilis (American dog t.); Haemaphysalis chordeilis (bird t.) and H. laporis-palustris(rabbit t.); Ixodes pacificus (California black-legged t.), I. pilosus (paralysis t.), I. ricinus (castor bean t.), and I. scapularis (black-legged or shoulder t.); Ornithodoros coriaceus (pajaroello t.) and O. moubata (African relapsing fever or tampan t.); and Rhipicephalus everti (African red t.), R. sanguineus (brown dog t.), and R. simus (black-pitted t.).
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Denoting a peculiar itching or tingling sensation caused by excitation of surface nerves, as of the skin by light stroking.
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[2,3-Dichloro-4-(2-thenoyl)phenoxy]acetic acid;an antihypertensive diuretic and uricosuric agent; its clinical use is associated with an unusually high incidence of hepatitis; no longer used clinically.
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Abbreviation for L. ter in die, three times a day.
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Relating to or resembling the tides, alternately rising and falling.
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An alternate rise and fall, ebb and flow, or an increase or a decrease. [A.S. tId, time]
acid t. a temporary increase in the acidity of the urine occurring during fasting.acid wave;
alkaline t. a period of urinary neutrality or even alkalinity after meals due to withdrawal of hydrogen ion for the purpose of secretion of the highly acid gastric juice.alkaline wave;
fat t. an increase in the fat content of blood and lymph following a meal.
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Max, Swiss dermatologist, 1878-1938. See Jadassohn-T. nevus.
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Friedrich, German anatomist, 1781-1861. See T.'s gland, nerve.
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bathing trunk nevus [Ger. a nevus simulating the pelt of an animal]
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Alexander, German surgeon, 1864-1927. See T.'s syndrome.
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A salt or ester of tiglic acid.
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Original trivial name for the saturated form of phorbol. [fr. Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae)]
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CH3CH=C(CH3)COOH; (E)-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid; trans-2,3-dimethyl-acrylic acid;an unsaturated fatty acid present in glycerides in croton oil.
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CH3-CH=C(CH3)-COSCoA;an intermediate in the degradation of l-isoleucine.tiglyl-coenzyme A;
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tiglyl-CoA
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A form of saltatory chorea or dancing mania occurring in certain parts of Abyssinia. [Fr.]
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See chromophil substance. [G. tigroeides, fr. tigris, tiger, + eidos, appearance]
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chromatolysis [tigroid + G. lysis, dissolution]
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Paul J., French surgeon, 1834-1904. See spiral of T.
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A small synthetic molecule used to induce interferon in mice.
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Abbreviation for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, under lymphocyte.
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The distinguishing quality of a sound, by which one may determine its source.tone color; [Fr.]
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1. That relation of events which is expressed by the terms past, present, and future, and measured by units such as minutes, hours, days, months, or years. 2. A certain period during which something definite or determined is done.tempus (2); [A.S. tima]
activated clotting t. (ACT) the most common test used for coagulation t. in cardiovascular surgery.
activated partial thromboplastin t. (aPTT) the t. needed for plasma to form a fibrin clot following the addition of calcium and a phospholipid reagent; used to evaluate the intrinsic clotting system.
A-H conduction t. See atrioventricular conduction.
association t. t. elasping between a stimulus and the verbalized response to it.
biologic t. the concept that our appreciation of t. varies with age and is governed by the neural organization of the individual; it obeys a logarithmic rather than an arithmetic law.
bleeding t. the t. interval between the appearance of the first drop of blood and the removal of the last drop following puncture of the ear lobe or the finger, usually 1 to 3 minutes; it is prolonged in cases of thrombocytopenia, diminished prothrombin, phosphorus poisoning, or chloroform poisoning, and in some liver diseases; it is normal in hemophilia. Since the earlier techniques were not well controlled, better controlled modifications such as that of Ivy are now employed to determine the bleeding t.
circulation t. the t. taken for the blood to pass through a given circuit of the vascular system, e.g., the pulmonary or systemic circulation, from one arm to another, from arm to tongue, or from arm to lung; it is measured by the injection into an arm vein of a substance, such as sodium dehydrocholate, ether, fluorescein, histamine, or a radium salt, which can be detected when it arrives at another point in the vascular system.
clot retraction t. the t. required for a blood clot to separate from the tube wall and express serum, usually completed in 18 to 24 hours, but retarded or absent in persons with thrombocytopenic purpura.
clotting t. coagulation t
coagulation t. the t. required for blood to coagulate; prolonged in hemophilia and in the presence of obstructive jaundice, some anemias and leukemias, and some of the infectious diseases.clotting t;
euglobulin clot lysis t. a measure of the ability of plasminogen activators and plasmin to lyse a clot; normally, clot lysis is determined by the balance of factors which activate fibrinolysis (plasminogen activators and plasmin) and those which inhibit lysis; in certain conditions (e.g., carcinoma or hepatic insufficiency) activating factors predominate and can be measured by noting the t. it takes the euglobulin fraction of plasma (excluding inhibitors of fibrinolysis) to clot.
fading t. the t. required for a constant stimulus applied to a fixed area of the peripheral visual field to stop.
t. of flight the t. for a photon created by annihilation of a positron-electron pair to reach a detector; since annihilation photons are created in pairs and travel in opposite directions at about 3 x 1010 cm/sec, measurement of the difference in arrival t. at detectors with sub-nanosecond resolution allows calculation of the location of the event; the basic physics of positron emission tomography.
forced expiratory t. (FET) the t. taken to expire a given volume or a given fraction of vital capacity during measurement of forced vital capacity; subscripts specify the exact parameters measured.
half-t. See half-time.
H-R conduction t. See intraventricular conduction.
H-V conduction t. See intraventricular conduction.
inertia t. the interval elapsing between the reception of the stimulus from a nerve and the contraction of the muscle.
intra-atrial conduction t. the total duration of electrical activity of the atria in one cardiac cycle.
left ventricular ejection t. (LVET) the t. measured clinically from onset to incisural notch of the carotid or other pulse; properly the time of ejection of blood from the left ventricle beginning with aortic valve opening and ending with aortic valve closure.
P-A conduction t. See atrioventricular conduction.
partial thromboplastin t. (PTT) See activated partial thromboplastin t.
P-H conduction t. See atrioventricular conduction.
prothrombin t. (PT) the t. required for clotting after thromboplastin and calcium are added in optimal amounts to blood of normal fibrinogen content; if prothrombin is diminished, the clotting t. increases; used to evaluate the extrinsic clotting system. See also prothrombin test.
reaction t. the interval between the presentation of a stimulus and the responsive reaction to it.
recognition t. the interval between the application of a stimulus and the recognition of its nature.
relaxation t. (tau) the time required for the substrate in an enzymatic or chemical reaction to fall to 1/e of its initial value.
repetition t. (TR) in magnetic resonance imaging, the t. between repetitions of the pulse sequence.
rise t. the t. required for a pulse or echo to rise from 10% to 90% of its peak amplitude.
running t. the t. during which an activity (e.g., chromatography development) occurs.
Russell's viper venom clotting t. a clotting t. determination performed on citrated platelet-poor plasma using Russell's viper venom as an activating agent. This allows activation of factor X directly without the need for other coagulation factors and is used to confirm factor X defects. See also Stypven time test.
sensation t. the minimal t. a visual image must be exposed in order to be perceived.
sinoatrial conduction t. (SACT) the t. required for an impulse to travel from sinus node to atrium; estimated indirectly during reset nodus sinuatrialis period by halving the average interval from the premature beat to the following normal sinus beat of the atrium.
sinoatrial recovery t. (SART) interval from the last paced P wave to the first succeeding spontaneous P wave (after 2 to 5 minutes of right atrial pacing at 120 to 140 beats per minute, and when expressed as percentage of control cycle length, it normally ranges from 115 to 159%).
survival t. 1. the period elapsing between the completion or institution of any procedure and death; 2. the life-span of biologically or physically marked erythrocytes or other cells.
thrombin t. the t. needed for a fibrin clot to form after the addition of thrombin to citrated plasma; prolonged thrombin t. is seen in patients receiving heparin therapy.
tissue thromboplastin inhibition t. a test used to identify lupus anticoagulant; the thromboplastin source used in the prothrombin test is diluted to increase sensitivity to inhibitors.
utilization t. the minimum duration of a stimulus of rheobasic strength that is just sufficient to produce excitation.temps utile;
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Acronym for thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; a large multicenter controlled clinical trial.
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A 20-carbon fatty acid with five cis double bonds located on carbons 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17; an important component of fish oils; a precursor to the 3-series prostaglandins e.g., PGE3.
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(-)-1-(tert-Butylamino)-3-[(4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy]-2-propanol maleate;a beta-adrenergic blocking agent used in the treatment of hypertension and used in eyedrops in the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma.
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A metallic element, atomic no. 50, atomic wt. 118.710.stannum; [AS, tin]
t. oxide stannic oxide
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A radioisotope of tin with a physical half-life of 115.1 days; used in the manufacture of radionuclide generators for the production of indium-113m.
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Abbreviation of L. tinctura, tincture.
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Stainable.
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1. A stain; a preparation for staining. 2. The act of staining. [L. tingo, pp. tinctus, to dye]
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Relating to coloring or staining. [L. tinctorius, fr. tingo, to dye]
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tincture [L. a dyeing, fr. tingo, pp. tinctus, to dye]
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The making of a tincture from a crude drug.
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An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances; most t.'s are prepared by percolation or by maceration. The proportions of drug represented in the different t.'s are not uniform, but vary according to the established standards for each. T.'s of potent drugs essentially represent the activity of 10 g of the drug in each 100 ml of t., the potency being adjusted after assay; most other t.'s represent 20 g of drug in each 100 ml of t. Compound t.'s are made according to long-established formulas.tinctura; [see tinctura]
alcoholic t. a t. made with undiluted alcohol.
ammoniated t. a t. made with ammoniated alcohol.
belladonna t. a green hydroalcoholic mobile liquid containing the alkaloids atropine and scopolamine and other substances extracted from the leaves of Atropa belladonna, the botanical source for these anticholinergic drugs. The t. allows for gradual titration of dose by counting drops of the preparation ingested. Formerly widely used in ulcer therapy or the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea, alone or in combination with antacids and insoluble clays.
digitalis t. an hydroalcoholic solution containing the glycosides of the leaves of the foxglove (digitalis) plant Digitalis purpurea or D. lanata. Although digitalis preparations are used extensively, they are currently used as the pure glycosides, digoxin and digitoxin. The t. was formerly widely used but was standardized by bioassay using frogs, cats, or pigeons.
ethereal t. a class of preparations consisting of 10% percolations of drugs in a menstruum of ether 1 and alcohol 2.
glycerinated t. a t. made with diluted alcohol to which glycerin is added to facilitate the extraction or to preserve the preparation.
green soap t. a liquid preparation containing potassium soaps and alcohol; frequently advocated in skin cleansing, particularly after exposure to plant toxins such as poison ivy.
hydroalcoholic t. a t. made with diluted alcohol in various proportions with water.
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1. In dentistry, the slender, pointed end of an explorer. 2. An instrument used to introduce antigen, such as tuberculin into the skin, and usually containing several individual t.'s. [A.S. tind, a prong]
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A fungus infection (dermatophytosis) of the keratin component of hair, skin, or nails. Genera of fungi causing such infection are Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.ringworm, serpigo (1); [L. worm, moth]
t. amianta´cea an inflammatory condition of the scalp in which heavy scales extend onto the hairs and bind the proximal portions together; it is not caused by a fungus.pityriasis amiantacea;
t. bar´bae t. of the beard, occurring as a follicular infection or as a granulomatous lesion; the primary lesions are papules and pustules.barber's itch, folliculitis barbae, ringworm of beard, t. sycosis, trichophytosis barbae;
t. cap´itis a common form of fungus infection of the scalp caused by various species of Microsporum and Trichophyton on or within hair shafts, occurring almost exclusively in children and characterized by irregularly placed and variously sized patches of apparent baldness because of hairs breaking off at the surface of the scalp, scaling, black dots (see black-dot ringworm), and occasionally erythema and pyoderma.ringworm of scalp, trichophytosis capitis;
t. circina´ta t. corporis
t. cor´poris a well-defined, scaling, macular eruption of dermatophytosis that frequently forms annular lesions and may appear on any part of the body.ringworm of body, t. circinata, trichophytosis corporis;
t. cru´ris a form of t. imbricata occurring in the genitocrural region, including the inner side of the thighs, the perineal region, and the groin.dhobie itch, eczema marginatum, jock itch, ringworm of genitocrural region, t. inguinalis, trichophytosis cruris;
t. favo´sa favus
t. glabro´sa ringworm or fungus infection of the hairless skin.
t. imbrica´ta an eruption consisting of a number of concentric rings of overlapping scales forming papulosquamous patches scattered over the body; it occurs in tropical climates and is caused by the fungus Trichophyton concentricum.herpes desquamans, Malabar itch, Oriental ringworm, scaly ringworm, t. tropicalis, Tokelau ringworm;
t. inguina´lis t. cruris
t. ke´rion an inflammatory fungus infection of the scalp and beard, marked by pustules and a boggy infiltration of the surrounding parts; most commonly caused by Microsporum audouinii.Celsus kerion;
t. ma´nus ringworm of the hand, usually referring to infections of the palmar surface. See also t. corporis.
t. ni´gra a fungus infection due to Exophiala werneckii, marked by dark lesions giving a spattered appearance and occurring most commonly on the palms of the hands.pityriasis nigra;
t. pe´dis dermatophytosis of the feet, especially of the skin between the toes, and the nails, caused by one of the dermatophytes, usually a species of Trichophyton or Epidermophyton; the disease consists of small vesicles, fissures, scaling, maceration, and eroded areas between the toes and on the plantar surface of the foot; other skin areas may be involved.athlete's foot, dermatomycosis pedis, Hong Kong foot, Hong Kong toe, ringworm of foot;
t. profun´da Majocchi granulomas, under granuloma
t. syco´sis t. barbae
t. tonsu´rans t. capitis or t. corporis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans; characterized by small plaques and fewer broken off hairs than in t. capitis caused by other species.porrigo furfurans;
t. tropica´lis t. imbricata
t. un´guium ringworm of the nails due to a dermatophyte.
t. versic´olor an eruption of tan or brown branny patches on the skin of the trunk, often appearing white, in contrast with hyperpigmented skin after exposure to the summer sun; caused by growth of Malassezia furfur in the stratum corneum with minimal inflammatory reaction.pityriasis versicolor;
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Jules, French neurologist, 1879-1952. See T.'s sign.
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1. Tin rolled into extremely thin sheets. 2. A base metal foil used as a separating material, as between the cast and denture base material during flasking and curing procedures.
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The property of being tingible.
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Capable of being stained. [L. tingo, to dye]
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To feel a peculiar pricking sensation.
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A pricking type of paresthesia.
distal t. on percussion (dis´tal ting´ling on per-kush´un) A term sometimes used for Tinel's sign.
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1-[2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole;an antiprotozoal agent.
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Noises (ringing, whistling, booming, etc.) in the ears. [L. a jingling, fr. tinnio, pp. tinnitus, to jingle, clink]
t. au´rium sensation of sound in one or both ears usually associated with disease in the middle ear, the inner ear, or the central auditory apparatus.syrigmus, tympanophonia (1), tympanophony;
t. cere´bri subjective sensation of noise in head rather than ears.
clicking t. an objective clicking sound in the ear in cases of chronic catarrhal otitis media; it may be audible to the bystander as well as to the patient and is supposed to be due to an opening and closing of the mouth of the eustachian tube, or to a rhythmical spasm of the velum palati.
Leudet's t. a dry spasmodic click, audible also through the otoscope, heard in catarrhal inflammation of the eustachian tube; caused by reflex spasm of the tensor palati muscle.
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A shade of color varying according to the amount of white admixed with the pigment. [L. tingo, pp. tinctus, to dye]
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1-[2,4-Dichloro-beta-[(2-chloro-3-thenyl)-oxy]phenethyl]imidazole;an antifungal agent.
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1. A point; a more or less sharp extremity. 2. A separate, but attached, piece of the same or another structure, forming the extremity of a part.
t. of auricle a point projecting upward and posteriorly from the free outcurved margin of the helix a little posterior to its upper end.apex auriculae [NA], apex satyri, Woolner's t;
t. of elbow olecranon
t. of nose anteriormost pointed end of external nose.apex nasi [NA];
t. of posterior horn apex of the posterior horn
root t. t. of tooth root
t. of tongue the anterior extreme of the tongue which can be made pointed for sensing or probing and which rests against the lingual aspect of the incisor teeth.apex linguae [NA];
t. of tooth root the tip of a tooth root, the part farthest from the incisal or occlusal side.apex radicis dentis [NA], root apex, root t;
Woolner's t. t. of auricle
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A tooth movement in which the angulation of the long axis of the tooth is altered.
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(±)-1-(Isopropylamino)-3-[o-(methylthio)phenoxy]-2-propanol hydrochloride;a beta-receptor blocking agent.
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Acronym for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
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cerclage [Eng. tire]
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Arne, Swedish biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1902-1971. See T. apparatus, electrophoresis cell.
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Bacteroides praeacutus
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Jules, early 20th century French physiologist. See T. spirometer.
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A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them. There are four basic tissues in the body: 1) epithelium; 2) the connective tissues, including blood, bone, and cartilage; 3) muscle tissue; and 4) nerve tissue. [Fr. tissu, woven, fr. L. texo, to weave]
adenoid t. lymphatic t
adipose t. a connective t. consisting chiefly of fat cells surrounded by reticular fibers and arranged in lobular groups or along the course of one of the smaller blood vessels.fat (1), fatty t. (1), white fat (1);
areolar t. loose, irregularly arranged connective t. that consists of collagenous and elastic fibers, a protein polysaccharide ground substance, and connective t. cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and sometimes fat cells, plasma cells, leukocytes, and pigment cells).
bone t. osseous t
brown adipose t. brown fat
cancellous t. latticelike or spongy osseous t.
cardiac muscle t. See cardiac muscle.
cartilaginous t. See cartilage.
cavernous t. erectile t
chondroid t. 1. in an adult, t. resembling cartilage;fibrohyaline t., pseudocartilage; 2. in an embryo, an early stage in cartilage formation.
chromaffin t. a cellular t., vascular and well supplied with nerves, made up chiefly of chromaffin cells; it is found in the medulla of the suprarenal glands and, in smaller collections, in the paraganglia.
connective t. the supporting or framework t. of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds; it is derived from the mesenchyme, and this in turn from the mesoderm; the varieties of connective t. are: areolar or loose; adipose; dense, regular or irregular, white fibrous; elastic; mucous; and lymphoid t.; cartilage; and bone; the blood and lymph may be regarded as connective t.'s the ground substance of which is a liquid.interstitial t., tela conjunctiva;
dartoic t. t. resembling tunica dartos.
elastic t. a form of connective t. in which the elastic fibers predominate; it constitutes the ligamenta flava of the vertebrae and the ligamentum nuchae, especially of quadrupeds; it occurs also in the walls of the arteries and of the bronchial tree, and connects the cartilages of the larynx.elastica (2), tela elastica;
epithelial t. See epithelium.
erectile t. a t. with numerous vascular spaces that may become engorged with blood.cavernous t;
fatty t. 1. adipose t 2. in some animals, brown fat.
fibrohyaline t. chondroid t. (1)
fibrous t. a t. composed of bundles of collagenous white fibers between which are rows of connective t. cells; the tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and some of the membranes, such as the dura mater.
Gamgee t. a thick layer of absorbent cotton between two layers of absorbent gauze, used in surgical dressings.
gelatinous t. mucous connective t
gingival t.'s See gingiva.
granulation t. vascular connective t. forming granular projections on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed t. surface. See also granulation.
gut-associated lymphoid t. (GALT) (lim´foid) lymphoid t. of the gastrointestinal tract that is especially rich in B cells. This t. is responsible for localized immunity to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Haller's vascular t. vascular lamina of choroid
hard t. 1. t. that has become mineralized; 2. t. having a firm intercellular substance, e.g., cartilage and bone.
hemopoietic t. t. in which there is a development of blood cells or other formed elements.
indifferent t. undifferentiated, nonspecialized, embryonic t.
interstitial t. connective t
investing t.'s the t.'s covering or enclosing a structure.
islet t. islets of Langerhans, under islet
lymphatic t. , lymphoid t. a three-dimensional network of reticular fibers and cells the meshes of which are occupied in varying degrees of density with lymphocytes; there is nodular, diffuse, and loose lymphatic t.adenoid t;
mesenchymal t. embryonic connective tissue. See mesenchyme.
mesonephric t. intermediate mesoderm situated in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the embryo or fetus; it evolves into the mesonephros and associated structures.
metanephrogenic t. t. derived from the intermediate mesoderm caudal to mesonephric levels and concerned with the formation of the nephrons of the metanephros.
mucous connective t. a type of connective t. little differentiated beyond the mesenchymal stage; its ground substance of glycoproteins is abundant and contains fine collagenous fibers and fibroblasts; in its most characteristic form, it appears in the umbilical cord as Wharton's jelly.gelatinous t;
multilocular adipose t. brown fat
muscular t. a t. characterized by the ability to contract upon stimulation; its three varieties are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. See muscle.flesh (2);
myeloid t. bone marrow consisting of the developmental and adult stages of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes in a stroma of reticular cells and fibers, with sinusoidal vascular channels.
nasion soft t. the outer point of intersection between the nasion-sella line and the soft tissue profile.
nephrogenic t. the t. from which the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros develop.
nervous t. a highly differentiated t. composed of nerve cells, nerve fibers, dendrites, and a supporting t. (neuroglia).
nodal t. See atrioventricular node, sinuatrial node.
osseous t. a connective t., the matrix of which consists of collagen fibers and ground substance and in which are deposited calcium salts (phosphate, carbonate, and some fluoride) in the form of an apatite.bone t;
osteogenic t. a connective t. with the property of forming osseous t.
osteoid t. osseous t. prior to calcification.
periapical t. the structures adjacent to a root apex, particularly the periodontal ligament and bone.
reticular t. , retiform t. a t. in which the argyrophilic collagenous fibers form a network and that usually has a network of reticular cells associated with the fibers.
rubber t. a thin sheet of rubber used as a cover in surgical dressings.
skeletal muscle t. See skeletal muscle.
smooth muscle t. See smooth muscle.
subcutaneous t. a layer of loose, irregular, connective t. immediately beneath the skin and closely attached to the corium by coarse fibrous bands, the retinacula cutis; it contains fat cells except in the auricles, eyelids, penis, and scrotum.
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border molding
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Relating or pertaining to a tissue.
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A metallic element, atomic no. 22, atomic wt. 47.88. [Titans, in G. myth., sons of Earth]
t. dioxide TiO2;contains not less than 99.0% and not more than 100.5% of TiO2, calculated on the dry basis; used in creams and powders as a protectant against external irritations and solar rays.
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The standard of strength of a volumetric test solution; the assay value of an unknown measure by volumetric means. [Fr. titre, standard]
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Abbreviation for 3,5,3´-triiodothyronine.
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The act or sensation of tickling. [L. titillatio, fr. titillo, pp. -atus, to tickle]
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A very large fibrous protein that connects thick myosin filaments to Z discs in the sarcomere.
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In chemistry, the solution that is added (titrated with) in a titration.
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To analyze volumetrically by a solution (the titrant) of known strength to an end point.
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Volumetric analysis by means of the addition of definite amounts of a test solution to a solution of the substance being assayed. [Fr. titre, standard]
colorimetric t. a t. in which the end point is marked by a color change.
formol t. a method of titrating the amino groups of amino acids, by adding formaldehyde to the neutral solution; the formaldehyde reacts with the NH3+ group, liberating an equivalent quantity of H+, which may then be estimated by t. with NaOH.
potentiometric t. a t. during which the pH is continually measured with some value of the pH serving as end point.
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1. A staggering or stumbling in trying to walk. 2. A tremor or shaking of the head, of cerebellar origin. [L. titubo, pp. -atus, to stagger]
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Guido, Italian physician, 1853-1932. See Tizzoni's stain.
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Symbol for thallium.
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Abbreviation for thallium-201.
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Abbreviation for thin-layer chromatography; total lung capacity.
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Abbreviation for thin-layer electrophoresis.
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Abbreviation for threshold limit value.
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Abbreviation for transcendental meditation.
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Symbol for thulium; transport maximum or tubular maximum.
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Abbreviation for temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
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Colloquial abbreviation for temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
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M-mode
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Abbreviation for ribothymidylic acid; trimethoprim; sometimes for deoxyribothymidylic acid.
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Ureaplasma
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Abbreviation for ocular tension.
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Abbreviation for tumor necrosis factor.
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Abbreviation for tumor-node-metastasis. See TNM staging.
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Abbreviation for trinitrotoluene.
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Abbreviation for Theiler's Original, Theiler's original strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus.
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A South American herb, Nicotiana tabacum, that has large ovate to lanceolate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular white or pink flowers. T. leaves contain 2 to 8% of nicotine and are the source of smoking and chewing t.
wild t. lobelia
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An aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius, having bactericidal effects and used mainly in the treatment of Pseudomonas infections.
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2-Amino-2´,6´-propionoxylidide hydrochloride;an oral antiarrhythmic agent, similar in action to lidocaine, used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.
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p,a-Dimethylbenzyl camphorate, diethanolamine salt;a choleretic.
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Childbirth. [G. tokos, birth]
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An a-tocotrienol. See tocotrienol.
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A recording of the force of uterine contractions.tocograph; [toco- + G. dynamis, force, + graphe, a writing]
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An instrument for measuring the force of uterine contractions.tocometer; [toco- + G. dynamis, force, + metron, measure]
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tocodynagraph
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The process of recording uterine contractions. [toco- + G. grapho, to write]
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Fundamental unit of the tocopherols; 6-phytylhydroquinone (see structure A, in figure) becomes, in the chromanol form, 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol (structure B, in figure).
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obstetrics [toco- + G. logos, study]
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Denoting any pharmacological agent used to arrest uterine contractions; often used in an attempt to arrest premature labor contractions e.g., ritodrine. [G. tokos, childbirth, labor, + lysis, loosening]
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tocodynamometer
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1. Name given to vitamin E by its discoverer, but now a generic term for vitamin E and compounds chemically related to it, with or without biological activity; similar in chemical structure and properties to vitamins K and coenzyme Q. 2. A methylated tocol or methylated tocotrienol.
mixed t.'s concentrate a source of vitamin E, obtained by vacuum distillation of edible vegetable oils or their by-products.
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2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4´,8´,12´-trimeth yltridecyl)-6-chromanol; 5,7,8-trimethyltocol;a light yellow, viscous, odorless, oily liquid that deteriorates on exposure to light, is obtained from wheat germ oil or by synthesis, biologically exhibits the most vitamin E activity of the a-tocopherol's, and is an antioxidant retarding rancidity by interfering with the autoxidation of fats. Prepared from natural phytol, it is called 2-ambo-a-tocopherol; from synthetic phytol, all-rac-a-tocopherol or synt-a-tocopherol; also available are d-a-tocopheryl acetate, dl-a-tocopheryl acetate, d-a-tocopheryl acid succinate, and d-a-tocopheryl acetate concentrate. One of several forms of vitamin E.vitamin E (1);
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5,8-Dimethyltocol;a lower homolog of a-tocopherol, that contains one less methyl group in the aromatic nucleus and is less active biologically; accompanies a-T and gamma-beta-tocopherol
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7,8-Dimethyltocol;a form biologically less active than a-gamma-tocopherol
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An oxidized tocopherol, formed from the isomeric 2-methyl-2-phytyl-6-chromenol with methyl groups in one or more of positions 5,7, and 8, by migration of H atom from 6-OH to C-4, which yields a 1,4-benzoquinone. Abbreviated TQ and preceded by a-, beta-, etc., as in the tocopherols, to indicate degree of methylation.tocopherylquinone;
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tocopherolquinone
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Morbid dread of childbirth. [toco- + G. phobos, fear]
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Class name for the 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-multiprenyl-1,4-benzoquinones.
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A tocol with three double bonds in the side chain, i.e., with three additional double bonds in the phytyl chain, thus a 6-(3´,7´,11´,15´-tetramethyl-2´,6´,10´,14´-hexadecatetraenyl)-1,4-hydroquinone or a 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl)chroman-6-ol. The natural products carry methyls at one or more of positions 5, 7, and 8 of the chromanol and are thus identical, except for the unsaturation in the phytyl-like side chain, to the tocopherols; also analogous is the cyclization to form a chromanol derivative and oxidation to form the tocotrienolquinones (or chromenols). Abbreviated T-n (hydroquinone form) or TQ-n (quinone form) and preceded by a-, beta-, etc., as in the tocopherols, to indicate degree of methylation (the n indicates the number of intact isoprene or prenyl units remaining in the chromanol or chromenol form). T. terminology is used to indicate relationships to tocols and tocoenols (vitamin E-like), the chromanol terminology to indicate relationship to the isoprenoidal compounds of the vitamin K and coenzyme Q series.
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A tocotrienol in which the hydroquinone has been oxidized to a quinone (the chromanol has become a chromenol); the t.'s carry a, beta, gamma, and delta prefixes in accordance with the degree of methylation, as do the tocotrienols.
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Abbreviation for triorthocresyl phosphate.
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David, British surgeon, 1794-1856. See T.'s muscle.
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Francesco, Italian anatomist, 1839-1918. See T.'s tendon.
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Robert B., English physician, 1809-1860. See T.'s paralysis, postepileptic paralysis.
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One of the digits of the feet.digitus pedis [NA]; [A.S. ta]
great t. hallux
hammer t. permanent flexion at the midphalangeal joint of one or more of the t.'s.
Hong Kong t. tinea pedis
Morton's t. a particular form of metatarsalgia caused by enlargement of the digital nerve. Cf. Morton's syndrome.
painful t. hallux dolorosus
seedy t. a condition of the hoof wall in the t. region of horses, characterized by loss of substance and change in character of the horn, most often as a sequela of mild chronic laminitis.dystrophia ungulae, hollow wall;
stiff t. hallux rigidus
webbed t.'s syndactyly involving the toes.
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See sand-crack.
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Inability to dorsiflex the toes, usually due to paralysis of the toe extensor muscles.
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See nail.
ingrowing t. ingrown nail
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N-Methyl-2-[(o-methyl-a-phenylbenzyl)oxy]ethylamine hydrochloride;an anticholinergic drug.
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A family of viruses that includes the following genera: Alphavirus, which includes eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, the rubella virus (Rubivirus), hog cholera virus, related cattle and pig viruses of the genus Pestivirus, and the equine arteritis virus Arterivirus. Virions are 60 to 70 nm in diameter, enveloped, and ether-sensitive; the capsid is of icosahedral symmetry, containing probably 32 capsomeres; genomes contain single-stranded positive sense RNA.
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Any virus of the family Togaviridae. [L. toga, garment covering, + virus]
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1. Cleansing of the obstetrical patient after childbirth or of a wound after an operation preparatory to the application of the dressing. 2. In dentistry, cavity debridement, the final step before placing a restoration in a tooth whereby the cavity is cleaned and all debris is removed. [Fr. toilette]
pulmonary t. cleansing of the trachea and bronchial tree.
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J., French histologist, 1858-1950. See T.'s stain.
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See toco-.
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1-(Hexahydro-1H-azeprin-1-yl)-3-(p-tolylsulfonyl)urea;an oral hypoglycemic agent similar in use to tolbutamide.
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2-Benzyl-2-imidazoline hydrochloride;an adrenergic a-receptor blocking agent used to augment blood flow in peripheral vascular disorders.
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1-Butyl-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea;an orally active hypoglycemic agent used in the management of adult-onset diabetes mellitus; it appears to stimulate the synthesis and release of endogenous insulin from functional islets; available as t. sodium for injection.
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glycyclamide
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Karl, Austrian anatomist, 1840-1920. See T.'s fascia, membrane; white line of T.
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1. The ability to endure or be less responsive to a stimulus, especially over a period of continued exposure. 2. The power of resisting the action of a poison or of taking a drug continuously or in large doses without injurious effects. [L. tolero, pp. -atus, to endure]
acoustic t. the maximum sound pressure level that can be experienced without producing pain or permanent defect of hearing in a normal individual.
cross t. the resistance to one or several effects of a compound as a result of t. developed to a pharmacologically similar compound.
frustration t. the level of an individual's ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response, such as "going to pieces" emotionally.
high dose t. the induction of t. by exposure to high doses of antigen.
immunologic t. lack of immune response to antigen. Theories of t. induction include clonal deletion and clonal anergy. In clonal deletion, the actual clone of cells is eliminated whereas in clonal anergy the cells are present but nonfunctional.immunological t., immunotolerance, nonresponder t;
immunologic high dose t. (im´mu-no-loj´ik) induction of tolerance by exposure to large amounts of protein antigens.
immunological t. immunologic t
impaired glucose t. excessive levels of blood glucose developing after carbohydrate-rich meal or test dosage of glucose (usually 75 grams). Not necessarily diagnostic of diabetes mellitus.
individual t. t. to a drug that the person has never received before.
nonresponder t. immunologic t
pain t. the greatest intensity of painful stimulation that an individual is able to tolerate.
species t. the insensitivity to a particular drug exhibited by a particular species.
split t. immune deviation
vibration t. the maximum vibratory or oscillatory movements that an individual can experience and bear without pain; the limit of t. is a function of amplitude and frequency of the vibration and varies with the direction of application.
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Having the property of tolerance.
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A substance that produces immunological tolerance.
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Producing immunologic tolerance.
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glycyclamide
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1-Methyl-5-p-toluoylpyrrole-2-acetic acid;an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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o-2-Naphthyl m,N-dimethylthiocarbanilate;a topical antifungal agent.
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3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazothionium chloride;the medicinal grade of toluidine blue O, used as an antiheparin compound.
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E., 20th century Spanish neurosurgeon. See T.-Hunt syndrome.
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N,N-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-p-tolylpropylamine;a topical antipruritic agent.
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A colorless liquid obtained by the dry distillation of tolu and other resinous bodies, and also derived from coal tar; its physical and chemical properties resemble those of benzene. Used in explosives and dyes, and in the extraction of various principles from plants.methylbenzene, toluol;
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CH3C6H4COOH; Methylbenzoic acid;an oxidation product of xylene.
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Aminotoluene;one of three isomeric substances, CH3C6H4NH2, derived from toluene.
alkaline t. blue O t. blue O in borax solution, used with heat on semithick sections of epoxy embedded tissues.
t. blue O [C.I. 52040], a blue basic dye, C15H16N3SCl, used as an antibacterial agent, as a nuclear stain, and to stain metachromatically certain structures (e.g., the granules in mast cells which are believed to contain heparin and cartilage matrix which is rich in chondroitin sulfate), and in electrophoresis to stain RNA, RNase, and mucopolysaccharides; it also antagonizes the anticoagulant action of heparin. See also tolonium chloride.
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toluene
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CH3C6H4CO-;the radical of toluic acid.
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neutral red
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CH3C6H4-;the univalent radical of toluene.
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See under sign.
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1. A cutting instrument, the first element in the compound usually indicating the part that the instrument is designed to cut. 2. Segment, part, section. 3. Tomography. 4. Surgery. [G. tomos, cutting, sharp; a cutting (section or segment)]
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The numerous small blood vessels passing between the cerebral surface of the pia mater and the cortex of the brain. [L. a stuffing for cushions]
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Sir Charles S., English dentist, 1846-1928. See T.'s processes, under process.
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Sir John, English dentist and anatomist, 1815-1895. See T.'s fibers, under fiber, granular layer.
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Salvatore, Italian physician, 1834-1906. See T.'s disease.
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A radiograph obtained by tomography. [G. tomos, a cutting (section) + gramma, a writing]
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The radiographic equipment used in tomography. [G. tomos, a cutting (section), + grapho, to write]
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Making a radiographic image of a selected plane by means of reciprocal linear or curved motion of the x-ray tube and film cassette; images of all other planes are blurred ("out of focus") by being relatively displaced on the film.conventional t., planigraphy, planography, sectional radiography, stratigraphy;
computed t. (CT) imaging anatomical information from a cross-sectional plane of the body, each image generated by a computer synthesis of x-ray transmission data obtained in many different directions in a given plane.computerized axial t; Developed in 1967 by British electronics engineer Godfrey Hounsfield, CT has revolutionized diagnostic medicine. Hounsfield linked x-ray sensors to a computer and worked out a mathematical technique called algebraic reconstruction for assembling images from transmission data. In 1973, the Mayo Clinic began operating the first machine in the U.S. Early machines yielded digital images with at least 100 times the clarity of normal x-rays. Subsequently, the speed and accuracy of machines has improved many times over. CT scans reveal both bone and soft tissues, including organs, muscles, and tumors. Image tones can be adjusted to highlight tissues of similar density, and, through graphics software, the data from multiple cross-sections can be assembled into 3-D images. CT aids diagnosis and surgery or other treatment, including radiation therapy, in which effective dosage is highly dependent on the precise density, size, and location of a tumor.
computerized axial t. (CAT) computed t
conventional t. tomography
dynamic computed t. computed t. with rapid injection of contrast medium, usually with sequential scans at only one or a few levels; used to enhance the vascular compartment.dynamic CT;
helical computed t. spiral computed t
high resolution computed t. (HRCT) computed t. with narrow collimation to reduce volume-averaging and an edge-enhancing reconstruction algorithm to sharpen the image, sometimes with a restricted field of view to minimize the size of pixels in the region imaged; used particularly for lung imaging.
hypocycloidal t. body section radiography using a complex film and tube motion with a pattern resembling a three-leaf clover.
nuclear magnetic resonance t. magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission t. (PET) tomographic images formed by computer analysis of photons detected from annihilation of positrons emitted by radionucldes incorporated into biochemical substances; the images, often quantitated with a color scale, show the uptake and distribution of the substances in the tissue, permitting analysis and localization of metabolic and physiological function.Because the half-lives of the radionuclides are so short (20 minutes to 2 hours), and the equipment expensive, PET is rarely used in a clinical setting. But since its development in the mid-1970s, it has proved the most important tool yet devised for experimental investigation of the living brain, whether healthy, traumatized, or diseased. With CT and MRI, it represents a new generation of computer imaging techniques that have revolutionized medicine and physiology.
single photon emission computed t. (SPECT) tomographic imaging of metabolic and physiological functions in tissues, the image being formed by computer synthesis of photons of a single energy emitted by radionuclides administered in suitable form to the patient.
spiral computed t. computed t. in which the x-ray tube continuously revolves around the patient, who is simultaneously moved longitudinally; computer interpolation allows reconstruction of standard transverse scans or images in any preferred plane.helical computed t., helical CT, spiral CT;
trispiral t. hypocycloidal t. that allows a much thinner and more uniform plane of focus; used especially for inner ear t.
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Obsolete term for the level at which tomography is performed.
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An irrational desire to use operative procedures by a doctor or a patient. [G. tomos, cutting, + mania, frenzy]
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A cutting operation. See also -ectomy. [G. tome, incision]
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Loss, through cerebral lesion, of the ability to remember tunes. [G. tonos, tone, + a- priv. + phasis, speech]
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1. A musical sound. 2. The character of the voice expressing an emotion. 3. The tension present in resting muscles. 4. Firmness of the tissues; normal functioning of all the organs. 5. To perform toning. [G. tonos, tone, or a tone]
affective t. , emotional t. feeling t
feeling t. the mental state (pleasure, repugnance, etc.) that accompanies every act or thought.affective t., emotional t., affectivity;
fundamental t. the component of lowest frequency in a complex t.
heart t.'s heart sounds, under sound
Traube's double t. a double sound heard on auscultation over the femoral vessels in cases of aortic and tricuspid insufficiency.
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A solution used in toning.
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1. A mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane, occupying the cavity of the mouth and forming part of its floor, constituting also by its posterior portion the anterior wall of the pharnyx. It bears the organ of taste and assists in mastication, deglutition, and articulation.lingua (1) [NA], glossa; 2. A tongue-like structure.lingua (2) [NA]; [A.S. tunge]
baked t. the dry blackish t. noted when patients with typhoid fever or other disorders are allowed to become dehydrated.
bald t. atrophic glossitis
beet-t. sometimes used of the t. in pellagra, where intense erythema appears, first at the tip, then along the edges, and finally over the dorsum; there may be pain and increased elevation; the shiny appearance results from edema, not atrophy, except in chronic pellagra.
bifid t. a structural defect of the t. in which the extremity is divided longitudinally for a greater or lesser distance. See diglossia.cleft t;
black t. black to yellowish brown discoloration of the dorsum of the t. due to staining by exogenous material such as the components of tobacco; usually superimposed on hairy t. 2. in canines, a disorder associated with a deficency of nicotinic acid.lingua nigra, melanoglossia, nigrities linguae;
t. of cerebellum lingula of cerebellum
cleft t. bifid t
coated t. a t. with a whitish layer on its upper surface, composed of epithelial debris, food particles, and bacteria; often an indication of indigestion or of fever.furred t;
dotted t. one in which each separate papilla is capped with a whitish deposit.stippled t;
fissured t. a painless condition of the t. characterized by numerous grooves or furrows on the dorsal surface.grooved t., lingua fissurata, lingua plicata, scrotal t;
furred t. coated t
geographic t. idiopathic, asymptomatic erythematous circinate macules, often bounded peripherally by a white band, as a result of atrophy of the filiform papillae; with time the lesions resolve, coalesce, and change in distribution; frequently associated with fissured t.'s.benign migratory glossitis, erythema migrans, erythema migrans linguae, glossitis areata exfoliativa, lingua dissecta, lingua geographica, pityriasis linguae;
grooved t. fissured t
hairy t. a t. with abnormal elongation of the filiform papillae, resulting in a thickened furry appearance.glossotrichia, trichoglossia;
hobnail t. interstitial glossitis with hypertrophy and verrucous changes in papillae; seen in some cases of late acquired syphilis.
magenta t. purplish red coloration of the t., with edema and flattening of the filiform papillae, occurring in riboflavin deficiency. Cf. cyanosis.
mandibular t. lingula of mandible
raspberry t. strawberry t. that is a dark red color.
red strawberry t. clinical manifestation of Kawasaki's disease.
scrotal t. fissured t
smoker's t. obsolete term for leukoplakia.
stippled t. dotted t
strawberry t. a t. with a whitish coat through which the enlarged fungiform papillae project as red points, characteristic of scarlet fever and of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
wooden t. of cattle actinobacillosis
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An appliance used to control visceral (infantile) swallowing and tongue thrusting and to encourage the mature or somatic tongue posture and function.
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A slipping back of the tongue against the pharynx, causing choking.
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The infantile pattern of the suckle-swallow movement in which the tongue is placed between the incisor teeth or the alveolar ridges during the initial stage of swallowing, resulting sometimes in an anterior open bite.
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ankyloglossia
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1. In a state of continuous unremitting action; denoting especially a muscular contraction. 2. Invigorating; increasing physical or mental tone or strength. 3. A remedy purported to restore enfeebled function and promote vigor and a sense of well being; qualified, according to the organ or system on which they are presumed to act, as cardiac, digestive, hematic, vascular, nervine, uterine, general, etc. [G. tonikos, fr. tonos, tone]
bitter t. a t. of bitter taste, such as quinine, gentian, quassia, etc., which acts chiefly by stimulating the appetite and improving digestion.
tonic t. sustained contractures of skeletal muscle as occur during convulsions.
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1. A state of normal tension of the tissues by virtue of which the parts are kept in shape, alert, and ready to function in response to a suitable stimulus. In the case of muscle, it refers to a state of continuous activity or tension beyond that related to the physical properties; i.e., it is active resistance to stretch; in skeletal muscle it is dependent upon the efferent innervation.tonus; 2. The osmotic pressure or tension of a solution, usually relative to that of blood. See also isotonicity. [G. tonos, tone]
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Both tonic and clonic, referring to muscular spasms.tonoclonic;
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An enzyme converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thus similar to or identical with angiotensin-converting enzyme.
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The replacing of a silver deposit with one of gold in an impregnated histologic section, by treatment with a solution of gold chloride.
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brontophobia [L. tonitrus, thunder, + G. phobos, fear]
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Tone, tension, pressure. [G. tonos]
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tonicoclonic
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One of a system of fibers found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. See cytoskeleton.epitheliofibril, tenofibril;
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A structural cytoplasmic protein, of a class known as intermediate filaments, bundles of which together form a tonofibril; a t. is made up of a variable number or related proteins, keratins, and is found in all epithelial cells, but is particularly well developed in the epidermis.
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A recording tonometer. [tono- + G. grapho, to write]
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Continuous measurement of intraocular pressure by means of a recording tonometer, in order to determine the facility of aqueous outflow.
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1. An instrument for determining pressure or tension, especially an instrument for determining ocular tension. 2. A vessel for equilibrating a liquid (e.g., blood) with a gas, usually at a controlled temperature; originally so named because it was used with a very small gas/blood ratio to allow the gas to approach blood oxygen tension and thus serve as a measure of it; now commonly used with a very large gas/blood ratio to adjust the blood to the oxygen pressure of the gas.aerotonometer (2); [tono- + G. metron, measure]
applanation t. an instrument for determining ocular tension by application of a small flat disk to the cornea.
Gärtner's t. an apparatus for estimating the blood pressure by noting the force, expressed by the height of a column of mercury, needed to arrest pulsation in a finger encircled by a compressing ring.
Goldmann's applanation t. an applanation t. that flattens only 3 sq mm of cornea, used with a slitlamp.
Mackay-Marg t. a recording electronic applanation t.
Mueller electronic t. a Schiötz type t. that electronically indicates the extent of corneal indentation; may also have an attached recorder for continuous pressure readings (tonography).
pneumatic t. a recording applanation t. operated by compressed gas.
Schiötz t. an instrument that measures ocular tension by indicating the ease with which the cornea is indented.
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1. Measurement of the tension of a part, e.g., intravascular tension or blood pressure. 2. Measurement of ocular tension.
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An instrument for visualizing sound waves. [tono- + G. phaino, to appear]
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An intracellular structure or vacuole. [tono- + G. plastos, formed]
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An instrument that produces graphic records of arterial and capillary pressures as well as of individual pulse characters. [tono- + L. oscillo, to swing, + G. grapho, to write]
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Denoting a spatial arrangement of structures such that certain tone frequencies are transmitted, as in the auditory pathway. [tono- + G. topos, place]
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Denoting the shortening of the resting length of a muscle. [G. tonikos, tonos, tone, + tropos, a turning]
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1. Any collection of lymphoid tissue. 2. palatine t [L. tonsilla, a stake, in pl. the tonsils]
cerebellar t. a rounded lobule on the undersurface of each cerebellar hemisphere, continuous medially with the uvula of the cerebellar vermis.tonsilla cerebelli [NA], amygdala cerebelli;
eustachian t. tubal t
faucial t. palatine t
Gerlach's t. tubal t
laryngeal t.'s folliculi lymphatici laryngei, under folliculus
lingual t. a collection of lymphoid follicles on the posterior or pharyngeal portion of the dorsum of the tongue.tonsilla lingualis [NA];
Luschka's t. pharyngeal t
palatine t. a large oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the oral pharynx on either side between the pillars of the fauces.tonsilla palatina [NA], tonsilla [NA], faucial t., tonsil (2);
pharyngeal t. a collection of more or less closely aggregated lymphoid nodules on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx, the hypertrophy of which constitutes the morbid condition called adenoids.tonsilla pharyngealis [NA], tonsilla adenoidea [NA], Luschka's gland (1), Luschka's t., third t;
submerged t. a faucial t. that is flat and lying below the level of the pillars of the fauces.
third t. pharyngeal t
tubal t. a collection of lymphoid nodules near the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube.tonsilla tubaria [NA], eustachian t., Gerlach's t;
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palatine tonsil [L. (see tonsil)]
t. adenoi´dea [NA] * official alternate term for pharyngeal tonsil
t. cerebel´li [NA] cerebellar tonsil
t. intestina´lis See Peyer's patches, under patch.
t. lingua´lis [NA] lingual tonsil
t. palati´na [NA] palatine tonsil
t. pharyngea´lis [NA] pharyngeal tonsil
t. tuba´ria [NA] tubal tonsil
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Relating to a tonsil, especially the palatine tonsil.amygdaline (3);
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Removal of the entire tonsil. [tonsil + G. ektome, excision]
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tonsillolith
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Inflammation of a tonsil, especially of the palatine tonsil. [tonsil + G. -itis, inflammation]
lacunar t. inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the tonsillar crypts.
Vincent's t. angina limited chiefly to the tonsils, caused by Vincent's organisms (bacillus and spirillum).
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Tonsil. [L. tonsilla]
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A calcareous concretion in a distended tonsillar crypt.tonsillar calculus, tonsillith; [tonsillo- + G. lithos, stone]
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Disease of the tonsil. [tonsillo- + G. pathos, suffering]
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An instrument, sometimes modelled after a guillotine, for use in cutting away a portion or all of a hypertrophied tonsil. [tonsillo- + G. tomos, cutting]
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The cutting away of a portion or all of a hypertrophied faucial tonsil. [tonsillo- + G. tome, incision]
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tonicity (1) [L., fr. G. tonos]
baseline t. intrauterine pressure between contractions during labor.
myogenic t. contraction of a muscle caused by intrinsic properties of the muscle or by its intrinsic innervation.
neurogenic t. contraction of a muscle caused by the influence of its extrinsic nerve supply.
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Howard H., English physician, 1856-1925. Tooth, pl. teeth. See Charcot-Marie-T. disease.dens (1) [NA];
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One of the hard conical structures set in the alveoli of the upper and lower jaws, used in mastication and assisting in articulation. A t. is a dermal structure composed of dentin and encased in cementum on the anatomic root and enamel on its anatomic crown. It consists of a root buried in the alveolus, a neck covered by the gum, and a crown, the exposed portion. In the center is the pulp cavity filled with a connective tissue reticulum containing a jelly-like substance (dental pulp) and blood vessels and nerves that enter through a canal at the apex of the root. The 20 deciduous teeth or primary teeth appear between the sixth and ninth and the 24th month of life; these exfoliate and are replaced by the 32 permanent teeth appearing between the fifth and seventh year and the 17th to 23rd year. There are four kinds of teeth: incisor, canine, premolar, and molar. [A.S. toth]
acrylic resin t. a t. made of acrylic resin.
anatomic teeth artificial teeth that duplicate the anatomic forms of natural teeth.
ankylosed t. See dental ankylosis.
anterior teeth the central incisor, lateral incisor, and cuspid teeth, which comprise the organs for incision and are located in the front portion of the jaws.oral teeth;
t. arrangement 1. The placement of teeth on a denture base with definite objectives in mind. 2. The setting of teeth on temporary bases.
auditory teeth tooth-shaped formations or ridges occurring on the vestibular lip of the limbus lamina spiralis of the cochlear duct.dentes acustici [NA], Corti's auditory teeth, Huschke's auditory teeth;
baby t. deciduous t
back teeth all teeth posterior to the canines.
bicuspid t. premolar t
buck t. an anterior t. in labioversion.
canine t. a t. having a crown of thick conical shape and a long, slightly flattened conical root; there are two canine teeth in each jaw, one on either side adjacent to the distal surface of the lateral incisors, in both the deciduous and the permanent dentition.dens caninus [NA], canine (3), cuspid t., cuspidate t., cuspid (2), dens angularis, dens cuspidatus, eye t;
carnassial t. 1. a t. adapted to shear flesh; 2. the last upper premolar or first lower molar t. of certain carnivores.
cheek t. molar t
Corti's auditory teeth auditory teeth
crossbite teeth posterior teeth designed to permit the modified cusps of the upper teeth to be positioned in the fossae of the lower teeth.
cuspid t. , cuspidate t. canine t
cuspless t. 1. a t. devoid of cusp formation; 2. severe abrasion of an occlusal surface; 3. a type of artificial denture t.
cutting teeth the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth.
dead t. a misnomer for pulpless t.
deciduous t. a t. of the first set of teeth, comprising 20 in all, that erupts between the mean ages of 6 and 28 months of life.dens deciduus [NA], baby t., deciduous dentition, dens lacteus, first dentition, milk t., primary dentition, primary t., temporary t;
devitalized t. a misnomer for a pulpless t.
extruded teeth See extrusion of a tooth.
eye t. canine t
fluoridated teeth teeth exposed to fluorine salts during odontogenesis.
fused teeth teeth joined by dentin as a result of embryological fusion or juxtaposition of two adjacent tooth germs.
geminated teeth a developmental anomaly arising from the attempted division of one t. bud, resulting in incomplete formation of two teeth and usually manifest as a bifid crown upon a single root.
ghost t. a t. with reduced radiodensity seen in regional odontodysplasia.
green t. green to brown discoloration of the primary teeth associated with erythroblastosis fetalis and caused by deposition of hemoglobin pigments in the developing teeth.
Horner's teeth incisor teeth having a horizontal hypoplastic groove.
Huschke's auditory teeth auditory teeth
Hutchinson's teeth the teeth of congenital syphilis in which the incisal edge is notched and narrower than the cervical area. See also Hutchinson's crescentic notch.notched teeth, screwdriver teeth, syphilitic teeth;
impacted t. 1. a t. whose normal eruption is prevented by adjacent teeth or bone; 2. a t. that has been driven into the alveolar process or surrounding tissue as a result of trauma.
incisor t. a t. with a chisel-shaped crown and a single conical tapering root; there are four of these teeth in the anterior part of each jaw, in both the deciduous and the permanent dentitions.dens incisivus [NA];
metal insert teeth prosthetic teeth containing metal cutting surfaces in the occlusal surfaces.
migrating teeth teeth which are changing position under natural forces.
milk t. deciduous t
molar t. a t. having a somewhat quadrangular crown with four or five cusps on the grinding surface; the root is bifid in the lower jaw, but there are three conical roots in the upper jaw; there are six molars in each jaw, three on either side behind the premolars in the permanent dentition; in the deciduous dentition there are but four molars in each jaw, two on either side behind the canines.dens molaris [NA], cheek t., molar (2), multicuspid t;
mottled t. See mottled enamel.
multicuspid t. molar t
natal t. a predeciduous supernumerary t. present at birth.
neonatal t. a t. erupting up to 30 days after birth.
nonanatomic teeth 1. teeth with occlusal surfaces not based on anatomic forms; 2. artificial teeth so designed that the occlusal surfaces are not copied from natural forms, but rather are given forms which in the opinion of the designer seem more nearly to fulfill the requirements of mastication, tissue tolerance, etc.
nonvital t. a t. with a nonvital pulp.
normally posed t. a t. in correct spatial relationship with its antagonist.
notched teeth Hutchinson's teeth
oral teeth anterior teeth
pegged t. a conical t. whose sides converge from the cervical to the incisal region.
permanent t. one of the 32 teeth belonging to the second or permanent dentition; eruption of the permanent teeth begins from the fifth to the seventh year, and is not completed until the seventeenth to the twenty-third year, when the last of the wisdom teeth appears.dens permanens [NA], dens succedaneus, second t., secondary dentition, succedaneous dentition, succedaneous t;
perpetually growing t. a physiologic phenomenon whereby the t. continually or constantly grows, calcifies, and erupts; e.g., the rat incisor t.persistently growing t;
persistently growing t. perpetually growing t
plastic teeth artificial teeth constructed of synthetic resins.
posterior teeth the bicuspid and molar teeth which comprise the organs of mastication and are located in the back part of the jaws.
premolar t. a t. usually having two tubercles or cusps on the grinding surface and a flattened root, single in the lower jaw and upper second premolar, and furrowed in the upper first premolar. There are four premolars in each jaw, two on either side between the canine and the molars; there are no premolars in the deciduous dentition.dens premolaris [NA], bicuspid t., dens bicuspidus;
primary t. deciduous t
protruding teeth teeth extending beyond the normal contour of the dental arches; usually in an anterior direction.
pulpless t. a t. with a nonvital or necrotic pulp, or one from which the pulp has been extirpated.
sclerotic teeth teeth that are naturally hard and resistant to caries.
screwdriver teeth Hutchinson's teeth
second t. permanent t
spaced teeth teeth which have separated and lost proximal contact with adjacent teeth.
stomach t. one of the lower canine teeth.
succedaneous t. permanent t
syphilitic teeth Hutchinson's teeth
temporary t. deciduous t
triangularity of the teeth a well-marked indication of advancing age in the horse, shown by increasing depth from front to rear in the occlusal surfaces of the incisor teeth; at nine years, when the marks fail, this sign is of use in determining the age of the animal.
tricuspid t. a t. having a crown with three cusps.
tube teeth artificial teeth constructed with a vertical, cylindric aperture extending from the center of the base up into the body of the t. into which a pin may be placed or cast for the attachment of the t. to a denture base.
Turner's t. enamel hypoplasia involving a solitary permanent t.; related to infection in the primary t. that preceded it or to trauma during odontogenesis.
unerupted t. 1. a t. prior to emergence; 2. a t. unable to break out or emerge from the dental alveolar tissues into the oral cavity.
vital t. a t. with a living pulp.
wisdom t. third molar
wolf t. a rudimentary first premolar t. of the horse, usually appearing in the upper jaw.
zero degree teeth prosthetic teeth having no cusp angles in relation to the horizontal.
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Pain in a tooth due to the condition of the pulp or periodontal ligament resulting from caries, infection, or trauma.dentalgia, odontalgia, odontodynia;
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A term used to describe a prosthesis or part of a prosthesis which depends entirely upon the abutment teeth for support.
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See topo-.
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Inability to localize tactile sensations.topoanesthesia; [top- + G. a- priv. + gnosis, recognition]
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Pain localized in one spot; a symptom occurring in neuroses whereby localized pain, without evident organic basis, is experienced. [top- + G. algos, pain]
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The ability to localize a light touch applied to any part of the skin. [top- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
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Alfred E., German physician, *1858. See T.'s test.
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Sandy; gritty; pertaining to or manifesting the features of a tophus. [L. tophaceus]
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Plural of tophus.
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1. See gouty t. 2. A salivary calculus, or tartar. [L. a calcareous deposit from springs, tufa]
gouty t. a deposit of uric acid and urates in periarticular fibrous tissue, cartilage of the external ear, or kidney, in gout.arthritic calculus, uratoma;
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Remedies for local external use. [neut. pl. of Mod. L. topicus, local]
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Relating to a definite place or locality; local. [G. topikos, fr. topos, place]
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Paul, French anthropologist, 1830-1912. See T.'s facial angle, line.
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Denoting an anatomically defined region in the nervous system. [G. topos, place]
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Place, topical. [G. topos]
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topagnosis [topo- + anesthesia]
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Recognition of the location of a sensation; in the case of touch, topesthesia. [topo- + G. gnosis, knowledge]
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A movable fixation target attached to the front of a keratometer, used in fitting contact lenses to measure the curvatures of the cornea in its peripheral zones. [topo- + G. gonia, angle, + metron, measure]
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In anatomy, the description of any part of the body, especially in relation to a definite and limited area of the surface. [topo- + G. graphe, a writing]
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A type of enzyme converting (isomerizing) one topological version of DNA into another; acts by catalyzing the breakage and reformation of DNA phosphodiester linkages. [topo- + isomerase]
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Alfred, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1861-1960. See T.'s sign.
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1. regional anatomy 2. The study of the dimensions of personality. [topo- + G. logos, study]
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A localized cutaneous anesthesia. [topo- + narcosis]
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A regional term; one designating a region as distinguished from the name of a structure, system, or organ. [topo- + G. onyma, name]
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Topical or regional nomenclature, as distinguished from organonymy. [topo- + G. onyma, name]
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Topography of lesions related to their pathogenesis. [topo- + pathogenesis]
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A neurotic dread of or related to a particular place or locality. [topo- + G. phobos, fear]
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Prevention of arsphenamine shock by a tourniquet applied to the limb above the site of injection and its slow release five or six minutes later. [topo- + G. phylaxis, protection]
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An apparatus to project the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex as a spatial coordinate visual system. [topo- + G. skopeo, to view]
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A device for determining the temperature sense in different parts of the surface. [topo- + G. therme, heat, + aisthesis, sensation, + metron, measure]
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Acronym for toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalorvirus infection, and herpes simplex. See TORCH syndrome.
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Archaic term for confluence of sinuses. [L. wine-press of Herophilus, fr. torqueo, to twist]
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Franz J.A., U.S. surgeon, 1861-1938. See T. operation.
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Relating to, or having the curvature of, a torus.
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Arne, 20th century Norwegian neurosurgeon. See T. shunt.
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Gustavus Ludwig, German physician, 1843-1910. See T.'s abscess, cyst, disease, syndrome.
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Bulging; knobby. [L. torosus, fleshy, fr. torus, a knot, bulge]
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1. torpid 2. A benumbing agent. [L. torpeo, pres. p. -ens, to be sluggish]
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Inactive; sluggish.torpent (1); [L. torpidus, fr. torpeo, to be sluggish]
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torpor
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Inactivity, sluggishness.torpidity; [L. sluggishness, numbness]
t. ret´inae an obsolete term for a form of nyctalopia, the retina responding only to bright luminous stimuli.
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1. A rotatory force. 2. In dentistry, a torsion force applied to a tooth to produce or maintain crown or root movement. [L. torqueo, to twist]
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A unit of pressure sufficient to support a 1-mm column of mercury at 0°C against the standard acceleration of gravity at 45° north latitude (980.621 cm/sec2); equivalent to 1333.224 dynes/cm2, 1.333224 millibars, 1.35951 cm H2O, 133.3224 newtons/m2 (or Pa); one standard atmosphere equals 760 t. [Evangelista Torricelli,]
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Douglas P., U.S. dermatologist, *1919. See T.'s syndrome; Muir-Torre syndrome.
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Parching or drying by heat; a pharmaceutical operation for rendering drugs friable. [L. torre-facio, pp. -factus, to make dry by heat, fr. torreo, to parch]
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To parch.
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Evangelista, Italian scientist, 1608-1647. See torr.
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"Twisting of the points" a form of ventricular tachycardia nearly always due to medications and characterized by a long QT interval and a "short-long-short" sequence in the beat preceding its onset. The QRS complexes during this rhythm tend to show a series of complexes points up followed by complexes points down often with a narrow waist between. At one time referred to as "cardiac ballet". [Fr. torsade, fringe, twist, or coil, + pointe, point or tip (euphonious for "wave burst")]
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An obsolete term for an instrument for measuring ocular torsion, cycloductions, and cyclophorias.
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1. A twisting or rotation of a part upon its long axis. 2. Twisting of the cut end of an artery to arrest hemorrhage. 3. Rotation of the eye around its anteroposterior axis. See also intorsion, extorsion, dextrotorsion, levotorsion. [L. torsio, fr. torqueo, to twist]
t. of appendage t. of testis or epididymis
extravaginal t. high t. above insertion of tunica vaginalis.
intravaginal t. t. below insertion of tunica vaginalis. See bell clapper deformity.
perinatal t. tends to be extravaginal type.
t. of testis rotation producing ischemia of testis.
t. testis spermatic cord
t. of a tooth rotation of a tooth in its socket.
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A device for measuring the degree of rotation of the spinal column.
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A malposition of a tooth in which it is rotated on its long axis.torsive occlusion, torsoclusion (2);
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The trunk; the body without relation to head or extremities. [It.]
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1. Acupressure performed by entering the needle in the tissues parallel with the artery, then turning it so that it crosses the artery transversely, and passing it into the tissues on the opposite side of the vessel. 2. torsiversion [L. torqueo, to twist, + claudo or cludo, to close]
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Relating to or marked by torticollis.
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A contraction, often spasmodic, of the muscles of the neck, chiefly those supplied by the spinal accessory nerve; the head is drawn to one side and usually rotated so that the chin points to the other side.accessory cramp, collum distortum, loxia, wry neck, wryneck; [L. tortus, twisted, + collum, neck]
congenital t. t. due to a unilateral fibrous tumor in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, present at birth as a swelling that may subside or may lead to t. by shortening of the muscle.
dermatogenic t. painful stiff neck with limitation of motion due to extensive skin lesion in the area.
dystonic t. spasmodic t
fixed t. persistent contracture of cervical muscles on one side.
hysterical t. t. believed to be psychosomatic in etiology. See hysteria.
intermittent t. t. spastica
labyrinthine t. t. due to vestibular disorder.
ocular t. t. incident to paralysis of an extraocular muscle, especially an oblique muscle.
psychogenic t. spasmodic contractions of the neck muscles, of psychosomatic origin. See also spasmodic t.
rheumatic t. symptomatic t
spasmodic t. a disorder of unknown cause, manifested as a restricted dystonia, localized to some of the neck muscles, especially the sternomastoid and trapezius; occurs in adults and tends to progress slowly; the head movements increase with standing and walking and decrease with contractual stimuli, e.g., touching the chin or neck.dystonic t., rotatory spasm, rotatory tic;
t. spas´tica stiff neck due to spasm of the neck muscles.intermittent t;
spurious t. stiffness of the neck due to caries, malformation, or fracture of the cervical vertebrae.
symptomatic t. stiff neck due to cervical or neck myositis, chiefly of the sternocleidomastoid, occurring especially in children.rheumatic t;
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Twisted pelvis.
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Having many curves; full of turns and twists. [L. tortuosus, fr. torqueo, to twist]
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cryptococcoma [fr. Torula, old name for Cryptococcus, + G. -oma, tumor]
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A genus of yeasts with smaller blastoconidia (2 to 4 nm) with a wide attachment to the parent cell; the species T. glabrata is the causative agent of torulopsosis, usually in compromised hosts.
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An usually opportunistic infection caused by Torulopsis glabrata and seen in patients with severe underlying disease or in immunocompromised patients; the pattern of disease may be bronchopulmonary, genitourinary, or septicemic.
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A minute elevation or papilla. [L. dim. of torus, a protuberance, swelling]
tor´uli tact´iles [NA] tactile elevations, under elevation
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1. A geometrical figure formed by the revolution of a circle round the base of any of its arcs, such as the convex molding at the base of a pillar. 2. [NA] A rounded swelling, such as that caused by a contracting muscle. [L. swelling, knot, bulge]
t. fronta´lis a slight prominence on the frontal bone at the root of the nose.
t. levator´ius [NA] levator cushion
mandibular t. , t. mandibula´ris an exostosis protruding from the lingual aspect of the mandible, usually opposite the premolar teeth.
t. ma´nus archaic term for the carpal bones.
t. occipita´lis an occasional ridge near the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
palatine t. , t. palati´nus an exostosis protruding from the midline of the hard palate.
t. tuba´rius [NA] a ridge in the naso-pharyngeal wall posterior to the opening of the auditory (eustachian) tube, caused by the projection of the cartilaginous portion of this tube.eustachian cushion, tubal prominence;
t. ureter´icus interureteric fold
t. uteri´nus a transverse ridge on the back part of the cervix of the uterus, formed by the junction of the rectouterine folds.
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Abbreviation for thoracic outlet syndrome.
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Toluenesulfonyl radical, widely used to block amino groups in the course of organic syntheses of drugs and other biologically active compounds.
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USAN-approved contraction for p-toluenesulfonate.
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An object (usually an animal or plant) serving as the emblem of a family or clan and often as a reminder of its ancestry; something that serves as a revered symbol. [Amer. Indian]
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Belief in a kinship with, or a mystical relationship between, a group or individual and a totem.
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Relating to totemism.
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The ability of a cell to differentiate into any type of cell and thus form a new organism or regenerate any part of an organism; e.g., a fertilized ovum, or a small excised portion of a Planaria, which is capable of regenerating a complete new organism. [L. totus, entire, + potentia, power]
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Relating to totipotency.
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1. The sense by which slight contact with the skin or mucous membrane is appreciated.tactile sense; 2. Digital examination. [Fr. toucher]
royal t. a touching of a patient by the king, which was thought to be curative; usually applied to patients with scrofula, but also done with patients with enlarged lymph glands (buboes) of plague.
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Albert, French dermatologist, 1883-1961. See Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome.
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See Gilles de la Tourette.
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Auguste, French ophthalmologist, 1878-1969. See T. sign.
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An instrument for temporarily arresting the flow of blood to or from a distal part by pressure applied with an encircling device. [Fr. fr. tourner, to turn]
Dupuytren's t. an instrument for compression on the abdominal aorta.
Esmarch t. a narrow hard rubber t. with a chain fastener.Esmarch bandage;
Rummel t. a t. fashioned by passing an umbilical tape around a vessel and bringing both ends through a short red rubber catheter. The t. can be tightened and secured with a perpendicularly placed hemostat at the end of the catheter farthest from the vessel.
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Kaspar, Prussian anatomist, 1802-1865. See T.'s membrane, sinus.
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Karl, German dermatologist, *1858. See T. giant cell.
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Ralph M., U.S. anesthesiologist, 1901-1967. See T. tube.
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E.B., U.S. otolaryngologist, 1883-1957. See T. projection, projection radiograph, view.
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See toxico-.
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Phytotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis.
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Anemia resulting from the effects of a hemolytic poison. [G. toxikon, poison, + anemia]
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A chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide.
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An ascarid nematode of the dog that differs from Toxocara in that the larvae do not migrate through the lungs; the entire developmental cycle occurs in the gut. This parasite has been found in humans in a few instances and is a cause of visceral larva migrans in children, though less frequently implicated than is Toxocara canis. [G. toxon, bow, + Ascaris]
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1. Clinical manifestations observed during certain infectious diseases, assumed to be caused by toxins and other noxious substances elaborated by the infectious agent; in certain infections by Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins probably play a role when the bacterial cell wall breaks down, releasing the complex lipopolysaccharide; however, the role of other bacterial substances is unclear, except in the case of the specific exotoxins such as those of diphtheria and tetanus. 2. The clinical syndrome caused by toxic substances in the blood. 3. A lay term referring to the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.toxicemia; [G. toxikon, poison, + haima, blood]
pregnancy t. of sheep a disease of preparturient ewes characterized primarily by impaired nervous function; the primary predisposing cause is undernutrition in late pregnancy.ovine acetonemia;
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Pertaining to, affected by, or manifesting the features of toxemia.
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See toxico-.
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1. poisonous 2. Pertaining to a toxin. [G. toxikon, an arrow-poison]
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1. poisonous 2. Any poisonous agent, specifically an alcoholic or other poison, causing symptoms of what is popularly called intoxication.
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toxemia
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The state of being poisonous.
oxygen t. a body disturbance resulting from breathing high partial pressures of oxygen; characterized by visual and hearing abnormalities, unusual fatigue while breathing, muscular twitching, anxiety, confusion, incoordination, and convulsions; although the mechanism for development of the condition is obscure, a disruption of enzymatic activity is likely, perhaps as a result of free radical formation.oxygen poisoning;
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Poison, toxin. [G. toxikon, bow, hence (arrow) poison]
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A genus of poisonous plants (family Anacardiaceae) comprising those members of the genus Rhus with smooth fruits and foliage that contain urushiol, which produces a contact dermatitis (rhus dermatitis); species include poison ivy (T. radicans), poison oak (T. diversilobum), and poison sumac (T. vernix) [toxico- + G. dendron, tree]
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Any skin disease caused by a poison or by a toxin-producing microorganism.toxicodermatosis; [toxico- + G. derma, skin]
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Inflammation of the skin caused by the action of a poison.
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toxicoderma
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1. Producing a poison. 2. Caused by a poison. [toxico- + G. -gen, producing]
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Having an action like that of a poison; temporarily poisonous. [toxico- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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Relating to toxicology.
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A specialist or expert in toxicology.
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The science of poisons, including their source, chemical composition, action, tests, and antidotes. [toxico- + G. logos, study]
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Denoting any morbid state caused by the action of a poison.
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Morbid fear of being poisoned.toxiphobia; [toxico- + G. phobos, fear]
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Any disease of toxic origin.systemic poisoning; [toxico- + G. -osis, condition]
endogenic t. autointoxication
exogenic t. any disease caused by a poison introduced from without and not generated within the body.
slaframine t. a disease of horses and cattle caused by ingestion of forages infected with the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola, which produces the toxic alkaloid slaframine, and characterized by profuse salivation. See also slaframine.
thyroid t. triiodothyronine t
triiodothyronine t. , T3 t. hyperthyroidism resulting from excessive circulating 3,5,3´-triiodothyronine.thyroid t;
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The most potent group of the curare alkaloids; the principle source is Strychnos toxifera.
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poisonous [toxi- + L. fero, to bear]
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toxinogenic
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toxinogenicity
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maleic acid
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A noxious or poisonous substance that is formed or elaborated either as an integral part of the cell or tissue, as an extracellular product (exotoxin), or as a combination of the two, during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species. [G. toxikon, poison]
animal t. zootoxin
anthrax t. a culture filtrate of Bacillus anthracis containing an exotoxin with at least three different antigenically distinct components: edema factor, lethal factor, and protective antigen.Bacillus anthracis t;
Bacillus anthracis t. anthrax t
bacterial t. any intracellular or extracellular t. formed in or elaborated by bacterial cells.
bee t. the t. delivered by a bee sting; contains three active principles: biogenic amines, active peptides, and certain hydrolytic enzymes.
botulinus t. a potent neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum.botulin, botulismotoxin;
cholera t. See Vibrio cholerae.
cobra t. cobrotoxin
Crotalus t. the t. of rattlesnake.
diagnostic diphtheria t. Schick test t
Dick test t. streptococcus erythrogenic t
dinoflagellate t. a potent neurotoxin that is thought to act similarly to botulinus t. by impairing the synthesis or the release of acetylcholine.
diphtheria t. See Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
erythrogenic t. streptococcus erythrogenic t
extracellular t. exotoxin
intracellular t. endotoxin
normal t. a t. solution holding exactly 100 lethal doses in 1 ml.
plant t. phytotoxin
scarlet fever erythrogenic t. streptococcus erythrogenic t
Schick test t. Corynebacterium diphtheriae t. diluted so that the inoculated dose (0.1 or 0.2 ml) will contain 1 / 50 th of guinea pig minimal lethal dose. See also Schick test.diagnostic diphtheria t;
streptococcus erythrogenic t. a culture filtrate of lysogenized group A strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci, erythrogenic when inoculated into the skin of susceptible persons, and neutralized by antibodies that appear during scarlet fever convalescence; three immunological types (A, B, and C) are recognized.Dick test t., erythrogenic t., scarlet fever erythrogenic t;
tetanus t. the neurotropic, heat-labile exotoxin of Clostridium tetani and the cause of tetanus; it has been isolated as a crystalline protein (molecular weight 67,000), is one of the most poisonous substances known, and seems to function by blocking inhibitory synaptic impulses.tetanotoxin;
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Relating to a toxin.
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Producing a toxin, said of an organism.toxigenic; [toxin + G. -gen, producing]
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The capacity to produce toxin.toxigenicity;
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The study of toxins, in a restricted sense, with reference to the relatively unstable proteinaceous substances of microbial, plant, or animal origins. [toxin + G. logos, study]
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Any disease or lesion caused by the action of a toxin.toxonosis; [toxin + G. -osis, condition]
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Relating to any diseased state caused by a poison, e.g., neuritis or hepatitis caused by arsenic.
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Any disease due to poisoning, especially chronic poisoning. [toxi- + G. pathos, suffering]
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toxicophobia
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A toxic substance formed by excessive irradiation of ergosterol or calciferol.
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See toxico-.
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A genus of ascarid nematodes, chiefly found in carnivores, that cause toxocariasis. [G. toxon, bow, + kara, head]
T. ca´nis the common ascarid species in the small intestine of the dog, where prenatal infection is a common mode of infection of pups; it is also reported in cats, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and badgers; the second-stage larva is the most frequent cause of visceral larva migrans in the liver of children.
T. mys´tax a common ascarid species of cats, but not reported from dogs; prenatal infection of kittens does not occur, infection being by infective eggs, which hatch in the intestine, releasing second-stage larvae, which then undergo migration through the heart, lung, trachea, mouth, and gut, as with Ascaris lumbricoides in man; mice and other vertebrates, and also some invertebrates (e.g., earthworms, cockroaches) may serve as transport hosts, in which the migrating larvae encyst in the tissues.
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Infection with nematodes of the genus Toxocara; parenterally migrating larvae, chiefly of Toxocara canis, may cause visceral larva migrans; ocular involvement results in either a solitary granuloma in the retina, peripheral inflammatory masses, or chronic endophthalmitis.
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A toxin that has been treated (commonly with formaldehyde) so as to destroy its toxic property but retain its antigenicity, i.e., its capability of stimulating the production of antitoxin antibodies and thus of producing an active immunity.For specific toxoids, see entries under vaccine anatoxin; [toxin + G. eidos, resemblance]
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A hypothetical bacterial product, of feeble toxicity and weak affinity for antitoxin.
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rhoptry [G. toxon, bow, + nema, thread]
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toxinosis [toxo- + G. nosos, disease]
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Susceptible to the action of a poison; having an affinity for toxins. [toxo- + G. philos, fond]
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Denoting the atomic group of the toxin molecule which carries the poisonous principle. [toxo- + G. phoros, bearing]
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Relating to the toxophore group of the toxin molecule.
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An abundant, widespread sporozoan species (family Toxoplasmatidae) that is an intracellular, nonhost-specific parasite in a great variety of vertebrates. It develops its sexual cycle, leading to oocyst production, exclusively in cats and other felids; proliferative stages (tachyzoites) and tissue cysts (containing bradyzoites) develop in a wide variety of animal species that acquire the infection from ingestion of oocysts, tissue cysts from infected meat, or by transplacental migration, leading to infection in utero. [G. toxon, bow or arc, + plasma, anything formed]
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A family of coccidian sporozoa including the genera Toxoplasma and Frankelia, characterized by endodyogeny and by the presence of cysts (sometimes termed pseudocysts) containing bradyzoites in parenteral cells of the host; schizonts and gamonts are produced in intestinal cells, and gamonts give rise to oocysts. Final hosts of Toxoplasma are cats and other felids; final hosts of Frankelia are unknown.
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Disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii which can produce abortion in sheep, encephalitis in mink, and a variety of syndromes in humans. Prenatally acquired human infection can result in the presence of abnormalities such as microcephalus or hydrocephalus at birth, the development of jaundice with hepatosplenomegaly or meningoencephalitis in early childhood, or the delayed appearance of ocular lesions such as chorioretinitis in later childhood. Postnatally acquired human infections typically remain subclinical; if clinical disease does occur, symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, headache, myalgia, and fatigue, with eventual recovery, except in the immunocompromised patient where fatal encephalitis often develops.
acquired t. in adults a form of t. that may result in fever, encephalomyelitis, chorioretinopathy, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, myalgia, myocarditis, and pneumonitis; a lymphadenopathic form seems to be more prevalent in adults, and such persons may manifest fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, and headache, a form frequently found in patients with AIDS.
congenital t. t. apparently resulting from parasites in an infected mother being transmitted in utero to the fetus, observed as three syndromes: 1) acute, most of the organs contain foci of necrosis in association with fever, jaundice, hydrocephaly, encephalomyelitis, pneumonitis, cutaneous rash, ophthalmic lesions, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly; 2) subacute, most of the lesions are partly healed or calcified, but those in the brain and eye seem to remain active, inasmuch as chorioretinitis is observed in more than 80% of diseased infants; 3) chronic, usually not recognized during the newborn period, but chorioretinitis and cerebral lesions may be detected weeks to years later.
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4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine;one of the products resulting from the hydrolysis of thiamin by thiaminase and appearing in the urine; a competitive inhibitor of pyridoxal.pyramin, pyramine;
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Joseph, English otologist, 1815-1866. See T.'s corpuscles, under corpuscle, muscle, tube.
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Abbreviation for tissue plasminogen activator; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.
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Abbreviation for triphosphopyridine nucleotide and its reduced form (the oxidized form is TPN+).
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Abbreviation for total parenteral nutrition.
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Abbreviation for thiamin pyrophosphate.
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Abbreviation for total peripheral resistance.
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Abbreviation for tocopherolquinone.
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Abbreviation for repetition time.
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Abbreviation for L. tinctura, or tincture.
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1. One of the supporting bundles of fibers traversing the substance of a structure, usually derived from the capsule or one of the fibrous septa. 2. A small piece of the spongy substance of bone usually interconnected with other similar pieces. 3. In histopathology, a band of neoplastic tissue two or more cells wide. [L. dim. of trabs, a beam]
anterior chamber t. tissue at the angle of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor exits from the eye.
arachnoid t. fine, delicate strands composed of fibroblast and extracellular collagen that traverse the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater, which is attached to the dura, and the pia mater, which is adherent to the surface of the brain.
trabec´ulae car´neae [NA] muscular bundles on the lining walls of the ventricles of the heart.columnae carneae, Rathke's bundles;
trabeculae of corpora cavernosa fibromuscular bands and cords given off from the fibrous envelopes and septum of the corpora cavernosa penis and that separate the cavernous veins.trabeculae corporum cavernosorum [NA];
trabec´ulae cor´poris spongio´si pe´nis [NA] trabeculae of corpus spongiosum
trabec´ulae cor´porum cavernoso´rum [NA] trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
trabeculae of corpus spongiosum the fibrous bands interlacing between the vascular spaces of the corpus spongiosum and glans penis.trabeculae corporis spongiosi penis [NA];
trabec´ulae cra´nii a pair of chondrification centers in the base of the embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium, lying in front of the developing hypophysis; they become the sella turcica.
trabec´ulae lie´nis [NA] * official alternate term for trabeculae of spleen
septomarginal t. one of the trabeculae carneae in the right ventricle of the heart; it carries part of the right branch of the A-V bundle from the septum to the anterior papillary muscle on the opposite wall of the ventricle.t. septomarginalis [NA], moderator band, Reil's band (1);
t. septomargina´lis [NA] septomarginal t
trabeculae of spleen small fibrous bands given off from the capsule of the spleen and constituting the framework of that organ.trabeculae lienis [NA], trabeculae splenicae;
trabec´ulae sple´nicae trabeculae of spleen
t. tes´tis septula of testis, under septulum
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Relating to or containing trabeculae.trabeculate;
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trabecular
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1. The occurrence of trabeculae in the walls of an organ or part. 2. The process of forming trabeculae, as in spongy bone.
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A filtering operation for glaucoma by creation of a fistula between the anterior chamber of the eye and the subconjunctival space, through a subscleral excision of a portion of the trabecular meshwork. [trabecula + G. ektome, excision]
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Photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork of the eye using the laser in the treatment of glaucoma.
laser t. an operation for glaucoma in which laser energy is applied to trabecular meshwork.a procedure in which a laser (usually argon) is used to create small openings in the trabecular network of the eye. This improves the flow of the aqueous humor and relieves pressure owed to open-angle glaucoma, although by what precise mechanism is not known. LTP has proven effective with only certain types of glaucoma (especially capsular and pigmentary glaucomas), and is sometimes used in conjunction with laser iridotomy. Investigations into laser treatments of open-angle glaucoma began in the early 1970s, but not until the late 1980s was LTP adopted as a standard treatment for the condition, with a 2-year success rate of over 70% (dropping to 50% after 5 years). LTP lessens chances of postoperative infection and hemorrhaging, and can be performed on an outpatient basis. LTP joins other laser techniques that have radically altered eye surgery since their advent.
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Surgical opening of the sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm) to treat glaucoma. [trabekula + G. tome, incision]
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1. Evidence of the former existence, influence, or action of an object, phenomenon, or event. 2. An extremely small amount or barely discernible indication of something.
memory t. See engram.
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1. An element or compound containing atoms that can be distinguished from their normal counterparts by physical means (e.g., radioactivity assay or mass spectrography) and can thus be used to follow (trace) the metabolism of the normal substances. 2. A colored substance (e.g., a dye) used as a t. to follow the flow of water. 3. An instrument used in dissecting out nerves and blood vessels. 4. A mechanical device with a marking point attached to one jaw and a graph plate or tracing plate attached to the other jaw; used to record the direction and extent of movements of the mandible. See also tracing (2). [M.E. track, fr. O. Fr. tracier, to make one's way, fr. L. traho, pp. tractum, to draw, + -er, agent suffix]
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See tracheo-.
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The air tube extending from the larynx into the thorax (level of the fifth or sixth thoracic vertebra) where it bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi. The t. is composed of from 16 to 20 rings of hyaline cartilage connected by a membrane (annular ligament); posteriorly, the rings are deficient for one-fifth to one-third of their circumference, the interval forming the membranous wall being closed by a fibrous membrane containing smooth muscular fibers. Internally, the mucosa is composed of a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous goblet cells; numerous small mixed mucous and serous glands occur, the ducts of which open to the surface of the epithelium.windpipe; [G. tracheia arteria, rough artery]
saber-sheath t. a type of tracheal collapse seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in which there is an increase in the outer posterior tracheal dimension with side-to-side narrowing involving the lower 2/3 of the trachea.
scabbard t. a deformity of the t. caused by flattening and approximation of the lateral walls, producing more or less pronounced stenosis.
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Relating to the trachea.
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Pain in the trachea. [trachea + G. algos, pain]
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See trachealis muscle.
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Inflammation of the lining membrane of the trachea.trachitis; [trachea + G. -itis, inflammation]
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See trachelo-.
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A gouty or rheumatic affection of the muscles of the neck, producing torticollis. [trachel- + G. agra, seizure]
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Archaic term for longissimus capitis muscle.
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cervicectomy [trachel- + G. ektome, excision]
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A hematoma of the neck. [trachel- + hematoma]
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Archaic term for cervical. [G. trachelos, neck]
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A bending backward of the neck, such as sometimes ushers in an epileptic attack. [G. trachelismos, a seizing by the throat]
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cervicitis
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Neck. [G. trachelos]
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tracheocele [trachelo- + G. kele, tumor, hernia]
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tuberculous spondylitis [trachelo- + G. kyrtos, bent]
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cervicodynia [trachelo- + G. odyne, pain]
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tuberculous spondylitis [trachelo- + G. kyphosis, hump-back]
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The study of the neck and its injuries and diseases. [trachelo- + G. logos, study]
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Archaic term for longissimus capitis muscle.
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Obsolete term for inflammation of the muscles of the neck. [trachelo- + G. mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation]
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Archaic term for semispinalis capitis muscle.
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1. Swelling of the lymphatic vessels of the neck. 2. Lymphatic engorgement of the cervix uteri. [trachelo- + L. panus, tumor, swelling]
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Surgical fixation of the cervix uteri. [trachelo- + G. pexis, fixation]
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A tumor or swelling of the neck. [trachelo- + G. phyma, tumor]
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Rarely used term for plastic surgery of the cervix uteri. [trachelo- + G. plastos, formed]
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Repair by suture of a laceration of the cervix uteri.Emmet's operation; [trachelo- + G. rhaphe, suture]
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Archaic term for collum. [G. trachelos]
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Congenital fissure in the neck. [trachelo- + G. schisis, fissure]
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cervicotomy [trachelo- + G. tome, incision]
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The trachea. [see trachea]
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An air cyst in the neck caused by distention of a tracheocele. [tracheo- + G. aer, air, + kele, hernia]
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Relating to the trachea or bronchi and the biliary duct system.
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A benign submucoid tumor or series of tumors that ossify near the tracheal walls.
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Relating to both trachea and bronchi, denoting especially a set of lymph nodes.
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi.
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Gross widening of the trachea and main bronchi, usually congenital.Mounier-Kuhn syndrome; [tracheo- + bronchus + G. megas, large]
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Inspection of the interior of the trachea and bronchi. [tracheo- + bronchus, + G. skopeo, to view]
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A protrusion of the mucous membrane through a defect in the wall of the trachea.trachelocele; [tracheo- + G. kele, hernia]
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Relating to the trachea and the esophagus.
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Relating to the trachea and the larynx.
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Degeneration of elastic and connective tissue of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. malakia, softness]
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An abnormally dilated trachea which may, like bronchiectasis, result from infection or prolonged positive pressure ventilation. [tracheo- + G. megas (megal-), large]
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Any disease of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. pathos, disease]
t. osteoplas´tica a rare disease characterized by cartilaginous and bony growths in the trachea and bronchi which produce sessile polyps and plaques projecting into and partly obstructing the lumina.
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Relating to both trachea and pharynx; denoting an occasional band of muscular fibers passing from the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the trachea.
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Auscultation of the heart sounds at the sternal notch. [tracheo- + G. phonesis, a sounding]
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The hollow voice sound heard in auscultating over the trachea. See also bronchophony. [tracheo- + G. phone, voice]
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Plastic surgery of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. plastos, formed]
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Hemorrhage from the mucous membrane of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]
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A fissure into the trachea. [tracheo- + G. schisis, fissure]
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An instrument used in tracheoscopy.
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Relating to tracheoscopy.
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Inspection of the interior of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. skopeo, to examine]
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Narrowing of the lumen of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. stenosis, constriction]
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Permanent opening into the trachea through the neck; generally applied to such an opening after or laryngectomy. [tracheo- + G. stoma, mouth]
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tracheotomy [tracheo- + G. stoma, mouth]
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A knife used in the operation of tracheotomy.
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The operation of opening into the trachea, usually intended to be temporary.tracheostomy; [tracheo- + G. tome, incision]
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tracheitis
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Chronic contagious microbial inflammation, with hypertrophy, of the conjunctiva, marked by the formation of minute grayish or yellowish translucent granules caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.Egyptian ophthalmia, granular lids, granular ophthalmia; [G. trachoma, fr. trachys, rough, harsh]
follicular t. the ordinary form of t. marked by the presence of granulations on the conjunctiva.granular t;
granular t. follicular t
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Relating to or suffering from trachoma.
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Denoting a nucleus with very deeply staining chromatin. [G. trachys, rough, + chromatikos, chromatic]
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Rough-surfaced nails. [G. trachys, rough, + onyx, onychos, nail, + suffix -ia, condition]
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Roughness of voice. [G. trachys, rough, + phone, voice]
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1. Any graphic display of electrical or mechanical cardiovascular events, e.g., electrocardiogram, phlebogram. See also curve. 2. In dentistry, a line or lines, scribed on a table or plate by a pointed instrument, representing a record of movements of the mandible; may be extraoral (made outside the oral cavity) or intraoral (made within the oral cavity).
arrow point t. needle point t
cephalometric t. an overlay drawing or t. of the teeth, facial bones, and anthropometric landmarks made directly from a cephalometric radiograph and used as a basis for cephalometric analysis.
Gothic arch t. needle point t
needle point t. a t. of mandibular movements made by means of a device attached to the opposing arches; its shape resembles that of an arrowhead or a Gothic arch, and when the instrument's marking point is at the apex of the arch, the jaws are considered to be in centric relation.arrow point t., Gothic arch t., Gothic arch, stylus t;
stylus t. needle point t
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An elongated area, e.g., path, track, way. See also fascicle.tractus; [L. tractus, a drawing out]
alimentary t. digestive t
anterior corticospinal t. anterior pyramidal t
anterior pyramidal t. uncrossed fibers forming a small bundle in the pyramidal t. See pyramidal t.tractus corticospinalis anterior [NA], tractus pyramidalis anterior [NA], anterior corticospinal t., anterior pyramidal fasciculus, direct pyramidal t., fasciculus corticospinalis anterior, fasciculus pyramidalis anterior, Türck's bundle, Türck's column, Türck's t;
anterior spinocerebellar t. a bundle of fibers originating in the base of the posterior horn and zona intermedia throughout lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord, crossing to the opposite side and ascending in a peripheral position in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. In its ascent through the rhombencephalon, the tract curves sharply dorsalward along the rostral border of the trigeminal motor nucleus, entering the cerebellum in a caudal direction over the dorsal surface of the superior cerebellar peduncle, and terminating as mossy fibers in the granular layer of the cortex of the cerebellar vermis. The bundle conveys proprioceptive and exteroceptive information largely from the opposite lower extremity.tractus spinocerebellaris anterior [NA], Gowers' column, Gowers' t., ventral spinocerebellar t;
anterior spinothalamic t. the more anterior or ventral part of the spinothalamic t. that is involved in tactile sensation. See spinothalamic t.tractus spinothalamicus anterior [NA], ventral spinothalamic t;
Arnold's t. temporopontine t
association t. See association system.
auditory t. lateral lemniscus
Burdach's t. cuneate fasciculus
central tegmental t. a large fiber bundle passing longitudinally through the central mesencephalic and pontine tegmentum, distinguished from adjacent longitudinal groups of fiber-fascicles of the reticular formation by a more compact composition. In transverse sections of the mesencephalon the bundle occupies a large triangular area lateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus; farther caudally it expands ventralward and finally passes over the lateral side of the (inferior) olivary nucleus, becoming part of the latter's fiber capsule. The bundle contains fibers from the mesencephalic tegmentum and regions surrounding the central gray substance descending to the olivary nucleus; it also includes numerous fibers ascending from the medullary, pontine, and mesencephalic reticular formation to the thalamus and subthalamus region.tractus tegmentalis centralis [NA], central tegmental fasciculus, tractus centralis tegmenti;
cerebellorubral t. that component of the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) which distributes fibers within the red nucleus of the opposite side.tractus cerebellorubralis [NA];
cerebellothalamic t. that component of the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) which originates in the cerebellar nuclei, crosses completely in the decussation of the brachia conjunctiva, bypasses the red nucleus, and terminates in parts of the ventral anterior, ventral intermediate, ventral posterolateral, and central lateral nuclei of the thalamus.tractus cerebellothalamicus [NA], dentatothalamic t;
Collier's t. medial longitudinal fasciculus
comma t. of Schultze semilunar fasciculus
corticobulbar t. collective term for those fibers (corticonuclear fibers) which separate from the corticospinal tract in the course of the latter's descent through the pons and medulla oblongata. Fibers of this t. innervate the motor nuclei of the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves (perhaps also the nucleus ambiguus), directly and by way of interneurons in the lateral part of the rhombencephalic tegmentum. No direct supranuclear cortical innervation of the motor nuclei innervating the external eye muscles (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens) has been identified. Fibers of the corticobulbar t. also project into the formatio reticularis (i.e., corticoreticular fibers) and terminate upon sensory relay nuclei (e.g., gracile and cuneate nuclei, nucleus spinalis trigeminalis and nucleus solitarius).tractus corticobulbaris;
corticopontine t. collective term for the multitude of fibers which, originating in all of the major subdivisions of the cerebral cortex, descend in the internal capsule and crus cerebri to terminate in the nuclei of the ventral part of the pons. Individual components of this massive fiber system are indicated, according to their origin in the cerebral cortex, as the frontopontine t., parietopontine t., occipitopontine t., and temporopontine t.tractus corticopontini [NA];
corticospinal t. pyramidal t
crossed pyramidal t. lateral pyramidal t
cuneocerebellar t. the nerve fiber system originating from the accessory cuneate nucleus and entering the cerebellum as a component of the restiform body, the larger part of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
dead t.'s dentin areas characterized by degenerated odontoblastic processes; may result from injury caused by caries, attrition, erosion, or cavity preparation.
deiterospinal t. vestibulospinal t
dentatothalamic t. cerebellothalamic t
descending t. of trigeminal nerve spinal t. of trigeminal nerve
digestive t. the passage leading from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestine.alimentary canal, alimentary t., digestive tube, tubus digestorius;
direct pyramidal t. anterior pyramidal t
dorsolateral t. dorsolateral fasciculus
fastigiobulbar t. a fiber bundle originating in the fastigial nucleus (nucleus tecti) of both sides, passing out of the cerebellum in the inferior cerebellar peduncle (corpus restiforme), and distributing its fibers to the vestibular nuclei and other cell groups in the medulla oblongata. Prominent crossed fibers loop over the dorsal surface of the superior cerebellar peduncle before turning ventrally, forming the uncinate bundle of Russell.tractus fastigiobulbaris;
Flechsig's t. posterior spinocerebellar t
frontopontine t. a large group of fibers arising from the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere, especially the precentral gyrus, descending in the capsula interna, farther caudally composing the medial part of the crus cerebri in which they extend caudalward to end in the gray matter (pontine nuclei) of the ventral part of the pons.tractus frontopontinus [NA];
frontotemporal t. unciform fasciculus
gastrointestinal t. (G.I. t.) the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine; often used as a synonym of digestive t.
geniculocalcarine t. optic radiation
genital t. the genital passages of the urogenital apparatus.genital duct;
t. of Goll fasciculus gracilis
Gowers' t. anterior spinocerebellar t
habenulointerpeduncular t. retroflex fasciculus
habenulopeduncular t. tractus habenulopeduncularis;
Hoche's t. See semilunar fasciculus.
hypothalamohypophysial t. supraopticohypophysial t
iliopubic t. thickened inferior margin of the transversalis fascia seen as a fibrous band running parallel and posterior (deep) to the inguinal ligament, contributing to the posterior wall of the inguinal canal as it bridges the external iliac-femoral vessels from the iliopectineal arch to the superior pubic ramus. It marks the inferior edge of the deep inguinal ring and the medial margin of the femoral canal. Seen only when the inguinal region is viewed from its internal aspect, it is a useful landmark in laparoscopy of this region, as for repair of inguinal herniae.deep crural arch, Thompson's ligament;
iliotibial t. a fibrous reinforcement of the fascia lata on the lateral surface of the thigh, extending from the crest of the ilium to the lateral condyle of the tibia.tractus iliotibialis [NA], iliotibial band, Maissiat's band;
James t.'s James fibers, under fiber
lateral corticospinal t. lateral pyramidal t
lateral pyramidal t. those fibers of the pyramidal t. that cross to the opposite side in the pyramidal decussation and descend in the dorsal half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord; they are distributed throughout the length of the spinal cord to interneurons of the zona intermedia of the spinal gray matter. See pyramidal t.tractus corticospinalis lateralis [NA], tractus pyramidalis lateralis [NA], crossed pyramidal t., fasciculus corticospinalis lateralis, fasciculus pyramidalis lateralis, lateral corticospinal t., lateral pyramidal fasciculus;
lateral spinothalamic t. the dorsal part of the spinothalamic t., which conveys impulses associated with pain and temperature sensation. See spinothalamic t.tractus spinothalamicus lateralis [NA];
Lissauer's t. dorsolateral fasciculus
Loewenthal's t. tectospinal t
mamillothalamic t. mamillothalamic fasciculus
Marchi's t. tectospinal t
mesencephalic t. of trigeminal nerve located alongside the central substance of the midbrain and composed of primary sensory fibers, the cells of origin of which compose the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminus.tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini [NA];
Monakow's t. rubrospinal t
t. of Münzer and Wiener tectopontine t
nerve t. a bundle or group of nerve fibers in the brain or spinal cord.
occipitocollicular t. occipitotectal t
occipitopontine t. a group of fibers originating in the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere and descending in the internal capsule and lateral part of the crus cerebri to the pontine nuclei or ventral part of the pons.tractus occipitopontinus [NA];
occipitotectal t. the system of nerve fibers by which the occipital cortex projects to the superior colliculus.occipitocollicular t;
olfactory t. a nervelike, white band composed primarily of nerve fibers originating from the mitral cells and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb but also containing the scattered cells of the anterior olfactory nucleus. The t. is closely applied to the ventral surface of the frontal lobe, and attaches itself to the base of the cerebral hemisphere at the olfactory trigone, beyond which it extends in the form of the olfactory striae which distribute their fibers to the olfactory tubercle and, in largest number, to the olfactory cortex on and around the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus. See also olfactory nerves, under nerve.tractus olfactorius [NA], olfactory peduncle;
olivocerebellar t. a large group of loosely arranged fiber fascicles emerging from the hilus of the olivary nucleus, crossing to the opposite side of the medulla oblongata through the stratum interolivare lemnisci and the contralateral olive, and joining the restiform body, the larger part of the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle; its fibers terminate in all parts of the cerebellar cortex as climbing fibers.tractus olivocerebellaris [NA];
olivocochlear t. See olivocochlear bundle.
olivospinal t. a slender bundle of nerve fibers in the peripheral zone of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, composed of spino-olivary fibers more likely than olivospinal fibers.Helweg's bundle;
optic t. the continuation of the optic nerve fibers beyond (behind) the latter's hemidecussation in the optic chiasm; each of the two symmetrical optic t.'s is composed of fibers originating from the temporal half of the retina of the ipsilateral eye and a nearly equal number of fibers from the nasal half of the contralateral retina; it forms a compact, somewhat flattened fiber band passing caudolaterally alongside the base of the hypothalamus and over the basal surface of the crus cerebri; most of its fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate body; a smaller number of fibers enter the brachium of the superior colliculus, to terminate in the superior colliculus and the pretectal region.tractus opticus [NA];
parietopontine t. a system of fibers originating in the parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere which descend in the internal capsule and lateral part of the crus cerebri to terminate in the pontine nuclei or ventral part of the pons.tractus parietopontinus [NA];
posterior spinocerebellar t. a compact bundle of heavily myelinated, thick fibers at the periphery of the dorsal half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, originating in the ipsilateral thoracic nucleus (column of Clarke) and ascending by way of the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Terminals end as mossy fibers in the granular layer of the cortex of the cerebellar vermis. The bundle conveys largely proprioceptive information originating from the annulospiral nerve endings surrounding muscle spindles and from Golgi tendon organs.tractus spinocerebellaris posterior [NA], Flechsig's t;
prepyramidal t. rubrospinal t
pyramidal t. a massive bundle of fibers originating from pyramidal cells of various sizes in the fifth layer of the precentral motor (area 4), the premotor area (area 6), and to a lesser extent from the postcentral gyrus. Cells of origin in area 4 include the gigantopyramidal cells of Betz. Fibers from these cortical regions descend through the internal capsule, the middle third of the crus cerebri, and the ventral part of the pons to emerge on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata as the pyramis. Continuing caudally, most of the fibers cross to the opposite side in the pyramidal decussation and descend in the dorsal half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord as the lateral pyramidal t., which distributes its fibers throughout the length of the spinal cord to interneurons of the zona intermedia of the spinal gray matter. In the (extremity-related) spinal cord enlargements, fibers also pass directly to motoneuronal groups that innervate distal extremity muscles subserving particular hand-and-finger or foot-and-toe movements. The uncrossed fibers form a small bundle, the anterior pyramidal t., which descends in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord and terminates in synaptic contact with interneurons in the medial half of the anterior horn on both sides of the spinal cord. Interruption of the pyramidal tract at or below its cortical origin causes impairment of movement in the opposite body-half, especially severe in the arm and leg; characterized by muscular weakness, spasticity and hyperreflexia, and a loss of discrete finger and hand movements. Babinski's sign is associated with this condition of hemiplegia.tractus corticospinalis [NA], tractus pyramidalis [NA], corticospinal t;
respiratory t. the air passages from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli, through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
reticulospinal t. collective term denoting a variety of fiber tracts descending to the spinal cord from the reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata. Part of these fibers conduct impulses from the neural mechanisms regulating autonomic functions to the corresponding somatic and visceral motor neurons of the spinal cord; others form links in nonpyramidal motor mechanisms affecting muscle tonus, reflex activity, and somatic movement.tractus reticulospinalis [NA];
rubrobulbar t. 1. that component of the rubrospinal t. which distributes its fibers to lateral parts of the rhombencephalic tegmentum rather than the spinal cord; 2. uncrossed rubro-olivary fibers.
rubroreticular t. fibers that pass from the red nucleus to the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.
rubrospinal t. a somatotopically organized fiber bundle, relatively small in humans, arising from the red nucleus, immediately crossing in the ventral tegmental decussation, descending near the lateral surface of the brainstem into the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord at the ventral border of the lateral pyramidal t. It terminates in the zona intermedia of the spinal cord where its distribution coincides with that of the lateral pyramidal t.; in contrast to the latter it appears not to have direct connections with spinal motor neurons. Impulses conveyed by this t. indirectly increase flexor muscle tone.tractus rubrospinalis [NA], Monakow's bundle, Monakow's t., prepyramidal t;
t. of Schütz dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
sensory t. See lemniscus.
septomarginal t. See semilunar fasciculus.
solitary t. a slender, compact fiber bundle extending longitudinally through the dorsolateral region of the medullary tegmentum, surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary t., below the obex decussating over the central canal, and descending over some distance into the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. It is composed of primary sensory fibers that enter with the vagus, glossopharyngeal, and facial nerves, and in part convey information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts; in rostral parts of the tract impulses are generated by the receptor cells of the taste buds in the mucosa of the tongue. Its fibers are distributed to the nucleus of the solitary tract.tractus solitarius [NA], fasciculus rotundus, fasciculus solitarius, funiculus solitarius, Gierke's respiratory bundle, Krause's respiratory bundle, round fasciculus, solitary bundle, solitary fasciculus;
sphincteroid t. of ileum basal sphincter
spinal t. any one of a multitude of fiber bundles ascending or descending in the spinal cord.
spinal t. of trigeminal nerve a compact fiber bundle, comma-shaped on transverse section, composed of primary sensory fibers of the portio major of the trigeminal nerve, descending from the level of the entrance of the trigeminus in the upper pons down through the dorsolateral region of the rhombencephalic tegmentum along the lateral side of the descending or spinal nucleus of the trigeminus, emerging on the dorsolateral surface of the lower medulla oblongata as the tuberculum cinereum, and continuing as far as the second cervical segment of the spinal cord. Its fibers are distributed to the descending or spinal nucleus of the trigeminus.tractus spinalis nervi trigemini [NA], descending t. of trigeminal nerve, tractus descendens nervi trigemini;
spinocerebellar t.'s See anterior spinocerebellar t., posterior spinocerebellar t.
spinocervicothalamic t. a t. composed of axons that originate from laminae III-V, ascend ipsilaterally to the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) where they synapse, LCN neurons project to the contralateral thalamus via the medial lemniscus.
spino-olivary t. multiple spinal tracts terminating in the accessory olivary nuclei. See olivospinal t.
spinoreticular t. spinoreticular fibers, under fiber
spinotectal t. the relatively small component of the spinothalamic t. that terminates in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus and in parts of the periaqueductal gray.tractus spinotectalis [NA];
spinothalamic t. a large ascending fiber bundle in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, arising from cells in the posterior horn at all levels of the cord, which cross within their segments of origin in the white commissure. In their contralateral ascent, the bundle is intermingled with numerous intersegmental fibers. The spinothalamic t. continues from the spinal cord into the brainstem, occupying a ventrolateral position and issuing numerous fibers to the rhombencephalic and mesencephalic reticular formation, to the lateral part of the central gray substance of the mesencephalon, and to the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus; the relatively few fibers (10 to 20%) that remain form the true spinothalamic t. which enters the diencephalon and ends in the nucleus ventralis posterior (caudal part) and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. In its ascent in the spinal cord the t. is composed of a dorsal part, the lateral spinothalamic t., which conveys impulses associated with pain and temperature sensation, and a more ventral part, the anterior spinsothalamic t., involved in tactile sensation.lemniscus spinalis [NA], spinal lemniscus, tractus spinothalamicus;
spiral foraminous t. openings in the cochlear area of the bottom of the internal acoustic meatus through which the fibers of the cochlear nerve leave the bony labyrinth to enter the cranial cavity.tractus spiralis foraminosus [NA];
Spitzka's marginal t. dorsolateral fasciculus
sulcomarginal t. collective term for those fiber t.'s which descend in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord along the wall of the anterior median fissure: tectospinal t., medial longitudinal fasciculus, and anterior pyramidal t.
supraopticohypophysial t. a bundle of unmyelinated fibers originating from all cells of the supraoptic nucleus and an estimated 20% of those of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which extend through the infundibulum and pituitary stalk to their endings in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis; the fibers convey neurosecretory substances, vasopressin and oxytocin, which are stored in (and can be released into the circulating blood from) their terminals. See also hypophysis, neurosecretion.tractus supraopticohypophysialis [NA], hypothalamohypophysial t;
tectobulbar t. fibers originating in the deep layers of the superior colliculus and accompanying the tectospinal t. but, unlike the latter, terminating in medial regions of the pontine and medullary tegmentum.tractus tectobulbaris;
tectopontine t. a fiber bundle arising in the superior colliculus, passing caudoventrally on the same side along the medial side of the lateral lemniscus, issuing fibers terminating in the lateral zone of the mesencephalic tegmentum, and ending in the lateral part of the gray matter of the ventral part of the pons.t. of Münzer and Wiener, tractus tectopontinus;
tectospinal t. a bundle of thick, heavily myelinated fibers originating in the deep layers of the superior colliculus, crossing to the opposite side in the dorsal tegmental decussation, descending along the median plane, between the medial longitudinal fasciculus dorsally, the medial lemniscus ventrally, into the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord. The t. ends in the medial region of the anterior horn of the cervical spinal cord, and appears to be involved in head movements during visual and auditory tracking. Throughout its course in the brainstem it is accompanied by fibers of the tectobulbar t.tractus tectospinalis [NA], Held's bundle, Loewenthal's bundle, Loewenthal's t., Marchi's t., predorsal bundle;
temporofrontal t. unciform fasciculus
temporopontine t. a fiber group originating in the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe, particularly the superior and middle temporal gyri, following the sublenticular limb of the internal capsule into the lateral margin of the crus cerebri in which it descends to its termination in the pontine nuclei or the ventral part of the pons.tractus temporopontinus [NA], Arnold's bundle, Arnold's t;
trigeminothalamic t. general term designating projections from the spinal trigeminal and principal sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the thalamus; divided into a ventral trigeminothalamic t. (spinal trigeminal nucleus projections to the contralateral ventral posteromedial nucleus-VPM) and a dorsal trigeminothalamic t. (principal sensory nucleus projections to the ipsilateral VPM); See also trigeminal lemniscus.
tuberoinfundibular t. a system of fine, unmyelinated fibers apparently originating from small-celled nuclei of the tuber cinereum, especially the arcuate nucleus, and terminating in the median eminence of the infundibulum, in contact with modified ependymal cells and the capillary tufts from which the hypothalamohypophysial portal veins originate. See also hypophysis, neurosecretion.tractus tuberoinfundibularis;
Türck's t. anterior pyramidal t
urinary t. the passage from the pelvis of the kidney to the urinary meatus through the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
uveal t. vascular tunic of eye
ventral spinocerebellar t. anterior spinocerebellar t
ventral spinothalamic t. anterior spinothalamic t
vestibulospinal t. a somatopically organized fiber bundle originating from the lateral vestibular nucleus (nucleus of Deiters) which descends uncrossed into the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord lateral to the anterior median fissure; the t. extends throughout the length of the cord, distributing fibers at all levels to the medial part of the anterior horn. Excitatory impulses conveyed by the vestibulospinal t. increase extensor muscle tone.tractus vestibulospinalis [NA], deiterospinal t;
Waldeyer's t. dorsolateral fasciculus
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An anterior locomotor flagellum of a protozoon. [Mod. L. dim. of L. tractus]
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1. The act of drawing or pulling, as by an elastic or spring force. 2. A pulling or dragging force exerted on a limb in a distal direction. [L. tractio, fr. traho, pp. tractus, to draw]
axis t. rarely used procedure to apply t. upon the fetal head in the line of the birth canal by means of axis t. forceps.
Bryant's t. t. upon the lower limb placed vertically, employed especially in fractures of the femur in children.
Buck's t. Buck's extension
external t. a pulling force created by using fixed anchorage (e.g., a headcap or bed frame) outside the oral cavity; principally used in the management of midfacial fractures.
halo t. application of skeletal t. to the head by means of a halo device.
intermaxillary t. maxillomandibular t
internal t. a pulling force created by using one of the cranial bones, above the point of fracture, for anchorage.
isometric t. t. in which the length of the limb does not change.
isotonic t. t. in which the amount of force does not change.
maxillomandibular t. a pulling force developed by using elastic or wire ligatures and interdental wiring or splints, or both.intermaxillary t;
Russell t. an improvement of Buck's extension that permits the resultant vector of the applied traction force to be changed, for fractures of the femur.
Sayre's suspension t. spinal t. obtained by vertical suspension of the patient by means of a head halter.
skeletal t. t. pull on a bone structure mediated through pin or wire inserted into the bone to reduce a fracture of long bones.skeletal extension;
skin t. t. on an extremity by means of adhesive tape or other types of strapping applied to the limb.
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An instrument for exerting traction upon, or pulling out, an organ or structure. [Mod. L. a drawer, see traction]
Lowsley t. a slender curved instrument with flexible blades at its tip, which can be opened or closed by rotation at the proximal end of the t.; it is passed per urethram into the bladder and used to retract the prostate gland downward into the operative field in the initial stages of perineal prostatectomy.
Syms t. a collapsible rubber bag attached to the extremity of a tube; the tube is introduced into the bladder through the perineal wound and the bag is inflated; traction produced draws the enlarged prostate into the wound where it is more accessible.
Young prostatic t. a short, straight tubular instrument with blades at its tip, which can be rotated open and closed; it is passed into the prostatic urethra, through a prostatotomy incision made during the later stages of open perineal prostatectomy, with its tip into the bladder; direct traction on the instrument brings the prostate gland down into the operative field where enucleation can be more easily performed.
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Interruption of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord. [L. tractus, tract, + G. tome, incision]
anterolateral t. anterolateral cordotomy
intramedullary t. trigeminal t
pyramidal t. may be mesencephalic (pedunculotomy or crusotomy), medullary (medullary pyramidotomy), or spinal (spinal pyramidotomy).
Schwartz t. a medullary spinothalamic t.
Sjöqvist t. trigeminal t
spinal t. anterolateral cordotomy
spinothalamic t. may be spinal (cordotomy), medullary (Schwartz t.), or mesencephalic (Walker t.).
trigeminal t. division of the descending fibers of the trigeminal tract in the medulla.intramedullary t., Sjöqvist t;
Walker t. a mesencephalic spinothalamic t.
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tract [L. a drawing, drawing out, extent, tract, fr. traho, pp. tractus, to draw]
t. centra´lis tegmen´ti central tegmental tract
t. cerebellorubra´lis [NA] cerebellorubral tract
t. cerebellothalam´icus [NA] cerebellothalamic tract
t. corticobulba´ris corticobulbar tract
t. corticoponti´ni [NA] corticopontine tract
t. corticospina´lis [NA] pyramidal tract
t. corticospina´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior pyramidal tract
t. corticospina´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral pyramidal tract
t. descen´dens ner´vi trigem´ini spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
t. dorsolatera´lis [NA] dorsolateral fasciculus
t. fastigiobulba´ris fastigiobulbar tract
t. frontoponti´nus [NA] frontopontine tract
t. habenulopeduncula´ris habenulopeduncular tract
t. iliotibia´lis [NA] iliotibial tract
t. mesencephal´icus ner´vi trigem´ini [NA] mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve
t. occipitoponti´nus [NA] occipitopontine tract
t. olfacto´rius [NA] olfactory tract
t. olivocerebella´ris [NA] olivocerebellar tract
t. op´ticus [NA] optic tract
t. parietoponti´nus [NA] parietopontine tract
t. pyramida´lis [NA] pyramidal tract
t. pyramida´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior pyramidal tract
t. pyramida´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral pyramidal tract
t. reticulospina´lis [NA] reticulospinal tract
t. rubrospina´lis [NA] rubrospinal tract
t. solita´rius [NA] solitary tract
t. spina´lis ner´vi trigem´ini [NA] spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
t. spinocerebella´ris ante´rior [NA] anterior spinocerebellar tract
t. spinocerebella´ris poste´rior [NA] posterior spinocerebellar tract
t. spinotecta´lis [NA] spinotectal tract
t. spinothalam´icus spinothalamic tract
t. spinothalam´icus ante´rior [NA] anterior spinothalamic tract
t. spinothalam´icus latera´lis [NA] lateral spinothalamic tract
t. spira´lis foramino´sus [NA] spiral foraminous tract
t. supraopticohypophysia´lis [NA] supraopticohypophysial tract
t. tectobulba´ris tectobulbar tract
t. tectoponti´nus tectopontine tract
t. tectospina´lis [NA] tectospinal tract
t. tegmenta´lis centra´lis [NA] central tegmental tract
t. temporoponti´nus [NA] temporopontine tract
t. tuberoinfundibula´ris tuberoinfundibular tract
t. vestibulospina´lis [NA] vestibulospinal tract
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processing (1)
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A gummy exudation from Astragalus species, including A. gummifer, shrubs of the eastern end of the Mediterranean; it occurs as bands or strings of a tough gummy substance, forming a jelly-like mucilage with 50 parts of water; used as a demulcent and excipient in emulsions and suspensions. [G. tragakantha, a gum-producing shrub, fr. tragos, goat, + akanthos, thorn]
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Relating to the tragus.
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1. Plural of tragus. 2. [NA] The hairs growing at the entrance to the external acoustic meatus.
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See tragicus muscle.
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A cephalometric point in the notch just above the tragus of the ear; it lies 1 to 2 mm below the spine of the helix, which can be palpated.
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Bromidrosis of the axillae. [G. tragomaschalos, with smelling armpits, fr. tragos, goat, + maschale, the axilla]
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egophony [G. tragos, goat, + phone, voice]
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1. [NA] A tonguelike projection of the cartilage of the auricle in front of the opening of the external acoustic meatus and continuous with the cartilage of this canal.antilobium, hircus (3); 2. See tragi (2). [G. tragos, goat, in allusion to the hairs growing on the part, like a goatee]
accessory t. small nodules present at birth, anterior to the tragus, derived from first branchial arch remnants and often containing central cartilage.
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An organized system of education, instruction, or discipline.
assertive t. a form of behavior modification or therapy in which a client is taught to feel free to make legitimate demands and refusals in situations which previously elicited diffident responses.assertive conditioning;
aversive t. a form of behavior t. or modification in which a noxious event is used to punish or extinguish undesirable behavior. See also aversion therapy.aversive conditioning;
avoidance t. avoidance conditioning
escape t. escape conditioning
toilet t. t. directed at teaching a child proper control of bladder and bowel functions; in psychoanalytic personality theory, it is believed that the attitudes of both parent and child concerning this t. may have important psychological implications for the child's later development.
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A qualitative characteristic; a discrete attribute as contrasted with metrical character. A t. is amenable to segregation rather than quantitative analysis; it is an attribute of phenotype, not of genotype. [Fr. from L. tractus, a drawing out, extension]
Bombay t. See Bombay phenomenon.
categorical t. in genetics, a feature that can conveniently and effectively be analyzed by sorting into classes either because there is no satisfactory way of measuring it (as with blood groups) or because it falls into natural classes so that the variation among classes far exceeds that within classes (e.g., the phenotypic effects of many enzyme polymorphisms); existence of categories suggests but does not prove the operation of a major, simple, underlying cause.qualitative t;
chromosomal t. a t. dependent on a recurrent chromosomal aberration.
codominant t. See codominant.
dominant t. 1. an outstanding mental or physical characteristic; See dominance of traits. 2. See dominance of traits.
dominant lethal t. t., expressed in the phenotype if present in the genotype, that precludes having descendants. All such cases are necessarily sporadic and must represent new mutations as the usual methods of classical genetics provide no means of demonstrating any genetic component whatsoever, except for tenuous arguments such as advanced paternal age. Molecular biology may help although the methods may be tedious; if there is an epistatic gene that may mask the trait, the logic is more tractable, though complex.
galtonian t. a quantitative genetic t. due to contributions from many more of less equally important loci that resembles a continuous t.
intermediate t. a measurable t. in which there is some evidence of the operation of a simple major cause, but in which the variation within the putative categories is such as to cause overlap and hence ambiguity in classification of any particular reading.
liminal t. threshold t
marker t. a t. that may be of little importance in itself but which by association, linkage, or other means facilitates the detection, anticipation, or understanding of a disease or (for genetic diseases) the localization of the causative gene on the karyotype.
mendelian t. a categorical t. that segregates in accordance with a single-locus genetic system.
nonpenetrant t. a genetic t. that is not phenotypically manifest because of non-genetic factors it therefore does not include recessivity, epistasis, hypostasis, or parastasis but does include environmental factors and pure random effects such as lyonization.
penetrant t. a t. that in the appropriate genotypes is phenotypically manifest; strictly, it is the t. that is penetrant, not the gene. See penetrance.
qualitative t. categorical t
recessive t. 1. See dominance of traits. See dominance of traits.
sickle cell t. the heterozygous state of the gene for hemoglobin S in sickle cell anemia.
threshold t. a t. that falls into natural groups that originate not in categorically distinct causes but in whether or not the outcome attains critical values; e.g., gallstones may result from a categorical cause or from unusual levels of causal factors that themselves show no evidence of grouping.liminal t;
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An instrument for locating the course of a bullet in a wound. [L. fr. tra-jicio, pp. -jectus, to throw over or across]
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An analgesic drug whose mechanism of action is unusual in that one optical isomer exerts typical opioid-type effects and the other isomer interacts with the reuptake and/or release of norepinephrine and serotonin in nerve terminals.
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2-[(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)amino]-2-imidazoline hydrochloride;an adrenergic and sympathomimetic agent used for nasal decongestion.
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An altered state of consciousness as in hypnosis, catalepsy, or ecstasy. [L. trans-eo, to go across]
death t. a condition of suspended animation, marked by unconsciousness and barely perceptible respiration and heart action.
induced t. the artificially induced state of hypnosis or of somnambulistic t.
somnambulistic t. a state of somnambulism, paralysis, anesthesia, or catalepsy induced by suggestion in major hypnosis.
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trans-4(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid;a competitive inhibitor of plasminogen activation and of plasmin; used in hemophilia to reduce or prevent hemorrhage.
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A drug that promotes tranquility by calming, soothing, quieting, or pacifying without sedating or depressant effects.
major t. antipsychotic agent
minor t. antianxiety agent
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1. Prefix denoting across, through, beyond; opposite of cis-. 2. In genetics, denoting the location of two genes on opposite chromosomes of a homologous pair. 3. In organic chemistry, a form of geometric isomerism in which the atoms attached to two carbon atoms, joined by double bonds, are located on opposite sides of the molecule. 4. In biochemistry, a prefix to a group name in an enzyme name or a reaction denoting transfer of that group from one compound to another; e.g., transformylase (transfers a formyl group), transpeptidation. [L. trans, through, across]
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acetyltransferase
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Transfer of an acetyl group (CH3CO-), from one compound to another; such reactions, usually involving formation of acetyl-CoA, occur notably in the initiation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by the transfer of an acetyl group to oxaloacetate to form citrate.
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1. Interaction arising from the encounter of two or more persons. 2. In transactional analysis, the unit of analysis involving a social stimulus and a response.
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acyltransferases
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The reversible transfer of acyl groups.
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Dihydroxyacetonetransferase; glycerone-transferase;transferase interconverting sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to d-erythrose 4-phosphate and d-fructose 6-phosphate; part of the pentose phosphate pathway. See also transketolase.
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A reaction involving the transfer of an aldol group (CH2OH-CO-CHOH-) from one compound to another; such reactions generally involve the sugar phosphates and occur in the phosphogluconate oxidation pathway of carbohydrate catabolism.
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The transfer of NH2 from an amide moiety (e.g., from glutamine) to another molecule.
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amidinotransferases
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A reaction involving the transfer of an amidine group (NH2C=NH) from one compound to another; the amidine donor is generally l-arginine and the reaction is of significance in the biosynthesis of creatine.
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aminotransferases
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The reaction between an amino acid and an a-keto acid through which the amino group is transferred from the former to the latter; in certain cases the reaction may be between an amino acid and an aldehyde (e.g., glutamate with glutamate semialdehyde via ornithine transaminase).
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Resuscitation of a stillborn infant. [trans- + L. anima, breath, life]
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Permeable to sound waves. [trans- + L. audio, pres. p. audiens, to hear]
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diathermanous [trans- + L. caleo, to be warm]
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The phenomenon whereby the adenovirus capsid of the SV40 adenovirus "hybrid" is replaced by the capsid of another type of adenovirus; extended to include a similar phenomenon in other viruses.
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carbamoyltransferases
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The transfer of carbamoyl moiety from one molecule to another; e.g., the reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase in the urea cycle.
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carboxyltransferases
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A form of meditation practiced over 2500 years ago in Eastern cultures and which was recently made popular in the West by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi as a means to help increase energy, reduce stress, and have a positive effect on mental and physical health; it involves the person sitting upright for 20 minutes, with eyes closed, and silently speaking a mantra (a key stimulus word used uniquely by each individual to return to the proper meditative state) whenever thought occurs.
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Substances included in "R binder," the name given a family of cobalamin-binding proteins; deficiencies have been associated with low serum cobalamin levels, and can lead to megaloblastic anemia.
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Across or through the condyles; denoting the line of bone incision in Carden's amputation.
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1. Across or through the cortex of the brain, ovary, kidney, or other organ. 2. From one part of the cerebral cortex to another; denoting the various association tracts.
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An a2-globulin in blood that binds cortisol and corticosterone; the principle corticosteroid-binding protein in the plasma.corticosteroid-binding globulin, corticosteroid-binding protein;
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A polymerase associated with the process of transcription; especially the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. [L. transcribo, pp. transcriptum, to copy, + -ase]
reverse t. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, present in virions of RNA tumor viruses.
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Transfer of genetic code information from one kind of nucleic acid to another, especially with reference to the process by which a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized (by an RNA polymerase) on a template of complementary DNA.
reverse t. reversal of the normal pattern of t. (from DNA to RNA); the effective means is the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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percutaneous
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A mechanism for transcellular transport in which a cell encloses extracellular material in an invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle (endocytosis), then moves the vesicle across the cell to eject the material through the opposite cell membrane by the reverse process (exocytosis). The transport mechanism by which most proteins reach the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane; the vesicles targeted toward lysosomes and secretory storage granules appear to be coated with clathrin.cytopempsis, vesicular transport;
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percutaneous
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To effect transduction.
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A device designed to convert energy from one form to another. [see transduction]
piezoelectric t. a t. that converts electric into mechanical energy and vice versa, used in ultrasound diagnosis or therapy.
ultrasound t. a piezoelectric t. used in diagnostic ultrasound.
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A protein that binds guanine nucleotides (i.e., a G protein), found in retinal rods and cones, that plays a major role in signal transduction; in vertebrate rod cells it acts as a link of the photolysis of rhodopsin to the activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase.
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A cell that has acquired a new character by means of transduction; may be complete, with integration of the transferred genetic fragment into its genome, or abortive, in which case the genetic fragment is not integrated and passes to only one of the two daughter cells on division.
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1. Transfer of genetic material (and its phenotypic expression) from one cell to another by viral infection. 2. A form of genetic recombination in bacteria. 3. Conversion of energy from one form to another. [trans- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead across]
abortive t. t. in which the genetic fragment from the donor bacterium is not integrated in the genome of the recipient bacterium, and, when the latter divides, is transmitted to only one of the daughter cells.
complete t. t. in which the transferred genetic fragment is fully integrated in the genome of the recipient bacterium.
general t. t. in which the transducing bacteriophage is able to transfer any gene of the donor bacterium.
high frequency t. specialized t. in which the donor bacterium contains not only the transducing, defective probacteriophage but also nondefective prophage that serves as "helper" virus, enabling most of the defective prophage particles to develop sufficiently to function as transducing agents.
low frequency t. specialized t. in which only a small portion of the prophage particles, because of their defectiveness, are able to develop sufficiently to serve as effective transducing agents.
specialized t. t. in which the bacteriophage strain is able to transfer only some, or only one, of the donor bacterium genes.specific t;
specific t. specialized t
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1. A cross section. 2. Cutting across.transsection; [trans- + L. seco, pp. sectus, to cut]
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Across or through the ethmoid bone.
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A method of gene transfer utilizing infection of a cell with nucleic acid (as from a retrovirus) resulting in subsequent viral replication in the transfected cell. [trans- + infection]
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1. Process of removal or transferral. 2. A condition in which learning in one situation influences learning in another situation; a carry-over of learning which may be positive in effect, as when learning one behavior facilitates the learning of something else, or may be negative, as when one habit interferes with the acquisition of a later one.transmission (1); [L. trans-fero, to bear across]
cavernous t. of portal vein replacement of the portal vein by a number of collateral channels, a consequence of thrombosis.
embryo t. after in vitro artificial insemination, the fertilized ovum is transferred at the blastocyst stage to the recipient's uterus or oviduct.
Fourier t. a mathematical technique to express a time-varying function or signal into components at different frequencies, giving the phase and amplitude of each; used in computed tomography and magnetic resonance image reconstruction transformation.
group t. the t. of a functional moiety from one molecule to another.
linear energy t. (LET) the amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of travel, expressed in keV per micron; protons, neutrons, and alpha particles have much higher LET than gamma or x-rays. A property of radiation considered in radiation protection. See relative biological effectiveness.
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A class of enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another.
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Enzymes (EC class 2) transferring: one-carbon groups (2.1, including methyltransferases, 2.1.1; formyltransferases, 2.1.2; carboxyl- and carbamoyltransferases, 2.1.3, and amidinotransferases, 2.1.4); acyl residues (acyltransferases, 2.3); glycosyl residues (glycosyltransferases, 2.4, including hexosyltransferases, 2.4.1, and pentosyltransferases, 2.4.2); alkyl or aryl groups (2.5); nitrogenous groups (2.6); phosphorus-containing groups (2.7, phosphotransferases); and sulfur-containing groups (2.8, including sulfurtransferases, 2.8.1; sulfotransferases, 2.8.2; and CoA-transferases, 2.8.3).transferring enzymes;
terminal t. enzymes that covalently add nucleotides to the 3´ end of polynucleic acids; e.g., DNA nucleotidylexotransferase.
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1. Conveyance of an object from one place to another. 2. Shifting of symptoms from one side of the body to the other, as seen in certain cases of conversion hysteria. 3. Displacement of affect from one person or one idea to another; in psychoanalysis, generally applied to the projection of feelings, thoughts, and wishes onto the analyst, who has come to represent some person from the patient's past.
counter t. See countertransference.
extrasensory thought t. telepathy
negative t. t. characterized by predominantly hostile feelings on the part of the patient toward the analyst.
passive t. the passage of an immunity or allergic susceptibility by the injection of serum of an animal or individual who has acquired an active immunity to the disease.
positive t. t. characterized by predominantly friendly, respectful, and positive feelings on the part of the patient toward the analyst.
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Love expressed by the patient for the psychoanalyst as a manifestation of transference (3).
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1. A non-heme beta1-globulin of the plasma, capable of associating reversibly with up to 1.25 mug of iron per g, and acting therefore as an iron-transporting protein. 2. A glycoprotein, found in mammalian milk (lactoferrin) and egg white (conalbumin, ovotransferrin), that binds and transports iron (Fe3+). [trans- + L. ferrum, iron, + -ia]
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ribonucleic acid
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To pierce with a sharp instrument. [L. trans-figo, pp. -fixus, to pierce through, fr. figo, to fasten]
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A maneuver in amputation in which the knife is passed from side to side through the soft parts, close to the bone, and the muscles are then divided from within outward. [L. transfixio (see transfix)]
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A bacterium that has received genetic material (and its phenotypic expression) from another bacterium by means of transformation.
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1. metamorphosis 2. A change of one tissue into another, as cartilage into bone. 3. In metals, a change in phase and physical properties in the solid state caused by heat treatment. 4. In microbial genetics, transfer of genetic information between bacteria by means of "naked" intracellular DNA fragments derived from bacterial donor cells and incorporated into a competent recipient cell. [L. trans-formo, pp. -atus, to transform]
cell t. morphological and physiological changes resulting from infection of an animal cell by an oncogenic virus.
Haldane t. the multiplication of inspired oxygen concentration by the ratio of expired to inspired nitrogen concentrations in the calculation of oxygen consumption or respiratory quotient by the open circuit method.
Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein t. the conversion of glucose to fructose and mannose in dilute alkali by enolization adjacent to the carbonyl group to form an enediol, a reaction analogous to certain biochemical transformations.
logit t. a method of linearizing dose-response curves for radioimmunoassay techniques; i.e., Logit B (bound)/Bo(initial binding) = Log (B/Bo/1-B/Bo).
lymphocyte t. the t. into large, blastlike forms (immunoblasts) that occurs when lymphocytes are exposed to histoincompatible antigens (mixed lymphocyte culture) or mitogens. See also mixed lymphocyte culture test.
nodular t. of the liver a rare condition in which nodules of hyperplastic hepatocytes develop without fibrosis or general loss of lobular architecture.nodular regenerative hyperplasia;
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To perform transfusion.
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1. Transfer of blood or blood component of an individual (donor) to another individual (receptor). 2. Intravascular injection of physiologic saline solution. [L. trans-fundo, pp. -fusus, to pour from one vessel to another]
arterial t. direct t. from an artery of the donor into an artery of the receptor.
direct t. t. of blood from the donor to the receptor, either through a tube connecting their blood or by suturing the vessels together.immediate t;
drip t. t. slow enough to measure by drops.
exchange t. removal of most of a patient's blood followed by introduction of an equal amount from donors.exsanguination t., substitution t., total t;
exsanguination t. exchange t
fetomaternal t. passage of fetal blood into maternal circulation.
immediate t. direct t
indirect t. t. into a patient of blood previously obtained from a donor and stored in a suitable container.mediate t;
intrauterine t. to treat erythroblastosis fetalis, Rh-negative blood is placed into the peritoneal cavity of the fetus.
mediate t. indirect t
peritoneal t. the injection of saline solution or other fluid into the peritoneal cavity.
placental t. return to the newborn via the umbilical vessels some of the fetal placental blood.
reciprocal t. an attempt to confer immunity by transfusing blood taken from a donor into a receiver suffering from the same affection, the balance being maintained by transfusing an equal amount from the receiver to the donor.
subcutaneous t. an infusion of absorbable solutions beneath the skin.
substitution t. exchange t
total t. exchange t
twin-twin t. direct vascular anastomosis, arterial or venous, between the placental circulations of twins.
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A newly introduced gene.
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Referring to an organism in which new DNA has been introduced into the germ cells by injection into the nucleus of the ovum.
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Mice that have a piece of foreign lincor DNA integrated into their genome.
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glucosyltransferase
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A group of enzymes that catalyze the calcium-dependent acyl transfer reaction in which the amide moiety of peptide-bound glutaminyl residues serve as acyl donor; a specific t. covalently cross-links fibrin molecules between glutamine and the epsi-amino group of a lysyl residue, thus producing a more stable fibrin clot; another t. participates in the formation of the chemically resistant envelope of the stratum corneum during terminal differentiation of keratinocytes.
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The transfer of a glycosidically bound sugar to another molecule.
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glycosyltransferase
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By way of a hiatus; said of a surgical procedure.
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1. Short-lived; passing; not permanent; said of a disease or an attack. 2. A short-lived cardiac sound having little duration (less than 0.12 second) as distinct from a murmur; e.g., first, second, third, and fourth heart sounds, clicks, and opening snaps. [L. transeo, pres. p. transiens, to cross over]
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Extending from one ilium or iliac crest or spine to the other.
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Jumping across; passing over; pertaining to those cortical association fibers in the brain that pass from one convolution to another nonadjacent one. [L. trans-silio, to leap across, fr. salio, to leap]
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Method of examination by the passage of light through tissues or a body cavity. [trans- + L. illumino, pp. -atus, to light up]
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Across the insula or island of Reil.
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Extending from one ischium to the other.
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Across any isthmus; specifically, across the isthmus of the fornicate gyrus, denoting the gyrus transitivus.
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1. Passage from one condition or one part to another. 2. In polynucleic acid, replacement of a purine base by another purine base or a pyrimidine base by a different pyrimidine. [L. transitio, fr. transeo, pp. -itus, to go across]
cervicothoracic t. the junction between the last cervical vertebra and first thoracic vertebra.
isomeric t. the t. of a nuclear isomer to a lower quantum state; e.g., 131mXe -> 131Xe + gamma.
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Relating to or marked by a transition; transitory.
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A transferase bringing about the reversible interconversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce d-ribose 5-phosphate and d-xylulose 5-phosphate, and also other similar reactions, such as hydroxypyruvate and an aldehyde into CO2 and an extended hydroxypyruvate; a part of the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. See also transaldolase.glycolaldehydetransferase;
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A reaction involving the transfer of a ketole group (HOCH2CO-) from one compound to another.
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1. A change or conversion into another form. 2. The rather complex process by which messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomes effect the production of protein from amino acids, the specificity of synthesis being controlled by the base sequences of the messenger RNA. 3. In dentistry, the movement of a tooth through alveolar bone without change in axial inclination. [L. translatio, a transferring, fr. trans- fero, pp. -latus, to carry across]
nick t. a technique in which a bacterial DNA polymerase is used to degrade a single strand of DNA that has been nicked and then to resynthesize that strand, often with labeled nucleoside triphosphates.
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1. Transposition of two segments between nonhomologous chromosomes as a result of abnormal breakage and refusion of reciprocal segments. 2. Transport of a metabolite across a biomembrane. [trans- + L. location, placement, fr. loco, to place]
balanced t. t. of the long arm of an acrocentric chromosome to another chromosome; an individual with a balanced t. has a normal diploid genome and is clinically normal but has a chromosome count of 45 and as a result of asymmetrical meiosis may have children lacking the genes on the translocated sigment or have them in trisomy.
group t. a form of active transport across a biomembrane in which the transporting molecule is altered in the course of the transport.
reciprocal t. t. without demonstrable loss of genetic material.
robertsonian t. t. in which the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes appear to have fused, forming an abnormal chromosome consisting of the long arms of two different chromosomes; if the t. is balanced, the individual is clinically normal but a carrier of the t.; if the t. is unbalanced, the individual is trisomic for the long arm of a chromosome.centric fusion; [W.R.B. Robertson, U.S. geneticist, *1881]
unbalanced t. condition resulting from fertilization of a gamete containing a t. chromosome by a normal gamete; if this abnormality is compatible with life, the individual would have 46 chromosomes but a segment of the t. chromosome would be represented three times in each cell and a partial or complete trisomic state would exist.
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Partially transparent; permitting light to pass through diffusely. [L. translucens, fr. trans- + luceo, to shine through]
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Through or across a membrane.
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methyltransferase
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Transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another; e.g., l-homocysteine is converted to l-methionine by the transfer to the latter of a methyl group. See methionine synthase.
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Movement from one site to another; may entail the crossing of some usually limiting barrier, as in the passage of blood cells through the walls of the vessels (diapedesis). [L. trans-migro, pp. -atus, to remove from one place to another]
ovular t. the passage of an ovum from one ovary into the fallopian tube of the other side; external ovular t. , direct ovular t. occurs when the ovum passes across the pelvic cavity; internal ovular t. , indirect ovular t. when the ovum crosses the uterine cavity and so enters the tube of the opposite side.
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Capable of being transmitted (carried across) from one person to another, as a t. disease, an infectious or contagious disease.
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1. transfer 2. The conveyance of disease from one person to another. 3. The passage of a nerve impulse across an anatomic cleft, as in autonomic or central nervous system synapses and at neuromuscular junctions, by activation of a specific chemical mediator that stimulates or inhibits the structure across the synapse. See neurohumoral t. 4. In general, passage of energy through a material. [L. transmissio, a sending across]
duplex t. the passage of impulses in both directions through a nerve trunk.
horizontal t. t. of infectious agents from an infected individual to a susceptible contemporary, in contradistinction to vertical t.
iatrogenic t. t. of infectious agents due to medical interference (e.g., t. by contaminated needles).
neurohumoral t. a process by which a presynaptic cell, upon excitation, releases a specific chemical agent (a neurotransmitter) to cross a synapse to stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell.neurotransmission;
transovarial t. (trans´o-va-re-al) passage of parasites or infective agents from the maternal body to eggs within the ovaries; commonly used to describe certain arthropods, to explain the ability of larvae of the next generation to transmit disease pathogens, as with the infection of larval mites or ticks with rickettsiae or viruses.
transstadial t. passage of a microbial parasite, such as a virus or rickettsia, from one developmental stage (stadium) of the host to its subsequent stage or stages, particularly as seen in mites. See also transovarial t.
vertical t. 1. t. of a virus (e.g., RNA tumor virus) by means of the genetic apparatus of a cell in which the viral genome is integrated; 2. for infectious agents in general, t. of an agent from an individual to its offspring. i.e., from one generation to the next. Cf. horizontal t.
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Through any wall, as of the body or of a cyst or any hollow structure. [trans- + L. murus, wall]
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A change; transformation.conversion (1); [L. trans-muto, pp. -atus, to change, transmute]
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Across the eye.
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Transmission of a sound arising in one organ through another. [trans- + L. sonans, sounding]
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In ultrasound, describes a region of a relatively unattenuating medium. A distinction should be made between a t. region and an acoustic echo. [trans- + sonic]
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Through or across a parietal region, area, or structure.
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An enzyme catalyzing a transpeptidation reaction; many proteolytic enzymes (e.g., trypsin, papain) act as t.'s in the course of proteolysis, forming an acylated enzyme as an intermediate in the process; e.g., gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
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A reaction involving the transfer of one or more amino acids from one peptide chain to another, as by transpeptidase action, or of a peptide chain itself, as in bacterial cell wall synthesis.
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Through the peritoneum; e.g., denoting a nephrectomy performed by abdominal section.
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phosphotransferases
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See phosphotransferases, phosphorylases, kinase.
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A reaction involving the transfer of a phosphoric group from one compound to another, often with the involvement of ATP, as by the action of a phosphotransferase or kinase.
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Capable of transpiring or being transpired.
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Passage of watery vapor through the skin or any membrane. See also insensible perspiration. [trans- + L. spiro, pp. -atus, to breathe]
pulmonary t. the passage of water vapor from the blood into the air via the respiratory tract.
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To exhale vapor from the skin or respiratory mucous membrane. [trans- + L. spiro, to breathe]
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Crossing the placenta.
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1. To transfer from one part to another, as in grafting and transplantation. 2. The tissue or organ in grafting and transplantation. See also graft. [trans- + L. planto, to plant]
Gallie's t. narrow strips of the femoral fascia lata used for suture material.
hair t. autografts of punch biopsies of hair-bearing skin, such as occipital scalp, onto frontal scalp in male pattern alopecia.
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Across the sole of the foot; denoting certain muscular fibers or ligamentous structures.
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Implanting in one part a tissue or organ taken from another part or from another individual. See also graft. [L. trans-planto, pp. -atus, to transplant]
bone marrow t. grafting of bone marrow tissue; of value in aplastic anemia, primary immunodeficiency, and acute leukemia (following total body irradiation).
cardiopulmonary t. heart-lung t
t. of cornea keratoplasty
corneal t. keratoplasty
heart t. replacement of a severely damaged heart by: 1) a healthy donated heart from a victim of trauma or other morbid process not incompatible with t.; 2) an artificial heart.
heart-lung t. usually done for irreversible pulmonary hypertension.cardiopulmonary t;
pancreaticoduodenal t. a technically feasible t. including both the duodenum and pancreas.
renal t. t. of a kidney from a compatible donor to restore kidney function in a recipient suffering from renal failure.
tendon t. 1. insertion of a slip from the tendon of a sound muscle into the tendon of a paralyzed muscle; 2. replacement of a length of tendon by a free graft.
tooth t. the transfer of a tooth from one alveolus to another.
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Through the pleura or across the pleural cavity; on the other side of the pleura.
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The movement or transference of biochemical substances in biologic systems. [L. transporto, to carry over, fr. trans- + porto, to carry]
active t. the passage of ions or molecules across a cell membrane, not by passive diffusion but by an energy-consuming process at the expense of catabolic processes proceeding within the cell; in active t., movement takes place against an electrochemical gradient.
axoplasmic t. transport by way of flow of axoplasm toward cell soma (retrograde) or toward axon terminal (anterograde).
facilitated t. the protein-mediated t. of a compound across a biomembrane that is not ion-driven; a saturable t. system.passive t;
hydrogen t. the transfer of hydrogen from one metabolite (hydrogen donor) to another (hydrogen acceptor) through the action of an enzyme system; the donor is thus oxidized and the acceptor reduced.
paracellular t. solvent movement across an epithelial cell layer through the tight junctions between cells. Cf. transcellular t.
passive t. facilitated t
transcellular t. solute movement across an epithelial cell layer through the cells. Cf. paracellular t.
vesicular t. transcytosis
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An enzyme that is required for transposition of DNA segments. [L. trans-pono, pp. trans-positum, to set across, transfer, + -ase]
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To transfer one tissue or organ to the place of another and vice versa. [L. trans-pono, pp. -positus, to place across, transfer]
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1. Removal from one place to another; metathesis. 2. The condition of being transposed to the wrong side of the body, as in t. of the viscera, in which the viscera are located opposite their normal position; e.g., the liver on the left, the apex of the heart on the right. 3. Positioning of teeth out of their normal sequence in an arch.
t. of arterial stems t. of the great vessels
corrected t. of the great vessels anatomically or physiologically corrected malposition of the great arteries. In anatomically corrected t., they arise from the correct ventricles but have an abnormal relation to each other (actually a malposition rather than a t.) In physiologically or functionally corrected t., the aorta arises from a systemic ventricle that has the morphologic characteristics of a right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from a "venous" ventricle that has the morphologic characteristics of a left ventricle.
t. of the great vessels congenital malformation in which the aorta arises from the morphologic right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the morphologic left ventricle resulting in two separate and parallel circulations. The condition is lethal unless some communication exists between the systemic and pulmonic circulation after birth; otherwise, unoxygenated venous blood inappropriately enters the systemic circulation, and oxygenated pulmonary venous blood is inappropriately directed to the pulmonary circulation. The life sustaining communication may be an intra-atrial passage or a patent ductus arteriosus.t. of arterial stems;
penoscrotal t. webbed penis
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A segment of DNA (e.g., an R-factor gene) which has a repeat of an insertion sequence element at each end that can migrate from one plasmid to another within the same bacterium, to a bacterial chromosome, or to a bacteriophage; the mechanism of transposition seems to be independent of the host's usual recombination mechanism. See jumping gene. [L. transpono, pp. transpositum, to transfer, + -on]
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transection
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Across or through a segment.
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Across or through a septum; on the other side of a septum.
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1. A person with the external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics of one sex, but whose personal identification and psychosocial configuration is that of the opposite sex; a study of morphologic, genetic, and gonadal structure may be genitally congruent or incongruent. 2. Denoting or relating to such a person. 3. Relating to medical and surgical procedures designed to alter a patient's external sexual characteristics so that they resemble those of the opposite sex.
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1. The state of being a transsexual. 2. The desire to change one's anatomic sexual characteristics to conform physically with one's perception of self as a member of the opposite sex.
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Through or across the sphenoid bone.
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Formation of spliced products containing portions of two different transcripts.
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Descriptive term applied to the enzymes catalyzing, among others, the following reactions involving sulfur-containing compounds: 1) cystathionine -> cysteine + a-ketobutyrate + NH3 (cystathionine gamma-lyase); 2) cystathionine -> homocysteine + pyruvate + NH3 (cystathionine beta-lyase); 3) cystine -> thiocysteine + pyruvate + NH3 (cystathionine gamma-lyase); 4) cystathionine -> serine + homocysteine (cystathionine synthase).transulfurase;
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The exchange of sulfur, or sulfur, containing moiety, between two different compounds.
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Indicating transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse.
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Passing across or through either the tentorial notch or tentorium cerebelli.
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Passing across the thalamus.
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diathermy [trans- + G. therme, heat]
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Passing through the thoracic cavity.
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A surgical procedure carried out through an incision into the chest wall. [trans- + thorax + G. tome, incision]
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prealbumin
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Substitution of one tissue for another, as in the experimental patching of an artery with peritoneal membrane. [trans- + L. substantia, substance]
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Any fluid (solvent and solute) that has passed through a presumably normal membrane, such as the capillary wall, as a result of imbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces; characteristically low in protein unless there has been secondary concentration. Cf. exudate. transudation (2); [trans- + L. sudo, pp. -atus, to sweat]
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1. Passage of a fluid or solute through a membrane by a hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradient. 2. transudate [see transudate]
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In general, to ooze or to pass a liquid gradually through a membrane, more specifically, through a normal membrane, as a result of imbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces. [see transudate]
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transsulfurase
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Anastomosis of the transsected end of one ureter into the intact contralateral ureter, by direct or elliptical end-to-side technique. See ureteroureterostomy.transureteroureteral anastomosis;
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Through the urethra.
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scillaren A
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Across or through the vagina.
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An animal that transmits a toxic substance that it does not produce, but that may be accumulated from animal (dinoflagellate) or plant (algae) sources; e.g., filter-feeding mollusks.
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Transverse, denotes especially a fascia.transverse, transverse [L.]
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Crosswise; lying across the long axis of the body or of a part.transversalis [NA], transversus [NA]; [L. transversus]
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Resection of the transverse process of a vertebra. [transverse + G. ektome, excision]
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1. Substitution in DNA and RNA of a pyrimidine for a purine, or vice-versa, by mutation. 2. In dentistry, the eruption of a tooth in a position normally occupied by another; transposition of a tooth.
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costotransverse
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Denoting the transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae muscle, arising from the arch of the pubes.
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transverse [L. fr. trans, across, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]
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The practice of dressing or masquerading in the clothes of the opposite sex; especially the adoption of feminine mannerisms and costume by a male.transvestitism; [trans- + L. vestio, to dress]
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A person who practices transvestism.
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transvestism
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Alexios, Greek ophthalmologist, 1867-1960. See T.'s dots, under dot; Horner-T. dots, under dot.
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(+)-trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine sulfate;a monoamine oxidase inhibitor; an antidepressant used in the treatment of severe mental depression.
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Relating to any trapezium.
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trapezoid (1)
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Relating to the trapezium and the metacarpus.
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1. A four-sided geometrical figure having no two sides parallel. 2. The lateral (radial) bone in the distal row of the carpus; it articulates with the first and second metacarpals, scaphoid, and trapezoid bones.os trapezium [NA], greater multangular bone, os multangulum majus, trapezium bone; [G. trapezoin, a table or counter, a trapezium, dim. of trapeza, a table, fr. tra- (= tetra-), four, + pous (pod-), foot]
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trapezius muscle
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1. Resembling a trapezium.trapeziform; 2. A geometrical figure resembling a trapezium except that two of its opposite sides are parallel. 3. trapezoid bone 4. trapezoid body [G. trapeza, table, + eidos, resemblance]
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N,N-Diethyl-5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo-[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine;an antagonist and selective synthesis inhibitor of thromboxane A2; used to prevent cerebral vasospasm.
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Julius, Russian pharmacist, 1815-1908. See T.'s formula; T.-Häser formula.
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Ludwig, German physician and pathologist, 1818-1876. See T.'s bruit, corpuscle, dyspnea, plugs, under plug, semilunar space, sign, double tone; T.-Hering curves, under curve, waves, under wave.
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Carl, German internist, *1885. See Staub-T. effect.
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See traumato-.
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An injury, physical or mental.traumatism; [G. wound]
birth t. 1. physical injury to an infant during its delivery; 2. the supposed emotional injury, inflicted by events incident to birth, upon an infant which allegedly appears in symbolic form in patients with mental illness.
t. from occlusion a reversible lesion in the periodontium caused by excessive movement of teeth.
occlusal t. abnormal occlusal stresses capable of producing or which have produced pathologic changes in the tooth and its surrounding structures.
psychic t. an upsetting experience precipitating or aggravating an emotional or mental disorder.
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Nervous exhaustion following an injury. [traum- + G. astheneia, weakness]
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Plural of trauma.
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Relating to or caused by trauma. [G. traumatikos]
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trauma
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To cause or inflict trauma. [G. traumatizo, to wound]
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Wound, injury. [G. trauma]
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The branch of surgery concerned with the injured. [traumato- + G. logos, study]
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Surgical repair of an accidental wound. [traumato- + G. neis, a spinning]
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Any pathologic condition resulting from violence or wounds. [traumato- + G. pathos, suffering]
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Passage of air in and out through a wound of the chest wall. [traumato- + G. pnoe, breath]
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Obsolete synonym of traumatic fever. [traumato- + G. pyr, fire, fever]
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Infection of a wound; septicemia following a wound. [traumato- + G. sepsis, putrefaction]
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Treatment of trauma or the result of injury.
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Moritz F., German otologist, 1832-1902. See T.'s triangular space.
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In computed tomography, one complete linear movement of the gantry across the object being scanned, as occurred in the original translate and rotate CT machines. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L.L. transverso, fr. L. trans-verto, to turn across]
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A flat receptacle with raised edges.
acrylic resin t. a plastic impression t. used in dentistry; usually fashioned for the individual patient from an autopolymerizing acrylic resin.
annealing t. an electrically heated, thermostatically controlled device used to drive off the protective NH3 gas coating from the surface of cohesive gold foil.
impression t. a receptacle used to carry and confine plastic impression material when making an impression of oral structures.
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2-[3-[4-(m-Chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3(2H)one monohydrochloride;an antidepressant structurally unrelated to other antidepressants.
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See Collins.
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1. Molasses, a viscid syrup that drains from sugar-refining molds. 2. A saccharine fluid. 3. Formerly, a remedy for poison, hence any effective remedy. See also theriaca. [M.E. triacle, antidote, fr. L. theriaca, antidote to snake bite, fr. G. theriakos, pertaining to wild beasts]
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To manage a disease by medicinal, surgical, or other measures; to care for a patient medically or surgically. [Fr. traiter, fr. L. tracto, to drag, handle, perform]
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Medical or surgical management of a patient. See also therapy, therapeutics. [Fr. traitement (see treat)]
active t. a therapeutic substance or course intended to ameliorate the basic disease problem, as opposed to supportive or palliative t. Cf. causal t.
Carrel's t. t. of wound surfaces by intermittent flushing with Dakin's solution.Dakin-Carrel t;
causal t. t. aimed at reversing the causal factor in a disease.
conservative t. a course of therapeutic action designed to avoid harm, with less possibility of benefit than more risky actions.
Dakin-Carrel t. Carrel's t
dietetic t. treatment of a clinical condition with a specific diet.
empiric t. a t. based on experience, usually without adequate data to support its use.
endodontic t. root canal t
Goeckerman t. a t. for psoriasis; the involved areas are painted with a solution of coal tar, or are covered with crude coal tar ointment and subsequently irradiated with ultraviolet (UVB).
heat t. in dentistry, a method of controlled temperature handling of metals so as to change the microscopic structure and thus the physical properties. See also temper, anneal.
insulin coma t. rarely used t. of major mental illness by means of hypoglycemic coma induced by insulin.
insulin shock t. formerly used t. for serious mental disorders in which the patient was given insulin to induce a seizure; supplanted by electroshock therapy.
isoserum t. therapeutic use of serum taken from a person having or having had the same disease as the patient under treatment.
Kenny's t. a method for the t. of anterior poliomyelitis; the affected parts are wrapped in woolen cloth wrung out with hot water; after the acute stage of the disease has passed, the limbs are passively exercised to reeducate the paralyzed muscles.
light t. phototherapy
medical t. t. of disease by hygienic and pharmacologic remedies, as distinguished from invasive surgical procedures.
Mitchell's t. t. of mental illness by rest, nourishing diet, and a change of environment.Weir Mitchell t;
moral t. a type of milieu therapy utilized in the 19th century, emphasizing religious doctrine and benevolent guidance in activities of daily living; as such it was a form of psychotherapy as opposed to somatic t.'s such as bloodletting and purging.
Nauheim t. t. of certain cardiac affections by baths in water through which carbonic acid gas is bubbling, followed by resisting exercises.Nauheim bath, Schott t; [Bad Nauheim, W. Germany]
palliative t. t. to alleviate symptoms without curing the disease.
preventive t. prophylactic t
prophylactic t. the institution of measures designed to protect a person from an attack of a disease to which he has been, or is liable to be exposed.preventive t;
root canal t. 1. the means by which painful or diseased teeth, in which the pulp is involved, are restored to a healthy state; 2. removal of a normal, diseased, or dead pulp by biochemical and mechanical means, enlargement and sterilization of the root canal, followed by filling the canal, to effect healing of diseased periapical tissues; 3. the diagnosis and t. of diseases of the pulp and their sequelae.endodontic t;
Schott t. Nauheim t
shock t. See electroshock therapy.
solar t. syn xref to solar therapy.
symptomatic t. therapy aimed at relieving symptoms without necessarily affecting the basic underlying cause(s) of the symptoms.
Tallerman t. use of special apparatus to administer dry heat to rheumatic disorders, traumatic sprains, etc.
thymus t. t. of disease by administration of extracts of thymus gland.
Tweed edgewise t. See edgewise appliance.
Weir Mitchell t. Mitchell's t
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A saccharine substance containing trehalose and resembling manna, excreted by a parasitic beetle, Larinus maculatus. [Fr., fr. Turk. tigala, fr. Pers. tIghal]
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A glycosidase secreted in the duodenum that hydrolyzes a-glycosidic 1,1 bonds; an absence or deficiency of this enzyme will lead to deficient digestion of trehalose (autosomal recessive).
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A nonreducing disaccharide, (a-d-glucosido)-a-d-glucoside, contained in trehala; also found in fungi, such as Amanita muscaria; elevated in individuals with a trehalase deficiency.mycose;
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Wenzel, Bohemian pathologist, 1819-1872. See T.'s arch, fascia, fossa, hernia, ligament, muscle.
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Ulysse, French surgeon, 1828-1890. See T.'s stools, under stool; Leser-T. sign; T.'s sign.
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1. foramen 2. vulva [G. trema, a hole]
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A class in the phylum Platyhelminthes (the flatworms), consisting of flukes with a leaf-shaped body and two muscular suckers, and an acelomate parenchyma-filled body cavity. Circulatory system and sense organs are not present, but an incomplete alimentary canal is found (lacking an anus). Flukes of interest to human or veterinary medicine are members of the order Digenea, with complete life cycles involving embryonic multiplication in a mollusk first intermediate host. The other order, Monogenea, consists chiefly of parasites of fish that have a simpler pattern of direct development on a single host. [G. trematodes, full of holes, fr. trema, a hole, + eidos, appearance]
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1. Common name for a fluke of the class Trematoda. 2. Relating to a fluke of the class Trematoda.
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An intoxication of cattle, caused by eating white snakeroot, Eupatorium urticaefolium, or the rayless goldenrod; the active agent is a higher alcohol, tremetol, which intoxicated cows eliminate in their milk, causing milk sickness when ingested by humans. [L. tremulus, trembling, fr. tremo, to tremble]
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The shaking or quaking of a tremor.
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Jelly-like. [L. tremulus, trembling]
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The graphic representation of a tremor taken by means of the tremograph or kymograph.tremorgram;
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An apparatus for making a graphic record of a tremor. [L. tremor, a shaking, + G. grapho, to write]
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Inactivated or destroyed by shaking. [L. tremor, a shaking, + labilis, perishable]
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Morbid fear of trembling. [L. tremor, trembling, + G. phobos, fear]
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1. Repetitive, often regular, oscillatory movements caused by alternate, or synchronous, but irregular contraction of opposing muscle groups; usually involuntary. 2. Minute ocular movement occurring during fixation on an object.trepidation (1); [L. a shaking]
action t. intention t
alcoholic withdrawal t. intention t. present in the withdrawal period of one of two types: 1) a t. of greater than 8 Hz, with continuous antagonistic muscle activity, and 2) a t. of less than 8 Hz, with intermittent spontaneous antagonistic muscle activity.
alternating t. a form of hyperkinesia characterized by regular, symmetrical, to-and-fro movements (at about 4 per second) that are produced by patterned, alternating contraction of muscles and their antagonists.
alternative t. a coarse, low frequency (3-8 Hz) pathologic t. produced by alternating contraction of muscles and their antagonists; seen with Parkinson disease and kinetic predominant action t.
arsenical t. a t. caused by chronic poisoning by arsenic.
t. ar´tuum trembling of the extremities, especially of the hands.
ataxic t. intention t
benign essential t. heredofamilial t
coarse t. a t. in which the amplitude is large and the oscillations are usually irregular and slow.
continuous t. persistent t
epidemic t. avian infectious encephalomyelitis
essential t. an action t. of 4-8 Hz frequency that usually begins in early adult life and is limited to the upper limbs and head; called familial when it appears in several family members.
familial t. heredofamilial t
fine t. a t. in which the amplitude is small and the frequency is usually greater than 12 Hz.
flapping t. asterixis
head t.'s head-nodding
heredofamilial t. [MIM*190300] a benign t. inherited as a dominant character; it may be a rapid oscillation resembling that seen in thyrotoxicosis, a coarse t. during rest and inhibited by a voluntary effort, or one which appears only upon movement.benign essential t., familial t;
hysterical t. usually a coarse, irregular t. limited to one limb.psychogenic t;
intention t. a t. that occurs during the performance of precise voluntary movements, caused by disorders of the cerebellum or its connections.action t., ataxic t., kinetic t., volitional t. (2);
kinetic t. intention t
mercurial t. a t. caused by chronic mercury poisoning.
metallic t. a t. caused by poisoning with metal.
t. opiophago´rum a t. occurring in opium addicts.
passive t. resting t
persistent t. a t. that is constant, whether the subject is at rest or moving.continuous t;
physiologic t. fine t., 8-13 Hz frequency, which is a normal phenomenon.
pill-rolling t. resting t. of the thumb and fingers seen in Parkinson disease.
postural t. t. present when the limbs or trunk are kept in certain positions and when they are moved actively, usually due to near-synchronous rhythmic bursts in opposing muscle groups.static t;
t. potato´rum a t. occurring in the subjects of chronic alcoholism.
progressive cerebellar t. Hunt's syndrome (1)
psychogenic t. hysterical t
resting t. a coarse, rhythmic t. 3-5 Hz frequency, usually confined to hands and forearms, that appears when the limbs are relaxed, and disappears with active limb movements; characteristic of Parkinson disease.passive t;
saturnine t. a t. caused by chronic lead poisoning.
senile t. an essential t. that becomes symptomatic in elderly adults.
static t. postural t
t. ten´dinum subsultus tendinum
volitional t. 1. a t. that can be arrested by a strong effort of the will; 2. intention t
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tremogram
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A chemical which in the laboratory produces a tremor resembling parkinsonian tremor and is used to produce experimental parkinsonism.
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Not subject to alteration or destruction by being shaken. [L. tremor, a shaking, + stabilis, stable]
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An instrument for giving vibratory massage.
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Characterized by tremor.
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Paul, French physician, *1875. See Klippel-T.-Weber syndrome.
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Friedrich, German surgeon, 1844-1924. See T.'s operation, position; reverse T. position; T.'s sign, symptom, test.
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Thinking with a tendency toward or centering on a particular idea with a particular affect.
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trephine [G. trypanon, a borer]
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trephination
corneal t. , t. of cornea keratoplasty
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Removal of a circular piece ("button") of cranium by a trephine.trepanation;
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1. A cylindrical or crown saw used for the removal of a disc of bone, especially from the skull, or of other firm tissue as that of the cornea. 2. To remove a disc of bone or other tissue by means of a t.trepan; [contrived fr. L. tres fines, three ends]
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trophocyte [G. trepho, to nourish, + kytos, cell]
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Marked by tremor. [L. trepidans, pres. p. of trepido, to tremble, to be agitated]
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palpitation
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1. tremor 2. Anxious fear. [L. trepidatio, fr. trepido, to tremble, to be agitated]
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A genus of anaerobic bacteria (order Spirochaetales) consisting of cells, 3 to 8 mum in length, with acute, regular, or irregular spirals and no obvious protoplasmic structure. A terminal filament may be present. They stain with difficulty except with Giemsa's stain or silver impregnation. Some species are pathogenic and parasitic for humans and other animals, generally producing local lesions in tissues. The type species is T. pallidum. [G. trepo, to turn, + nema, thread]
T. cara´teum a species that causes pinta, or carate.
T. cunic´uli a species which causes spirochetosis in rabbits.
T. dentico´la cultivatable species that does not ferment carbohydrates and can be isolated from the oral cavity of humans.
T. genita´lis a nonpathogenic species found on the genitalia of humans.
T. hyodysente´riae an enteropathogenic species that causes swine dysentery.
T. muco´sum a species found in pyorrhea alveolaris; it possesses pyogenic properties.
T. pal´lidum a species that causes syphilis in humans; this organism can be experimentally transmitted to anthropoid apes and to rabbits; it is the type species of the genus T.
T. perten´ue a species that causes yaws; patients with this disease give positive results in serologic screening tests for syphilis.
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treponemiasis
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A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Treponema.
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Infection caused by Treponema.treponematosis;
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Destructive to any species of Treponema, but usually with reference to T. pallidum.antitreponemal; [Treponema + L. caedo, to kill]
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A phenomenon in cardiac muscle first observed by H.P. Bowditch; if a number of stimuli of the same intensity are sent into the muscle after a quiescent period, the first few contractions of the series show a successive increase in amplitude (strength).staircase phenomenon; [Ger. Treppe, staircase]
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Frederick J., English physician, 1862-1926. See T.'s sign.
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perforation [G. tresis, a boring]
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All-trans-retinoic acid;a keratolytic agent. See retinoic acid.
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Sir Frederick, English surgeon, 1853-1923. See T.'s fold.
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Norman, U.S. surgeon, 1894-1964. See Stewart-T. syndrome.
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David, 20th century British orthopedic surgeon. See T.'s disease.
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Abbreviation for thyrotropin-releasing factor.
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Abbreviation for thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
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Three. Cf. tris-. [L. and G.]
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CH3COCH2COCH2COOH; 3,5-Dioxohexanoic acid;formed by condensation of acetyl and malonyl CoA's in the course of fatty acid synthesis.
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Used as a solvent of basic dyes, as a fixative in perfumery, and as a topical antifungal agent.glyceryl triacetate, triacetylglycerol;
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triacetin
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troleandomycin
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Glycerol esterified at each of its three hydroxyl groups by a fatty (aliphatic) acid; e.g., tristearoylglycerol.fat (4), triglyceride;
t. lipase the fat-splitting enzyme in pancreatic juice; it hydrolyzes t. to produce a diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion; a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme results in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.steapsin, tributyrase, tributyrinase;
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1. A collection of three things having something in common. 2. The transverse tubule and the terminal cisternae on each side of it in skeletal muscle fibers. 3. portal t 4. The father, mother, and child relationship projectively experienced in group psychotherapy. [G. trias (triad-), the number 3, fr. treis, three]
acute compression t. the rising venous pressure, falling arterial pressure, and decreased heart sounds of pericardial tamponade.Beck's t;
Beck's t. acute compression t
Bezold's t. diminished perception of the deeper tones, retarded bone conduction, and negative Rinne's test, pointing, in the absence of objective signs, to otosclerosis.
Charcot's t. 1. in multiple (disseminated) sclerosis, the three symptoms: nystagmus, tremor, and scanning speech; 2. combination of jaundice, fever, and upper abdominal pain that occurs as a result of cholangitis.
Fallot's t. trilogy of Fallot
hepatic t. portal t
Hull's t. the association of diastolic gallop, anasarca, and small pulse pressure.
Hutchinson's t. parenchymatous keratitis, labyrinthine disease, and Hutchinson's teeth, significant of congenital syphilis.
Kartagener's t. Kartagener's syndrome
portal t. branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and the biliary ducts bound together in the perivascular fibrous capsule or portal tract as they ramify within the substance of the liver.hepatic t., triad (3);
Saint's t. the concurrence of hiatal hernia, diverticulosis, and cholelithiasis.
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Medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority for treatment; the separation of a large number of casualties, in military or civilian disaster medical care, into three groups: 1) those who cannot be expected to survive even with treatment; 2) those who will recover without treatment; 3) the highest priority group, those who will not survive without treatment. [Fr. sorting]
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a test or experiment, usually conducted under specific conditions.
clinical t. an internationally recognized research protocol designed to evaluate the efficacy or safety of drugs, vaccines, or other therapeutic agents, and to produce scientifically valid results.Four phases of trial are distinguished. Phase I trials usually involve fewer than 100 healthy volunteers who are exposed to a new drug or vaccine. Studies may attempt to gauge adverse reactions, optimal dose, and best route of administration. Phase II trials generally involve 200-500 volunteers randomly assigned to control and study groups. These are pilot efficacy studies, with emphasis on immunogenicity in the case of vaccines, and on relative efficacy and safety in the case of drugs. Phase III trials, often multicenter, involve thousands of volunteers, randomly assigned to control and study groups. The aim is to generate statistically relevant data. Phase IV trials are conducted after a national drug registration authority (in the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration) has approved an agent for distribution or sale. They may explore specific pharmacologic effect, adverse reactions, or long-term effects.
randomized controlled t. an epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are allocated randomly into groups, called "experimental" or "study" and "control" groups to receive or not receive an experimental therapeutic or preventive regimen, procedure, maneuver, or intervention.
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The apparently random, haphazard, hit-or-miss exploratory activity which often precedes the acquisition of new information or adjustments; it may be overt, as in a rat running in a maze, or covert (vicarious), as when one thinks of various ways of coping with a situation.
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9a-Fluoro-16a-hydroxyprednisolone;a glucocorticoid with actions and uses similar to those of prednisolone.
t. acetonide a potent glucocorticoid for topical treatment of dermatoses.
t. diacetate an anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agent for parenteral use.
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Absence of three limbs. [tri- + G. a- priv. + melos, limb]
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2,4,7-Triamino-6-phenylpteridine;a potassium sparing diuretic agent, often used in combination with hydrochlorthiazide.
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In anatomy and surgery, a three-sided area with arbitrary or natural boundaries. See also trigonum. [L. triangulum, fr. tri-, three, + angulus, angle]
anal t. the posterior portion of the perineal region through which the anal canal opens; bounded by a line through both isehial tuberosities, the sacrotuberous ligaments and the coccyx.regio analis [NA], anal region;
anterior t. of neck the area of the neck bounded by the mandible, the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the anterior midline of the neck; it is subdivided into carotid, muscular, submandibular, and submental t.'s.anterior region of neck, regio cervicalis anterior, trigonum cervicale anterius;
Assézat's t. a t. formed by lines connecting the nasion with the alveolar and nasal point; used to indicate prognathism in comparative craniology.
auricular t. a t. formed by the base of the auricle and by lines drawn from the true tip of the auricle to the extremities of the base.
t. of auscultation space bounded by the lower border of the trapezius, the latissimus dorsi, and the medial margin of the scapula, where the absence of musculature allows respiratory sounds to be heard clearly with a stethoscope.
axillary t. a triangular area embracing the medial aspect of the arm, the axilla, and the pectoral region which is one of the seats of predilection for the petechial initial rash of smallpox.
Béclard's t. area bounded by the posterior border of the hyoglossus muscle, the posterior belly of the digastric and the greater horn of the hyoid bone.
Bonwill t. an equilateral t. formed by lines from the contact points of the lower central incisors, or the medial line of the residual ridge of the mandible, to the condyle on either side and from one condyle to the other.
Bryant's t. in fracture of the neck of the femur to determine upward displacement of the trochanter, lines are drawn on the body to form a t.: line a is drawn around the body at the level of the anterior superior iliac spines; line b, perpendicular to line a, is drawn to the great trochanter of the femur; line c is drawn from the trochanter to the iliac spine; upward displacement is measured along line b.iliofemoral t;
Burger's t. a scalene t. representing the frontal plane electrocardiographic leads comparable to but more accurate than Einthoven's t. See Einthoven's t.
Burow's t. a t. of skin and subcutaneous fat excised so that a pedicle flap can be advanced without buckling the adjacent tissue.
Calot's t. t. bounded by the cystic artery, cystic duct, and hepatic duct; its dissection early in cholecystectomy safeguards essential structures, should there be anatomic variations from the norm.
cardiohepatic t. cardiohepatic angle
carotid t. a space bounded by the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, and posterior belly of the digastric; it contains the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.trigonum caroticum [NA], fossa carotica, Gerdy's hyoid fossa, Malgaigne's fossa, Malgaigne's t., superior carotid t;
cephalic t. a t. on the cranium formed by lines connecting the metopion, the pogonion, and the occipital point.
cervical t. any of the t.'s of the neck.
Codman's t. in radiology, the interface between growing bone tumor and normal bone, presenting as an incomplete triangle formed by periosteum.
crural t. an area of predilection for the petechial initial rash of smallpox; it occupies the lower abdominal, inguinal, and genital regions and the inner aspects of the thighs, the base of the t. traversing the umbilicus.
deltoideopectoral t. infraclavicular fossa
digastric t. submandibular t
Einthoven's t. an imaginary equilateral t. with the heart at its center, its equal sides representing the three standard limb leads of the electrocardiogram.
Elaut's t. t. formed by the iliac arteries and the promontory of the sacrum.
t. of elbow cubital fossa
facial t. a t. formed by lines connecting the basion, the prosthion, and the nasion.
Farabeuf's t. the t. formed by the internal jugular and facial veins and the hypoglossal nerve.
femoral t. a triangular space at the upper part of the thigh, bounded by the sartorius and adductor longus muscles and the inguinal ligament, with a floor formed laterally by the iliopsoas muscle and medially by the pectineus muscle; the branches of the femoral nerve are distributed within the femoral t.; it is bisected by the femoral vessels, which enter the adductor canal at its apex.trigonum femorale [NA], fossa scarpae major, Scarpa's t., subinguinal t;
t. of fillet lemniscal trigone
frontal t. a t. bounded above by the maximum frontal diameter and laterally by lines joining the extremities of this diameter with the glabella.
Garland's t. a triangular area of relative resonance in the lower back near the spine, found in the same side as a pleural effusion.
Gombault's t. See semilunar fasciculus.
Grocco's t. a triangular patch of dullness at the base of the chest alongside the spinal column, on the side opposite a pleural effusion.paravertebral t;
Grynfeltt's t. a triangular space bounded above by the end of the last rib and the serratus posterior inferior muscle, anteriorly by the internal oblique, and posteriorly by the quadratus lumborum; lumbar hernia occurs in this space.Lesshaft's t;
Hesselbach's t. inguinal t
iliofemoral t. Bryant's t
inferior carotid t. muscular t
inferior occipital t. a t. with its apex at the external occipital protuberance; its base is formed by a line joining the two mastoid processes.
infraclavicular t. infraclavicular fossa
inguinal t. the triangular area in the lower abdominal wall bounded by the inguinal ligament below, the border of the rectus abdominis medially and the inferior epigastric vessels (lateral umbilical fold) laterally. It is the site of direct inguinal hernia.trigonum inguinale [NA], Hesselbach's t., inguinal trigone;
interscalene t. scalene hiatus
Killian's t. the triangular-shaped area of the cervical esophagus bordered by the oblique fibers of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx and the transverse fibers of the cricopharyngeus muscle through which Zenker's diverticulum occurs, and the A-V nodal triangle between the coronary sinus orifice and the ventricular crest.laimer t;
Koch's t. a triangular area of the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that marks the situation of the atrioventricular node.
Labbé's t. an area bounded below by a horizontal line touching the lower edge of the cartilage of the left ninth rib, laterally by the line of the false ribs, and to the right side by the liver; here the stomach is normally in contact with the abdominal wall.
laimer t. Killian's t
Langenbeck's t. a t. formed by lines drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the surface of the great trochanter and to the surgical neck of the femur; a penetrating wound in this area probably involves the joint.
Lesser's t. the space between the bellies of the digastric muscle and the hypoglossal nerve.
Lesshaft's t. Grynfeltt's t
Lieutaud's t. trigone of bladder
lumbar t. an area in the posterior abdominal wall bounded by the edges of the latissimus dorsi and external oblique muscles and the iliac crest; herniations occasionally occur here.trigonum lumbale [NA], Petit's lumbar t;
lumbocostoabdominal t. an irregular area bounded by the serratus posterior inferior, obliquus externus, obliquus internus, and erector spinae muscles.
Macewen's t. suprameatal t
Malgaigne's t. carotid t
Marcille's t. an area bounded by the medial border of the psoas major, the lateral margin of the vertebral column, and the iliolumbar ligament below; it is crossed by the obturator nerve.
muscular t. the t. bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, and the anterior midline of the neck; the infrahyoid muscles occupy most of it.trigonum musculare [NA], trigonum omotracheale [NA], inferior carotid t., omotracheal t., tracheal t;
occipital t. a t. of the neck bounded by the trapezius, the sternocleidomastoid, and the omohyoid muscles. See also inferior occipital t.
omoclavicular t. supraclavicular t
omotracheal t. muscular t
palatal t. a triangular area bounded by the greatest transverse diameter of the palate and by lines converging from its extremities to the alveolar point.trigonum palati;
paravertebral t. Grocco's t
Petit's lumbar t. lumbar t
Philippe's t. See semilunar fasciculus.
Pirogoff's t. a t. formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, and the hypoglossal nerve.
posterior t. of neck the region of the neck bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the trapezius muscle, and the upper border of the clavicle, including the omoclavicular triangle.lateral region of neck, regio cervicalis lateralis, trigonum cervicale posterius;
pubourethral t. a t. in the perineum bounded by the transversus perinei, the ischiocavernosus, and the bulbocavernosus muscles.
Reil's t. lemniscal trigone
sacral t. the surface area over the sacrum.
t. of safety the area at the lower left sternal border where the pericardium is not covered by lung (pericardial notch); preferred site for aspiration of pericardial fluid.
Scarpa's t. femoral t
sternocostal t. trigonum sternocostale
subclavian t. supraclavicular t
subinguinal t. femoral t
submandibular t. the t. of the neck bounded by the mandible and the two bellies of the digastric muscle; it contains the submandibular gland.trigonum submandibulare [NA], digastric t., submaxillary t;
submaxillary t. submandibular t
submental t. a t. bounded by the anterior belly of the digastric muscles, and the hyoid bone; the mylohyoid muscle forms its floor.trigonum submentale [NA];
suboccipital t. a deep t. bounded by the obliquus capitis inferior, the obliquus capitis superior, and the rectus capitis posterior major muscles.
superior carotid t. carotid t
supraclavicular t. the t. bounded by the clavicle, the omohyoid muscle, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle; it contains the subclavian artery and vein.fossa supraclavicularis major [NA], trigonum omoclaviculare [NA], greater supraclavicular fossa, omoclavicular t., subclavian t;
suprameatal t. a t. formed by the root of the zygomatic arch, the posterior wall of the bony external acoustic meatus, and an imaginary line connecting the extremities of the first two lines; used as a guide in mastoid operations.Macewen's t;
tracheal t. muscular t
Tweed t. a t. defined by facial and dental landmarks on a lateral cephalometric film, using the Frankfort horizontal plane as a base and intended for use as a guide in the evaluation and planning of orthodontic treatment.
umbilicomammillary t. a t. with its apex at the umbilicus and its base at the line joining the nipples.
urogenital t. the anterior portion of the perineal region containing the openings of the urethra and vagina in the female and the urethra and root structures of the penis in the male.regio urogenitalis [NA], urogenital region;
t. of vertebral artery triangular area in the root of the neck bounded laterally by the scalenus anterior and medially by the longus coli muscles; the two muscles meet at the triangle's apex, formed by the anterior (carotid) tubercle of the transverse process of vertebra C6; the vertebral artery arises from the subclavian artery at the base of the t., bisecting the t. as it ascends to the apex to enter the transverse foramen of vertebra C6.
vesical t. trigone of bladder
Ward's t. an area of diminished density in the trabecular pattern of the neck of the femur evident by x-ray as well as by direct inspection.
Weber's t. on the sole of the foot, an area indicated by the heads of the first and fifth metatarsal bone and the center of the plantar surface of the heel.
Wilde's t. pyramid of light
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See triangular muscle. [L. triangular]
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See triangle. [L.]
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A genus of insects (subfamily Triatominae, family Reduviidae) that includes important vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, such as T. dimidiata, T. infestans, and T. maculata.
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A subfamily of insects (family Reduviidae, suborder Heteroptera) that are vertebrate bloodsuckers and include such important disease vector species as Panstrongylus, Rhodnius, and Triatoma; they are commonly called conenose or kissing bugs.
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un; 8-Chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine;a short-acting benzodiazepine derivative used as a sedative and hypnotic.
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8-azaguanine
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A lesbian, especially one who obtains sexual pleasure by rubbing her external genitalia against those of another woman. [G. tribo, to rub]
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Lesbianism, particularly as practiced by a tribade. [G. tribo, to rub]
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Having three titratable hydrogen atoms; denoting an acid with a basicity of 3.
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Having three bases.
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In biological classification, an occasionally used division between the family and the genus; often the same as the subfamily. [L. tribus]
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The study of friction and its effects in biological systems, especially in regard to articulated surfaces of the skeleton. [G. tribo, to rub, + logos, study]
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Luminosity produced by friction. [G. tribo, to rub, + luminescence]
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Condition seen in conjoined twins when the fusion has merged the adjacent arms to form a single one, so that there are only three arms for the two bodies. See conjoined twins, under twin. [tri- + G. brachion, arm]
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Conjoined twins exhibiting tribrachia.
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Br3C-CH2OH;formerly used as a basal anesthetic agent administered rectally.
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3,4´,5-Tribromosalicylanilide;a disinfectant used in soaps.
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triacylglycerol lipase
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A synthetic substrate for lipase assays.glyceryl tributyrate, tributyrylglycerol;
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triacylglycerol lipase
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tributyrin
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Acronym for trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. See TRIC agents, under agent.
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tribasic calcium phosphate
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Fetus with three heads. [tri- + G. kephale, head]
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Three-headed; denoting especially two muscles: t. brachii and t. surae. See muscle. [L. fr. tri-, three, + caput, head]
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See tricho-.
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Pain produced by touching the hair.trichodynia; [trich- + G. algos, pain]
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telangion [trich- + G. angeion, vessel]
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Atrophy of the hair bulbs, with brittleness, splitting, and falling out of hair. [trich- + G. atrophia, atrophy]
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Excessive growth of hair in length and quantity. [trich- + G. auxis, increase]
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See tricho-.
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Condition or type of hair. [G. thrix (trich-), hair, + -ia, condition]
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A condition in which the hair adjacent to a natural orifice turns inward and causes irritation; e.g., in inversion of an eyelid (entropion), eyelashes irritate the eye.trichoma, trichomatosis; [trich- + G. -iasis, condition]
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A benign tumor derived from outer root sheath epithelium of a hair follicle, consisting of cells with pale-staining cytoplasm containing glycogen; multiple t.'s are present on the face in Cowden's disease.tricholemmoma; [trichi- + G. lemma, husk, + -oma, tumor]
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Old name for a genus of nematode worms, correctly called Trichinella.
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A larval worm of the genus Trichinella; the infective form in pork. [Mod. L., fr. G. thrix (trich-), a hair]
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A nematode genus in the aphasmid group that causes trichinosis in man and carnivores. [Mod. L. fr. trichina + dim. suffix ella]
T. spira´lis the pork or trichina worm, a species of parasites that cause trichinosis, found in most regions of the world but more frequently in the Northern Hemisphere; transmission occurs as a result of ingesting raw or inadequately cooked meat (especially pork) that contains encysted larvae which develop into adults that survive in the jejunum and ileum for approximately six weeks; the female worm is viviparous, and bears approximately 1500 embryonic larvae that are laid deep in the mucosa so that they are picked up in the submucosal capillaries and are transported via the liver to the heart, lungs, and systemic circulation; eventually the larvae break out of the body capillaries, penetrate a muscle fiber, coil, and encyst, thereby inducing the strong sensitization, pain, fever, edema, and eosinophilic reaction characteristic of trichinosis.
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trichinosis
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Trichinelloidea
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A superfamily of nematodes, including the following roundworms that are parasitic in man: Trichinella spiralis, the trichina worm (family Trichinellidae); Trichuris trichiura, the human whipworm; Capillaria hepatica, the capillary liver worm; and C. philippinensis (family Trichuridae).Trichinellicae;
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trichinosis
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trichinosis
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Containing trichina worms.
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Infection with trichina worms.
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A magnifying glass used in the examination of meat suspected of being trichinous. [trichina + G. skopeo, to view]
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The disease resulting from ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked pork (or bear or walrus meat in Alaska) that contains encysted larvae of the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis. The initial symptoms of human disease are abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea, associated with the development of the parasites in the small intestine. Once the resultant larval parasites migrate and invade muscular tissue, a second set of symptoms is manifest, including facial and periorbital edema, myalgia, fever, pruritus, urticaria, conjunctivitis, and signs of myocarditis.trichinelliasis, trichinellosis, trichiniasis; [Trichinella (trichina) + G. -osis, condition]
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Infected with trichina worms.
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A cephalometric point at the midpoint of the hairline at the top of the forehead. [G. thrix, hair]
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trichocyst
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Inflammation of the hair bulbs. [trich- + G. -itis, inflammation]
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m-chloral
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C4H8Cl3O4P;an organophosphorus compound effective against immature and mature stages of Schistosoma haematobium, but ineffective against other species of Schistosoma in humans.metrifonate;
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A chloride having three chlorine atoms in the molecule; e.g., PCl3.
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6-Chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide;an orally effective benzothiazide diuretic and antihypertensive agent.
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2,2´,2"-Trichlorotriethylamine hydrochloride; tris(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride;a nitrogen mustard used in the treatment of leukemia.
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CCl3COOH;used as an astringent antiseptic in 1 to 5% solution or as an escharotic for venereal and other warts; a widely used protein precipitant.
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CH3CCl3; 1,1,1-Trichloroethane;an industrial solvent with pronounced inhalation anesthetic activity.methylchloroform;
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CCl3CH2OH; 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol;a hypnotic and sedative; as a metabolite of chloral hydrate, it contributes to the depressant activity of chloral hydrate.trichloroethyl alcohol;
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trichloroethylene
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trichloroethanol
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ClCH=CCl2;an analgesic and inhalation anesthetic used in minor surgical operations and in obstetrical practice; administration requires that only nonrebreathing circuits be used because of the toxicity of dichloracetylene resulting from interaction of t. with soda lime.ethinyl trichloride, trichloroethene;
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CCl3F;a propellant used for aerosol sprays; has anesthetic and arrhythmogenic activity if inhaled in high concentration.trichloromonofluoromethane;
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chloroform
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trichlorofluoromethane
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2,4,5-Trichlorophenol or 2,4,6-trichlorophenol;used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and fungicide.
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A herbicide and defoliant synthesized by condensation of chloracetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, used as the principal constituent of Agent Orange.
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The hair; a hairlike structure. [G. thrix (trich-)]
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A hair cast in the stomach or intestinal tract, common in cats.hair ball, pilobezoar; [tricho- + bezoar]
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Incorrect name for Trichuris. [tricho- + G. kephale, head]
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Yellow-orange and violet natural pigments related to melanins; partly responsible for the red and auburn colors of human hair. [tricho- + G. chroma, color]
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trichorrhexis nodosa [tricho- + G. klasis, breaking off]
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Any disease of the hair follicles. [tricho- + G. kryptos, concealed]
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One of a number of structures, in the form of minute elongated cysts, arranged radially around the periphery of a protozoan cell and containing fluid which when discharged serves for offense or defense; found in ciliates, such as Paramecium species.trichite; [tricho- + G. kystis, bladder]
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A genus of biting lice that includes the species T. canis (T. latus), the biting louse of dogs that commonly serves as an intermediate host for the dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum, as well as the species T. climax (Bovicola caprae), T. parumpilosus (B. equi), T. scalaris (B. bovis), and T. sphaerocephalus (B. ovis). See also Bovicola, Damalinia. [tricho- + G. dektes, a beggar]
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A genus of fungi in soil that furnishes the antibiotic gliotoxin. Has produced rare opportunistic infections. [tricho- + G. derma, skin]
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Dominantly inherited or nonfamilial elliptical parafollicular mesenchymal hamartomas.haarscheibe tumor;
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trichalgia [tricho- + G. odyne, pain]
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Defective nutrition of hair, often culminating in alopecia. May be acquired or congenital; the latter often with metabolic or other birth defects. [tricho- + G. prefix dys-, abnormal, + trophe, growth]
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Multiple small benign nodules, occurring mostly on the skin of the face, derived from basal cells of hair follicles enclosing small keratin cysts; frequent autosomal dominant inheritance.acanthoma adenoides cysticum, Brooke's tumor, epithelioma adenoides cysticum, hereditary multiple t; [tricho- + epithelioma]
acquired t. dilated pore
desmoplastic t. a solitary, hard, annular, centrally depressed papule, occurring usually in women on the face, consisting of dermal strands of basaloid cells and small keratinous cysts within sclerotic desmoplastic stroma.
hereditary multiple t. trichoepithelioma
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1. The sensation felt when a hair is touched. 2. A form of paresthesia in which there is a sensation as of a hair on the skin, on the mucous membrane of the mouth, or on the conjunctiva. [tricho- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
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A usually solitary tumor or hamartoma in which multiple abortive hair follicles open into a central cyst or space opening on the skin surface. [tricho- + L. folliculus, fountain, spring, + G. -oma, tumor]
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An agent that promotes the growth of hair. [tricho- + G. -gen, producing]
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Promoting the growth of the hair.
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hairy tongue [tricho- + G. glossa, tongue]
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A substance of the nature of keratohyalin found in the developing inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
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Hairlike. [tricho- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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trichilemmoma
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A concretion on the hair; the lesion of piedra. [tricho- + G. lithos, stone]
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A nervous habit of plucking at the hair.trichology (2); [G. trichologeo, to pluck hairs, fr. tricho- + lego, to pick out, gather]
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1. The study of the anatomy, growth, and diseases of the hair. [tricho- + G. logos, study] 2. trichologia [G. trichologeo, fr. tricho- + lego, to pick out]
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trichiasis [tricho- + G. -oma, tumor]
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trichomatous
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trichiasis
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Relating to or suffering from trichoma.trichomatose;
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Congenital condition characterized by abnormally long eyelashes; associated with dwarfism. [tricho- + G. megas, large]
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An agent that is destructive to Trichomonas organisms.
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Common name for members of the family Trichomonadidae.
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A family of protozoan flagellates that includes the genus Trichomonas.
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A genus of parasitic protozoan flagellates (subfamily Trichomonidinae, family Trichomonadidae) causing trichomoniasis in humans, other primates, and birds. Specificity is more marked for its precise microhabitat than for host species. The genus has been divided into several genera: Trichomonas, Pentatrichomonas, Tetratrichomonas, and Tritrichomonas. [tricho- + G. monas, single (unit)]
T. bucca´lis T. tenax
T. foe´tus former name for Tritrichomonas foetus.
T. galli´nae the species that causes avian trichomoniasis; the pigeon is the natural host, but the organism also occurs in turkeys, chickens, doves, hawks, falcons, and other birds; infection is most serious in young domestic pigeons, who acquire it from pigeon milk produced in the pigeon crop; other birds are infected from contaminated water or by feeding on infected birds.
T. gallina´rum former name for Tetratrichomonas gallinarium.
T. hom´inis former name for Pentatrichomonas hominis.
T. o´vis former name for Tetratrichomonas ovis.
T. su´is former name for Tritrichomonas suis.
T. te´nax a species that lives as a commensal in the mouth of humans and other primates, especially in the tartar around the teeth or in the defects of carious teeth; there is no evidence of direct pathogenesis, but it is frequently associated with pyogenic organisms in pus pockets or at the base of teeth.T. buccalis;
T. vagina´lis a species frequently found in the vagina and urethra of women and in the urethra and prostate gland of men (the only known natural hosts), in whom it causes trichomoniasis vaginitis; considerable differences in pathogenicity exists among various strains of this species.
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Disease caused by infection with a species of protozoan of the genus Trichomonas or related genera; often used to designate t. vaginitis.
avian t. t. occurring in the upper digestive tract in a variety of birds and caused by Trichomonas gallinae; it causes necrotic ulceration in the mouth, esophagus, crop, and proventriculus, frequently with rapid weight loss and death.
bovine t. a venereal infection in cattle caused by Tritrichomonas foetus; in the bull, the infection is usually asymptomatic, the organisms being present in small or moderate numbers, chiefly in the preputial sheath; infection in the female may result in delayed conception, abortion early in pregnancy, or pyometra; transmission occurs during copulation or by artificial insemination from infected bulls.
t. vagini´tis acute vaginitis or urethritis caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, which does not invade the mucosa or the tissue but provokes an inflammatory reaction; infection is venereal or by other forms of contact; widespread infection in human populations is usually asymptomatic but may produce vaginitis, with vaginal and vulvar pruritis, leukorrhea with frothy watery discharge, and (rarely) purulent urethritis in males.
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trichomycosis
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Formerly used to mean any disease of the hair caused by a fungus; presently synonymous with trichonocardiosis or t. axillaris. In present usage, t. is a misnomer because the causative agent of the disease is a nocardia (an entity intermediate between fungus and bacterium) or Corynebacterium and not a true fungus.trichomycetosis; [tricho- + G. mykes, fungus, + G. -osis, condition]
t. axilla´ris Corynebacterium infection of axillary and pubic hairs with development of yellow (flava), black (nigra), or red (rubra) concretions around the hair shafts; frequently asymptomatic.lepothrix, Paxton's disease, t. chromatica, t. nodosa, t. nodularis, t. palmellina, trichonocardiosis axillaris, trichonodosis;
t. chromat´ica t. axillaris
t. nodo´sa t. axillaris
t. nodula´ris t. axillaris
t. palmelli´na t. axillaris
t. pustulo´sa any parasitic disease of the hair marked by pustule formation at the orifices of the hair follicles.
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An infection of hair shafts, especially of the axillary and pubic regions, with nocardiae. Yellow, red, or black concretions develop around the infected hair shafts and contain the causative agent and, frequently, micrococci; the micrococci probably account for the variety of the colors of the concretions and for the resultant varieties of t. which have been described. See also trichomycosis, trichomycosis axillaris. [tricho- + Nocardia + G. -osis, condition]
t. axilla´ris trichomycosis axillaris
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trichomycosis axillaris [tricho- + L. nodus, node (swelling), + G. -osis, condition]
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trichopathy
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trichopathy [tricho- + G. nosos, disease]
t. versic´olor ringed hair
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Relating to any disease of the hair.
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Excessive worry regarding disease of the hair, its color, or abnormalities of its growth. [tricho- + G. pathos, suffering, + phobos, fear]
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Any disease of the hair.trichonosis, trichonosus, trichosis; [tricho- + G. pathos, suffering]
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The eating of hair or wool.
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Habitual biting of the hair. [tricho- + G. phagein, to eat]
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Morbid disgust caused by the sight of loose hairs on clothing or elsewhere. [tricho- + G. phobos, fear]
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Relating to trichophytosis.
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An eruption remote from the site of infection, which is the expression of allergic response to Trichophyton infection. [tricho- + G. phyton, plant, + -id (1)]
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An extract of cultures of several species of Trichophyton, the ringworm fungus. Formerly used in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of varieties of ringworm infection; now used only as a measure of general immune response in a compromised person.
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A mixed hair and food ball, consisting of vegetable fibers, seeds and skins of fruits, and animal hair that are matted together to form a ball in the stomach of man or animals, especially ruminants.phytotrichobezoar; [tricho- + G. phyton, plant, + bezoar]
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A genus of pathogenic fungi causing dermatophytosis in humans and animals; species may be anthropophilic, zoophilic, or geophilic, and attack the hair, skin, and nails, and are characterized by their growth in hair. Endothrix species grow from the skin into the hair follicle, penetrate the shaft, and grow into it, producing rows of arthroconidia as the hyphae septate; there is no growth on the external surface of the shaft. Ectothrix species are of two kinds, large spored and small spored. In both, the fungus grows into the hair follicle, surrounds the hair shaft, and penetrates it, but continues to grow both within and outside the hair shaft, producing arthroconidia externally. [tricho- + G. phyton, plant]
T. concen´tricum an anthropophilic species which is the causative agent of tinea imbricata; it closely resembles the branching mycelium of T. schoenleinii.
T. equi´num a zoophilic species causing ectothrix infections of hair in horses, from which humans may also be infected; it requires nicotinic acid for growth.
T. megnin´ii an anthropophilic ectothrix species of dermatophyte with spores in chains, causing infection in man; it requires histidine, which differentiates it from Microsporum gallinae.
T. mentagrophy´tes a zoophilic small-spored ectothrix species that causes infection of the hair, skin, and nails; it is a cause of ringworm in dogs, horses, rabbits, mice, rats, chinchillas, foxes, and man (especially tinea pedis with severe inflammation, and tinea cruris).
T. ru´brum a widely distributed anthropophilic species that causes persistent infections of the skin, especially tinea pedis and tinea cruris, and in the nails that are unusually resistant to therapy; it rarely invades the hair, where it is ectothrix in nature; occasional subcutaneous and systemic infections have been reported.
T. schoenlei´nii an anthropophilic endothrix species of dermatophyte causing favus in man; it is endemic throughout Eurasia and Africa and, because of travel, is seen more frequently in the Western Hemisphere; it produces tunnels within the hair shaft which are filled with air bubbles after the hyphae disintegrate.
T. sim´ii a zoophilic species that causes infection in rhesus monkeys, dogs, and man; most infections have had their origin in India.
T. ton´surans an anthropophilic endothrix species that causes epidemic dermatophytosis in Europe, South America, and the U.S.; it infects some animals and requires thiamin for growth. It is the most common cause of tinea capitis in the U.S., forming black dots where hair breaks off at the skin surface.
T. verrucos´um a zoophilic species that causes ringworm in cattle, from which man can become infected.
T. viola´ceum an anthropophilic species that causes black-dot ringworm or favus infection of the scalp; hair infection is of the endothrix type; usually found in South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
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Superficial fungus infection caused by species of Trichophyton. [tricho- + G. phyton, plant, + -osis, condition]
t. bar´bae tinea barbae
t. cap´itis tinea capitis
t. cor´poris tinea corporis
t. cru´ris tinea cruris
t. un´guium fungus infection of the nail plates. See also onychomycosis.
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A genus of biting lice that infest ruminants, e.g., T. lipeuroides and T. parallelus in American deer; considered by some to be a subgenus of Damalinia. [tricho- + G. pleura, rib, side]
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kinky-hair disease
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poliosis [tricho- + G. polios, gray, + -osis, condition]
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An order of insects in which the aquatic larvae (caddis flies) construct a protective case (caddis) of bits of submerged material in a highly specific form; commonly found attached under stones in freshwater streams. The adult caddis flies, having hairy wings, shed their hairs and epithelia, causing hay fever-like (allergic) symptoms in sensitive people. [tricho- + G. pteron, wing]
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A condition of splitting of the shaft of the hair, giving it a feathery appearance. [tricho- + G. ptilosis, plumage, + -osis, condition]
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A condition in which the hairs tend to readily break or split. [tricho- + G. rhexis, a breaking]
t. invagina´ta bamboo hair
t. nodo´sa a congenital or acquired condition in which minute nodes are formed in the hair shafts; splitting and breaking, complete or incomplete, may occur at these points or nodes.clastothrix, nodositas crinium, trichoclasia, trichoclasis;
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The presence of broken or split hairs. See also trichorrhexis. [tricho- + G. schisis, a cleaving]
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Examination of the hair. [tricho- + G. skopeo, to examine]
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trichopathy [tricho- + G. -osis, condition]
t. carun´culae a growth of hair on the lacrimal caruncle.
t. sensiti´va hyperesthesia of the hairy parts.
t. seto´sa coarseness of the hair.
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Having flagella with a small body; denoting certain protozoan organisms. See Trichomonas. [tricho- + G. soma, body]
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A genus of imperfect fungi that possess branching septate hyphae with arthroconidia and blastoconidia; these organisms are part of the normal flora of the intestinal tract of humans. T. beigelii is the causative agent of white piedra or trichosporosis and fatal fungemia in immunocompromised patients. [tricho- + G. sporos, seed (spore)]
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Systemic infection by Trichosporan beigelii; marked by fever or pneumonia with a high mortality; seen in neutropenic patients. Local infection with T. beigelii is white piedra, also known as trichosporosis.
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white piedra [Trichosporon + G. -osis, condition]
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A condition in which hair follicles are blocked with a keratin plug containing lanugo hairs. [tricho- + G. stasis, a standing; L. spinulosus, thorny]
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Common name for members of the family Trichostrongylidae.
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A family of nematodes (order Strongylida or, in older terminology, Strongylata); includes the important genera Cooperia, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, and Hippostrongylus. See Trichostrongylus.
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Infection with nematodes of the genus Trichostrongylus.
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The hairworm, or bankrupt or black scour worm; an economically important genus (about 30 species) of small slender nematodes (family Trichostrongylidae) that inhabit the small intestine, in some cases the stomach, of a variety of herbivorous animals and gallinaceous birds. They burrow into the mucosa and suck blood; in large numbers they do serious damage, especially to young hosts. [tricho- + G. strongylos, round]
T. ax´ei the most common species in cattle, occurring also in the abomasum of sheep, horses, antelope, bison, llama, and deer, and in the stomach of pigs and horses.
T. capric´ola a species that occurs in the small intestine and abomasum of sheep, goats, deer, and pronghorn.
T. colubrifor´mis a species that occurs in anterior portions of the small intestine and sometimes in the abomasum of sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and some wild ruminants, and in the stomach of primates (including humans), rabbits, and squirrels; it is distributed worldwide and is common in the U.S., especially in sheep.
T. longispicula´ris a species found in the small intestine of cattle, sheep, and goats; it is distributed worldwide but uncommon in the U.S.
T. ten´uis a species that is a widespread pathogenic parasite of the ceca and small intestines of fowl, including ducks, geese, turkeys, pheasants, and partridges.
T. vitri´nus a species that is an important pathogen of lambs, found chiefly in the duodenum of sheep, camels, rabbits, and goats but also reported from humans and pigs.
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A genus of imperfect fungi generally considered a common saprophyte.
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Congenital fragile hair with multiple fractures resulting from low sulfur-containing amino acid (cysteine) content of the hair, mental impairment, and short stature. [tricho- + thio- + G. dys, bad, + trophe, nourishment]
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A compulsion to pull out one's own hair. [tricho- + G. tillo, pull out, + mania, insanity]
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A division into three parts. [G. trichia, threefold, + tome, a cutting]
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A cytotoxin having an injurious effect specifically for ciliated epithelium.
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Nutrition of the hair. [tricho- + G. trophe, nourishment]
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Relating to or marked by trichroism.
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The property of some crystals of emitting different colors in three different directions. [G. trichroos, three-colored, fr. tri- + chroa, color]
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A person who sees three primary colors; hence, one with normal color vision. [tri- + G. chroma, color]
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1. Having, or relating to, the three primary colors, red, green, and blue. 2. Capable of perceiving the three primary colors; having normal color vision.trichromic;
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The state of being trichromatic. [tri- + G. chroma, color]
anomalous t. a defect in color perception in which there appears to be an abnormality or deficiency in one of the three primary pigments of the retinal cones. See protanomaly, deuteranomaly, tritanomaly.
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Normal color vision; the ability to perceive the three primary colors. [tri- + G. chroma, color, + opsis, vision]
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trichromatic
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pectus excavatum [Ger. Trichterbrust, funnel chest]
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Infection with nematodes of the genus Trichuris. In humans, intestinal parasitization by T. trichiura is usually asymptomatic and not associated with peripheral eosinophilia; in massive infections it frequently induces diarrhea or rectal prolapse.
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A genus of aphasmid nematodes (sometimes improperly termed Trichocephalus) related to the trichina worm, Trichinella spiralis, and having a body with a slender, elongated, anterior portion threaded into the mucosa of the colon or large intestine of the host and a thick posterior portion bearing reproductive organs and their products. T. contains about 70 species, all in mammals. [tricho- + G. oura, tail]
T. trichiu´ra the whipworm of humans, a species that causes trichuriasis; the body is filiform and slender in the anterior three-fifths, and more robust posteriorly; females are 4 or 5 cm long, males are shorter (with coiled caudal extremity and a single eversible spicule); eggs are barrel-shaped, 50 to 56 by 20 to 22 mum, with double shell and translucent knobs at each of the two poles; humans are the only susceptible hosts and usually acquire infection by direct finger-to-mouth contact or by ingestion of soil, water, or food that contains larvated eggs (development in the soil takes 3 to 6 weeks under proper conditions of warmth and moisture, hence distribution is chiefly tropical); larvae escape from eggs in the ileum, mature in approximately a month, and then pass directly into the cecum without undergoing a parenteral migration as occurs with Ascaris lumbricoides; adults may persist for 2 to 7 years.
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Having three heads; denoting a triceps muscle.
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Hexamethylenebis[dimethyl[1-methyl-3-(2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)propyl]ammonium chloride];a bisquaternary ammonium compound used topically in the treatment of superficial infections of the skin and vagina; a cationic antiseptic effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. It is inactivated by soap and pH changes.
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Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenol) piperazine;an anthelmintic.
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A phosphorylated derivative of chloral hydrate, which is hydrolyzed to chloral hydrate in the body and produces characteristic sedative-hypnotic properties.
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1. One of the lateral ventricles of the brain. 2. tricornute [tri- + L. cornu, horn]
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Having three cornua or horns.tricorn (2); [tri- + L. cornutus, horned, fr. cornu, a horn]
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cresol
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Thrice-beating; marked by three waves in the arterial pulse tracing.tricrotous; [tri- + G. krotos, a beat]
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The condition of being tricrotic.
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tricrotic
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A genus of operculate freshwater snails related to Oncomelania (the Schistosoma japonicum intermediate hosts) of the subfamily triculinae, family Hydrobiidae, subclass Prosobranchiata; it includes T. aperta, intermediate host of Schistosoma mekongi.
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1. Having three points, prongs, or cusps, as the tricuspid valve of the heart. 2. Having three tubercles or cusps, as the second upper molar tooth (occasionally) and the upper third molar (usually).tritubercular;
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procyclidine methochloride
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tridigitate
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tridentate
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Three-toothed; three-pronged.trident; [tri- + L. dentatus, toothed]
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Relating to or derived from the three primary germ layers of the embryo: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. [tri- + G. derma, skin]
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triphyllomatous teratoma [tri- + G. derma, skin, + -oma, tumor]
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Having three fingers or three toes on one hand or foot.tridactylous; [tri- + L. digitus, digit]
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3-Diethylamino-1-phenyl-1-cyclohexyl 1-propanol ethylchloride;an anticholinergic drug.
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A form of silica used in dental casting investment. [fr. G. tridymos, threefold]
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triplet (1) [L. fr. G. tridymos, threefold]
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A long, three-jawed forceps for the extraction of foreign bodies from wounds or canals. [tri- + G. helko, to draw]
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C6H18N4. 2HCl;a chelating agent used to remove excess copper from the body in Wilson's disease.triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride;
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A mixture of mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, used as an emulsifying agent in the preparation of medicated ointments and lotions and as an aid in the absorption of such medicaments through the skin.
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C6H14O4; 2,2´-Ethylenedioxybis(ethanol);used in the vapor state as an air-sterilizing agent; toxic to bacteria, fungi, and viruses in very low concentrations in air; variations in the humidity of the air limit the germicidal effectiveness.
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2,4,6-Tris(ethyleneimino)-s-triazine;an antineoplastic agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards; used in the treatment of leukemia.
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A drug with the same actions and uses as triethylenemelamine in the treatment of leukemias.
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trientine hydrochloride
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Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide;an alkylating agent used for the palliative treatment of malignant diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and carcinoma.thiotepa;
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Denoting the fifth pair of cranial nerves, the trigeminal nerves. [tri- + L. facies, face]
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Split into three. [L. trifidus, three-cleft]
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10-[3-(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine hydrochloride;an antipsychotic.
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A group used to protect amino moieties of amino acid and peptides during peptide synthesis.
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fluroxene
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A pyrimidine analogue used topically in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis.
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4´-Fluoro-4-[4-hydroxy-4-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)piperidino]butyrophenone hydrochloride;a tranquilizer.
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10-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine hydrochloride;an antipsychotic closely related chemically and pharmacologically to chlorpromazine.
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2´-Deoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)uridine;an antiviral agent used in eye drops to treat herpes simplex infections of the eye.
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Having three foci. See trifocal lens.
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A form of photosensitization that occurs in horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs from eating several types of clover and alfalfa.clover disease, trefoil dermatitis; [L. trifolium, trefoil, clover]
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1. A division into three branches. 2. The area where the tooth roots divide into three distinct portions. [tri- + L. furca, fork]
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Having three bellies; denoting a muscle with two tendinous interruptions. [tri- + G. gaster, belly]
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Relating to the fifth cranial or trigeminus nerve.trigeminus; [L. trigeminus, threefold]
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trigeminal [L. threefold, fr. tri- + geminus, twin]
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trigeminal rhythm [L. trigeminus, threefold]
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trigonelline
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Term describing a system in which a relatively small input turns on a relatively large output, the magnitude of which is unrelated to the magnitude of the input.
ECG t. use of the electrocardiogram, usually the R wave, to control electronically some recording or imaging apparatus. See cardiac gating.EKG t;
EKG t. ECG t
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triacylglycerol
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Plural of trigonum. [L.]
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Triangular; relating to a trigonum.
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1. trigonum 2. The first three dominant cusps (protocone, paracone, and metacone), taken collectively, of an upper molar tooth. [L. trigonum, fr. G. trigonon, triangle]
t. of auditory nerve the slight prominence of the floor of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle, corresponding to the underlying cochlear and vestibular nuclei.acoustic tubercle, trigonum acustici;
t. of bladder a triangular smooth area at the base of the bladder between the openings of the two ureters and that of the urethra.trigonum vesicae [NA], Lieutaud's body, Lieutaud's triangle, Lieutaud's t., vesical triangle;
cerebral t. fornix
collateral t. a triangular prominence of the floor of the lateral ventricle at the transition between occipital and temporal horn, continuous rostrally with the collateral eminence and, like the latter, caused by the deep penetration of the collateral sulcus from the ventral surface of the temporal lobe.trigonum collaterale [NA], t. of lateral ventricle, trigonum ventriculi, ventricular t;
deltoideopectoral t. infraclavicular fossa
fibrous t.'s of heart See right fibrous t., left fibrous t.
t. of fillet lemniscal t
t. of habenula habenular t
habenular t. a small triangular area on the dorsomedial surface of the thalamus at the caudal end of the medullary stria, corresponding to the underlying habenula.trigonum habenulae [NA], t. of habenula;
hypoglossal t. a slight elevation in the floor of the inferior recess of the fourth ventricle, beneath which is the nucleus of origin of the twelfth cranial nerve.trigonum nervi hypoglossi [NA], eminentia hypoglossi, hypoglossal eminence, t. of hypoglossal nerve, trigonum hypoglossi, tuberculum hypoglossi;
t. of hypoglossal nerve hypoglossal t
inguinal t. inguinal triangle
t. of lateral ventricle collateral t
left fibrous t. the part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart located in the interval between the left side of the left atrioventricular ring and the aortic ring.trigonum fibrosum sinistrum [NA];
lemniscal t. a triangular area on the lateral surface of the caudal half of the mesencephalon, bordered caudally by the slight prominence of the lateral lemniscus, dorsally by the base of the inferior colliculus and the brachium of the superior colliculus, and ventrally by the crus cerebri.Reil's triangle, triangle of fillet, t. of fillet, trigonum lemnisci;
Lieutaud's t. t. of bladder
Müller's t. the floor of the supraoptic recess of the third ventricle.
olfactory t. a grayish triangular area corresponding to the attachment of the olfactory peduncle ("olfactory nerve" or olfactory tract) to the base of the brain, at the anterior border of the anterior perforated substance.trigonum olfactorium [NA];
right fibrous t. part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart located between the aortic fibrous ring and rings surrounding the right and left atrioventricular ostia.trigonum fibrosum dextrum [NA];
vagal t. a prominence in the floor of the inferior fovea of the fourth ventricle that overlies the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.trigonum nervi vagi [NA], ala cinerea, ashen wing, gray wing, t. of vagus nerve, va´gi eminentia;
t. of vagus nerve vagal t
ventricular t. collateral t
vertebrocostal t. a triangular area in the diaphragm near the lateral arcuate ligament that is devoid of muscle fibers; it is covered by pleura superiorly and by peritoneum inferiorly.Bochdalek's gap, trigonum lumbocostale;
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N-methylnicotinic acid;the methyl betaine of nicotinic acid; a product of the metabolism of nicotinic acid; excreted in the urine.caffearine, trigenolline;
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The first three dominant cusps, taken collectively, of a lower molar tooth. See also trigone. [see trigonum]
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Inflammation of the urinary bladder, localized in the trigone. [trigone + G. -itis, inflammation]
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Pertaining to trigonocephaly.
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Malformation characterized by a triangular configuration of the skull, due in part to premature synostosis of the cranial bones with compression of the cerebral hemispheres. [trigone + G. kephale, head]
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Any triangular area. See triangle.trigone (1); [L., fr. G. trigonon, a triangle]
t. acus´tici trigone of auditory nerve
t. carot´icum [NA] carotid triangle
t. cerebra´le fornix (2)
t. cervica´le any one of the triangles of the neck.t. colli;
t. cervica´le ante´rius anterior triangle of neck
t. cervica´le poste´rius posterior triangle of neck
t. collatera´le [NA] collateral trigone
t. col´li t. cervicale
t. deltoideopectora´le infraclavicular fossa
t. femora´le [NA] femoral triangle
trigo´na fibro´sa cor´dis See right fibrous trigone, left fibrous trigone.
t. fibro´sum dex´trum [NA] right fibrous trigone
t. fibro´sum sinis´trum [NA] left fibrous trigone
t. haben´ulae [NA] habenular trigone
t. hypoglos´si hypoglossal trigone
t. inguina´le [NA] inguinal triangle
t. lemnis´ci lemniscal trigone
t. lumba´le [NA] lumbar triangle
t. lumbocosta´le vertebrocostal trigone
t. muscula´re [NA] muscular triangle
t. ner´vi hypoglos´si [NA] hypoglossal trigone
t. ner´vi va´gi [NA] vagal trigone
t. olfacto´rium [NA] olfactory trigone
t. omoclavicula´re [NA] supraclavicular triangle
t. omotrachea´le [NA] * official alternate term for muscular triangle
t. pala´ti palatal triangle
t. sternocosta´le a muscular defect in the diaphragm between the costal and the sternal portions.Larrey's cleft, sternocostal triangle;
t. submandibula´re [NA] submandibular triangle
t. submenta´le [NA] submental triangle
t. ventric´uli collateral trigone
t. vesi´cae [NA] trigone of bladder
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globotriaosylceramide
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A synthetic anticholinergic agent reputed to exert a higher degree of anticholinergic activity in the brain as compared with peripheral parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions. Widely used in the treatment of parkinsonism secondary to idiopathic or neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.
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The offspring of parents which that in three mendelian characters. [tri- + L. hybrida, hybrid]
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Denoting a chemical compound containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms.
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estriol
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A grossly malformed fetus with three heads, joined at the occiput, and a single body. [tri- + G. inion, nape of the neck, + didymos, twin]
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An iodide with three atoms of iodine in the molecule; e.g., KI3.
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iodoform
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A thyroid hormone normally synthesized in smaller quantities than thyroxine; present in blood and in thyroid gland and exerts the same biological effects as thyroxine but, on a molecular basis, is more potent and the onset of its effect is more rapid.
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Former name for ninhydrin.
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uric acid
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A three-pronged forceps for removal of foreign bodies from the bladder. [tri- + G. labe, a handle, hold]
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Having three laminae.
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Having three sides.
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Having three lobes.
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Having three cavities or cells.
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A triad of related entities. [G. trilogia, fr. tri- + logos, study, discourse]
t. of Fallot a set of congenital defects including pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy.Fallot's triad;
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4a,5-Epoxy-3,17beta-dihydroxy-5a-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile;an adrenal steroid inhibitor used for amelioration of adrenal hyperfunction in Cushing's syndrome.
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Having three flagella, as observed in certain protozoan organisms. [tri- + G. mastix, whip]
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10-[3-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl]phenothiazine tartrate;a phenothiazine compound related chemically and pharmacologically to promazine but with a more pronounced histamine-antagonizing action; used for the symptomatic relief of pruritus.
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A compound, complex, or structure made up of three components.
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A period of 3 months; one-third of the length of a pregnancy. [L. trimestris, of three-month duration]
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trimethaphan camsylate
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1-(2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine;a coronary vasodilator.
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3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione;an anticonvulsant used for the treatment of absence seizures (petit mal) and psychomotor epilepsy.troxidone;
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d-1,3-dibenzyldecahydro-2-oxoimidazo[c]thieno[1,2-a]thiolium camphorsulfonate;a ganglionic blocking agent that produces vasodilation of brief duration; used in surgery, particularly neurosurgery, to produce a relatively bloodless operative field (controlled hypotension).trimetaphan camsylate;
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(+)-[N-Methyl-N-(gamma-trimethylammoniumpropyl)]-1,8,8-t rimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane dimethosulfate; a quaternary ammonium compound that blocks ganglionic transmission at sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia; used in the treatment of severe hypertension.
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N-[(2-Dimethylaminoethoxy)benzyl]-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide hydrochloride;an antiemetic.
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2,4-Diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine;an antimicrobial agent that potentiates the effect of sulfonamides and sulfones.
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A drug combination consisting of a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (trimethoprim) and a sulfonamide antibacterial drug (sulfamethoxazole). The drug combination is synergistic as the drugs interfere with two successive steps in the formation/utilization of folic acid by microorganisms. Used to treat many infectious diseases.
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N(CH3)3;a degradation product, often by putrefaction, of nitrogenous plant and animal substances such as beet sugar residue or herring brine; in the body, it probably results from decomposition of choline.
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Increased excretion of trimethylamine in urine and sweat, with characteristic offensive, fishy body odor.
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Tertiary butyl alcohol. See butyl alcohol.
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cyclopropane
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amylene
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betaine
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betaine
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An amino acid residue found in a number of proteins by the action of S-adenosyl-l-methionine on l-lysyl residues; upon release by proteolysis, Nepsi-trimethyllysine becomes the precursor of carnitine.
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(s-Triazine-2,4,6-triyltriimino)trimethanol;an antineoplastic agent.
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4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl)morpholine;an antianxiety agent.
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2,4-Diamino-5-methyl-6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)methyl]quinazoline;an antineoplastic agent and antiprotozoal orphan drug used in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients.
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5-[3-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine;an antidepressant.
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trimorphous
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Existence under three forms, as in holometabolous insects that pass through larval, pupal, and imago stages. [tri- + G. morphe, form]
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Existing under three forms; marked by trimorphism.trimorphic;
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A constituent of soluble guncotton; used in the preparation of collodion and of pyroxylin.
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nitroglycerin
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CH3C6H22)3;an explosive made by the nitrification of toluene; it causes gastric and intestinal disturbances and dermatitis in workers in munition factories.trinitrotoluol;
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trinitrotoluene
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A combination of three adjacent nucleotides, free or in a polynucleotide or nucleic acid molecule; often used with specific reference to the unit (codon or anticodon) specifying a particular amino acid in expression of the genetic code.
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A phosphotransferase catalyzing the phosphorylation of d-glyceraldehyde by ATP to produce d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and ADP; participates in a step in d-fructose metabolism.triosekinase;
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A compound containing three hydroxyl groups; e.g., glycerol.
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olein
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Conjoined twins with fusion in the facial region such that the eyes on the joined sides have merged to form a single one; a variety of opodidymus. See conjoined twins, under twin. [tri- + G. ophthalmos, eye]
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Condition of having three testes.
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A triaryl phosphate; produces a delayed neurotoxicity. An infamous incident occurred when it appeared as an adulterant in Jamaica ginger and was responsible for thousands of cases of paralysis during the Prohibition era.
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A three-carbon monosaccharide; e.g., glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone.
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triokinase
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An isomerizing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a reaction of importance in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in hemolytic anemia and severe neurological deficits.phosphotriose isomerase;
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Diprosopus in which three ears are present. [tri- + G. ous, ear]
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A molecule containing three atoms of oxygen.teroxide;
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4,5,8-Trimethylpsoralen; 2,5,9-trimethyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyrano-7-one;an orally effective pigmenting, photosensitizing agent; used as a tanning agent and in the treatment of vitiligo.
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paraformaldehyde
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palmitin
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1-[p-(2-Diethylaminoethoxy)phenyl]-1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol;formerly used as inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis but withdrawn from the market because it promoted the formation of cataracts.
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2-[Benzyl[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]pyridine monohydrochloride;an antihistamine. Also available, with the same actions, is t.h. citrate; it is less bitter than the hydrochloride salt, and is therefore used in elixir.
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A class of enzymes of different specificities that catalyzes the hydrolysis of tripeptides, producing a dipeptide and an amino acid.
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A compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
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Malformation in which three phalanges are present in the thumb or great toe. [tri- + phalanx]
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adenosine triphosphatase
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Former name for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
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Léon, French surgeon, 1842-1891. See T.'s amputation.
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See triplant implant.
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Paralysis of an upper and a lower extremity and of the face, or of both extremities on one side and of one on the other. [tri- + G. plege, stroke]
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1. One of three children delivered at the same birth.tridymus; 2. A set of three similar objects, as a compound lens in a microscope, formed of three planoconvex lenses. 3. codon
nonsense t. 1. a trinucleotide (codon) in which a base change to a termination codon results in premature termination of the growing polypeptide chain and, consequently, incomplete protein molecules; 2. a termination codon.
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Formed of three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), or containing tissue derived from all three layers. [G. triploos, threefold, + blastos, germ]
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Pertaining to or characteristic of triploidy. [tri- + -ploid]
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The presence of three haploid sets of chromosomes, instead of two, in all cells; results in fetal or neonatal death.
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Visual defect in which three images of the same object are seen.triple vision; [G. triploos, triple, + opsis, sight]
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1. Three-legged. 2. A stand having three legs or supports. [G. tripous, fr. tri- + pous, foot]
Haller's t. celiac trunk
vital t. the brain, the heart, and the lungs, regarded as the three organs essential to life.
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Condition seen in conjoined twins when fusion has merged the lower extremities on the joined sides to form a single foot, so that there are only three feet for the two bodies. See conjoined twins, under twin. [tri- + G. pous, foot]
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trans-2-[3-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-1-(p-tolyl)propenyl]pyridine hydrochloride;an antihistaminic used in the management of allergic and pruritic conditions.
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Fetus with three heads fused, leaving only parts of three faces. [tri- + G. prosopon, face]
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1. trituration (1) 2. massage [G. a rubbing]
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Triangular. [L. triquetrus, three-cornered]
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triquetral bone [L. triquetrus, three-cornered]
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Radiating in three directions.
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In dermatoglyphics, the figure at the base of each finger in the palm, produced by rows of papillae running in three directions so as to form a triangle.Galton's delta (2);
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Abbreviation for tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine; used as a trivial name.
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Chemical prefix indicating three of the substituents that follow, independently linked. Cf. tri-.
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A carbohydrate containing three monosaccharide residues, e.g., raffinose.
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tromethamine
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tromethamine
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Superstitious dread of the number thirteen. [G. triskaideka, thirteen, + phobos, fear]
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Relating to or marked by trismus.
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1. Resembling trismus. 2. Trismus nascentium, formerly regarded as a distinct variety due to pressure on the occiput during birth. [trismus + G. eidos, resemblance]
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Persistent contraction of the masseter muscles due to failure of central inhibition; often the initial manifestation of generalized tetanus.Ankylostoma (2), lock-jaw, lockjaw; [L. fr. G. trismos, a creaking, rasping]
t. capistra´tus congenital adhesion of the cheeks to the gums.
t. dolorif´icus trigeminal neuralgia
t. nascen´tium stiffness of the jaw muscles in neonates, usually as the beginning of tetanus neonatorum.t. neonatorum;
t. neonato´rum t. nascentium
t. sardon´icus risus caninus
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Relating to trisomy.
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The state of an individual or cell with an extra chromosome instead of the normal pair of homologous chromosomes; in humans, the state of a cell containing 47 normal chromosomes.For various types of trisomy syndrome, see under syndrome [tri- + (chromo)some]
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Relating to the three visceral cavities: skull, thorax, and abdomen. [tri- + G. splanchnon, viscus]
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stearin
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Presence of three rows of eyelashes. [G. tristichos, in three rows, fr. tri-, three, + stichos, row]
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Marked by three grooves.
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A type of partial color deficiency due to a deficiency or abnormality of blue-sensitive retinal cones. [G. tritos, third, + anomalia, irregularity]
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Deficient color perception in which there is an absence of blue-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones. [G. tritos, third, + an- priv. + ops, eye]
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Hydrocarbons or their derivatives formed by the condensation of six isoprene units (equivalent to three terpene units) and containing, therefore, 30 carbon atoms; e.g., squalene, certain steroids, cardiac glycosides.
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Containing atoms of tritium (hydrogen-3) in the molecule.
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See musculus triticeoglossus. [L. triticeum, + G. glossa, tongue]
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Resembling or shaped like a grain of wheat. [L. triticeus, fr. triticum, a grain of wheat]
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triticeal cartilage [L. triticeus, triticeous, like a grain of wheat]
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hydrogen-3
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tritoqualine
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7-amino-4,5,6-triethoxy-3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)phthalide;an antihistaminic.tritocaline;
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A genus of parasitic protozoan flagellates, formerly part of the genus Trichomonas but now separated as a distinct genus by the absence of a pelta and the presence of three anterior flagella. Species include T. foetus, which causes bovine trichomoniasis, and T. suis, which occurs in the nasal passages, stomach, cecum, and colon of pigs. See also Trichomonas. [G. tri-, three, + Trichomonas]
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tricuspid (2)
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Capable of being triturated.
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1. To accomplish trituration. 2. A triturated substance.
tablet t. a compressed tablet of a medicated powder dispersed with milk sugar.
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1. The act of reducing a drug to a fine powder and incorporating it thoroughly with sugar of milk by rubbing the two together in a mortar.tripsis (1); 2. Mixing of dental amalgam in a mortar and pestle or with a mechanical device. [L. trituratio, fr. trituro, to thresh, fr. tero, pp. tritus, to rub]
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The triphenylmethyl radical, Ph3C-.
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The property of being trivalent.
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Having the combining power (valence) of 3.
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Provided with three valves, as a speculum with three diverging blades.
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A name of a chemical, no part of which is necessarily used in a systematic sense; i.e., it gives little or no indication as to chemical structure. Such names are common for drugs, hormones, proteins, and other biologicals, and are used by the general public. They may not be officially sanctioned, in contrast to nonproprietary names, but may be adopted as official nonproprietary names as a result of widespread usage. Examples are water, aspirin, chlorophyll, heme, methotrexate, folic acid, caffeine, thyroxine, epinephrine, barbital, etc.; also common abbreviations for chemically defined substances, such as ACTH, MSH, BAL, DDT, which are spoken as such and not in terms of the words they represent. The distinction between trivial and semitrivial names is seldom made; thus tetrahydrofolate, methylglycine, glucosamine, etc., are often termed trivial even though each contains a systematic part that is used in the correct systematic sense (tetrahydro for four hydrogen atoms, methyl for a -CH3 group, amine for -NH2 in the above). Trivial names are often assigned arbitrarily to chemical compounds, especially from natural sources, before the chemical structures, hence systematic names can be assigned; also, they afford useful shortenings of long systematic names even when these can be stated (although most such shortenings turn out to be semisystematic, as they incorporate some portion of the systematic name).
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Having, or arranged in, three zones or layers.
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Abbreviation for transfer RNA.
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An instrument for withdrawing fluid from a cavity, or for use in paracentesis; it consists of a metal tube (cannula) into which fits an obturator with a sharp three-cornered tip, which is withdrawn after the instrument has been pushed into the cavity; the name t. is usually applied to the obturator alone, the entire instrument being designated t. and cannula. [Fr. trocart, fr. trois, three, + carre, side (of a sword blade)]
Hasson t. a blunt t. inserted into the peritoneal cavity after making a small celiotomy; and used for insufflation and introduction of a laparoscope.
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Abbreviation for trochiscus.
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One of the bony prominences developed from independent osseous centers near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in man, three in the horse. [G. trochanter, a runner, fr. trecho, to run]
greater t. a strong process at the proximal and lateral part of the shaft of the femur, overhanging the root of the neck; it gives attachment to the gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, obturator internus and externus, and gemelli muscles.t. major [NA];
lesser t. a pyramidal process projecting from the medial and proximal part of the shaft of the femur at the line of junction of the shaft and the neck; it receives the insertion of the psoas major and iliacus (iliopsoas) muscles.t. minor [NA], small t., trochantin;
t. ma´jor [NA] greater t
t. mi´nor [NA] lesser t
small t. lesser t
t. ter´tius [NA] gluteal tuberosity
third t. an occasional process at the proximal end of the lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur, about on a level with the lesser t., giving insertion to the greater part of the gluteus maximus muscle. See also gluteal tuberosity.
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Relating to a trochanter; especially the trochanter major.
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Plastic surgery of the trochanters and neck of the femur. [trochanter + G. plastos, formed]
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lesser trochanter
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Relating to the trochanter minor.
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A small, disk-shaped or rhombic body composed of solidifying paste containing an astringent, antiseptic, or demulcent drug, used for local treatment of the mouth or throat, the t. being held in the mouth until dissolved. The vehicle or base of the t. is usually sugar, made adhesive by admixture with acacia or tragacanth, fruit paste, made from black or red currants, confection of rose, or balsam of tolu.lozenge, morsulus, pastil (2), pastille, trochiscus; [L. trochiscus]
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troche [L., fr. G. trochiskos, a small wheel, a lozenge, fr. trochos, a wheel]
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1. A structure serving as a pulley. 2. A smooth articular surface of bone upon which another glides. 3. A fibrous loop in the orbit, near the nasal process of the frontal bone, through which passes the tendon of the superior oblique muscle of the eye. [L. pulley, fr. G. trochileia, a pulley, fr. trecho, to run]
t. fem´oris patellar surface of femur
t. fibula´ris calca´nei [NA] * official alternate term for peroneal t. of calcaneus
t. hu´meri [NA] t. of humerus
t. of humerus the grooved surface at the lower end of the humerus articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna.t. humeri [NA], pulley of humerus;
t. muscula´ris [NA] muscular pulley
peroneal t. of calcaneus a projection from the lateral side of the calcaneus between the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis.t. peronealis [NA], t. fibularis calcanei [NA], peroneal pulley, processus trochlearis, spina peronealis, trochlear process;
t. peronea´lis [NA] peroneal t. of calcaneus
t. phalan´gis [NA] * official alternate term for head of phalanx, head of phalanx
t. ta´li [NA] t. of the talus
t. of the talus the rounded articular surface of the talus articulating with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.t. tali [NA], pulley of talus;
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1. Relating to a trochlea, especially the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle of the eye.trochlearis (1); 2. trochleiform
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trochleiform
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1. trochlear (1) 2. trochleiform [L.]
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Pulley-shaped.trochlear (2), trochleariform, trochlearis (2);
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Rotary displacement of the heart around its axis. [G. trochos, wheel, + kardia, heart]
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Revolving; rotating; denoting a revolving or wheel-like articulation. [G. trochodes, fr. trochos, wheel, + eidos, resemblance]
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Combined trochocardia and horizocardia.
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Nanophyetus salmincola
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Charles-Emile, French physician, 1844-1919. See T.'s ganglion, node.
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USAN-approved contraction for triethanolamine, N(CH2CH2OH)3.
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A unit of visual stimulation at the retina equal to the illumination per square millimeter of pupil received from a surface of 1 lux brightness. [L.T. Troland, U.S. physicist, 1889-1932]
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Paulin, French anatomist, 1842-1910. See T.'s vein.
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The triacetyl ester of oleandomycin, a macrolide antibiotic, with a potency of not less than 760 mug per mg; an orally effective antibiotic for infections produced by Gram-positive, penicillin-resistant bacteria.triacetyloleandomycin;
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Triethanolamine trinitrate diphosphate;an organic nitrate with mild but persistent vasodilator action on smooth muscle of the smaller vessels of postarteriolar vascular beds; used to prevent attacks of angina pectoris.
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Anton F. von, German otologist, 1829-1890. See T.'s corpuscles, under corpuscle, fold, pockets, under pocket, recesses, under recess.
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The chigger mite, a genus of mites (family Trombiculidae) whose larvae (chiggers, red bugs) include pests of humans and other animals, and vectors of rickettsial and probably viral diseases.
T. akamu´shi Leptotrombidium akamushi
T. alfredduge´si a species common in second growth and grassy brush areas of the Americas; the larvae attack humans (as well as reptiles, birds, and wild and domestic animals), causing an intensely itching dermatitis.
T. delien´sis See Leptotrombidium, Leptotrombidium akamushi.
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Infestation by mites of the genus Trombicula.
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Common name for members of the family Trombiculidae.
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A family of mites whose larvae (redbugs, rougets, harvest mites, scrub mites, or chiggers) are parasitic on vertebrates and whose nymphs and adults are bright red and free-living, living on insect eggs or minute organisms in the soil. The six-legged larvae are barely visible red or orange parasites that attach to the skin for a few days to a month, producing an exceedingly irritating reaction. In the Orient, trombiculid chiggers of the genus Leptotrombidium transmit tsutsugamushi disease caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, which is transovarially transmitted in these mites.
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A family of mites that formerly included the subfamily Trombiculinae, now raised to the family Trombiculidae (including the vectors of tsutsugamushi disease). T. larvae are characteristically parasitic on insects, not on vertebrates as with the larvae of Trombiculidae.
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H2N-C(CH2OH)3; 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol;a weakly basic compound used as an alkalizing agent and as a buffer in enzymic reactions.tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine;
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Ernest L.O., German neurologist, *1868. See T.'s reflex.
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A native sodium carbonate.
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tropic acid
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1. A bicyclic hydrocarbon, the fundamental structure of tropine, atropine, and other physiologically active substances. 2. In plural form, a class of alkaloids containing the t. (1) structure.
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A salt or ester of tropic acid.
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tropic acid
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An ester of tropine; either a naturally occurring alkaloid or prepared synthetically.
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1-Phenylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid 3a-tropanyl ester hydrochloride;an antispasmodic with anticholinergic properties.
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A group of azo dyes used as indicators; e.g., methyl orange. [G. tropaios, pertaining to a turning or change, fr. trope, a turn]
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See tropho-.
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Outermost layer of cells in the mammalian blastodermic vesicle, which will make contact with the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of receiving nutrition; the cell layer from which the trophoblast differentiates. [troph- + ectoderm]
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Pertaining to trophesy.
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The results of any disorder of the trophic nerves.
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1. Relating to or dependent upon nutrition. 2. Resulting from interruption of nerve supply. [G. trophe, nourishment]
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Nutrition. Cf. -tropic. [G. trophe, nourishment]
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A trophic influence or condition.trophism (1);
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1. trophicity 2. nutrition (1) [G. trophe, nourishment]
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Food, nutrition. [G. trophe, nourishment]
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The mesectodermal cell layer covering the blastocyst that erodes the uterine mucosa and through which the embryo receives nourishment from the mother; the cells do not enter into the formation of the embryo itself, but contribute to the formation of the placenta. The t. develops processes that later receive a core of vascular mesoderm and are then known as the chorionic villi; the t. soon becomes two-layered, differentiating into the syncytiotrophoblast, an outer layer consisting of a multinucleated protoplasmic mass (syncytium), and the cytotrophoblast, the inner layer next to the mesoderm in which the cells retain their membranes.chorionic ectoderm; [tropho- + G. blastos, germ]
plasmodial t. syncytiotrophoblast
syncytial t. syncytiotrophoblast
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Relating to the trophoblast.
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Obsolete term for choriocarcinoma.
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trophochromidia [tropho- + G. chroma, color]
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Nongerminal or vegetative extranuclear masses of chromatin, found in certain protozoan forms; e.g., the macronucleus of certain ciliates, such as Paramecium.trophochromatin;
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A cell that supplies nourishment; e.g., Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules.trephocyte; [tropho- + G. kytos, cell]
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The trophectoderm, or trophoblast, together with the vascular mesodermal layer underlying it. See also serosa (2). [tropho- + G. derma, skin]
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Cutaneous trophic changes due to neural involvement.
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The dynamics of nutrition or metabolism.nutritional energy; [tropho- + G. dynamis, power]
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A trophic disorder, such as atrophy, hypertrophy, or a skin eruption, occurring as a consequence of disease or injury of the nerves of the part. [tropho- + G. neuron, nerve, + -osis, condition]
facial t. facial hemiatrophy
lingual t. lingual hemiatrophy
muscular t. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Romberg's t. facial hemiatrophy
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Relating to a trophoneurosis.
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macronucleus (2)
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plastid (1) [tropho- + G. plastos, formed]
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1. Canalicular structures described by A.F. Holmgren in the protoplasm of certain cells. 2. Vascular endometrium of the uterus between the myometrium and the trophoblast. [tropho- + G. spongia, a sponge]
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trophotropism [tropho- + G. taxis, arrangement]
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Relating to trophotropism.
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Chemotaxis of living cells in relation to nutritive material; it may be positive (toward nutritive material) or negative (away from nutritive material).trophotaxis; [tropho- + G. trope, a turning]
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The ameboid, vegetative, asexual form of certain Sporozoea, such as the schizont of the plasmodia of malaria and related parasites. [tropho- + G. zoon, animal]
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Food, nutrition. [G. trophe, nourishment]
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Abnormal deviation of the eye. See strabismus. [G. trope, a turning]
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A turning toward, having an affinity for. Cf. -trophic. [G. trope, a turning]
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HOCH2CH(C6H5)COOH; a-phenylhydracrylic acid; 2-phenyl-3-hydroxypropionic acid;a constituent of atropine and of scopolamine, in which it is esterified through its COOH to the 3-CHOH of tropine.tropaic acid, tropeic acid;
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N-Ethyl-2-phenyl-N-4-pyridylmethyl)hydracrylamide;an anticholinergic agent used to effect a rapid and brief mydriasis for eye examinations.
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3a-Tropanol; 3a-hydroxytropane;the major constituent of atropine and scopolamine, from which it is obtained on hydrolysis.
t. mandelate homatropine
t. tropate atropine
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The phenomenon, observed in living organisms, of moving toward (positive t. ) or away from (negative t. ) a focus of light, heat, or other stimulus; usually applied to the movement of a portion of the organism as opposed to taxis, the movement of an entire organism. [G. trope, a turning]
viral t. the specificity of a virus for a particular host tissue, determined in part by the interaction of viral surface structures with host cell-surface receptors.
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The fundamental units of collagen fibrils, consisting of three helically arranged polypeptide chains.
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The precursor to elastin; t. does not contain desmosine or isodesmosine cross links.
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Any instrument for measuring the degree of rotation or torsion, as of the eyeball or the shaft of a long bone. [G. trope, a turning, + metron, measure]
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A fibrous protein extractable from muscle; sometimes specified as t. B to distinguish it from t. A (paramyosin) prominent in mollusks.
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A globular protein of muscle that binds to tropomyosin and has considerable affinity for calcium ions; a central regulatory protein of muscle contraction. T. T binds to tropomyosin; T. I inhibits F-actin-myosin interactions; T. C is a calcium-binding protein and has a key role in muscle contraction.
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A long, narrow, shallow channel or depression.
gingival t. the formation of a crater as a result of destruction of interdental tissues so that, in effect, there exists a labial and lingual curtain of gingiva with no interproximal connection at all.
Langmuir t. a t. with a movable surface barrier for studying the compression of surface films.
synaptic t. the depression of the surface of the striated muscle fiber that accommodates the motor endplate.
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Armand, French physician, 1801-1867. See T.'s point, sign, spot, syndrome; T.-Lallemand bodies, under body.
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7,3´,4´-Tris[O-(2-hydroxyethyl)]rutin;used for treatment of venous disorders.
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trimethadione
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Symbol for tryptophan and its radicals.
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Relating to the trunk of the body or to any arterial or nerve trunk, etc.
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Truncated; cut across at right angles to the long axis, or appearing to be so cut. [L. trunco, pp. -atus, to maim, cut off]
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trunk [L. stem, trunk]
t. arterio´sus the common arterial trunk opening out of both ventricles in early fetal life, later destined to be divided into aorta and pulmonary artery by development of the spiral septum.
t. arterio´sus commu´nis See t. arteriosus.
t. fascicula´ris atrioventricula´ris trunk of atrioventricular bundle See also conducting system of heart.
t. brachiocepha´licus [NA] brachiocephalic trunk
t. bronchiomediastina´lis [NA] bronchomediastinal trunk
t. celi´acus [NA] celiac trunk
t. cor´poris callo´si [NA] trunk of corpus callosum
t. costocervica´lis [NA] costocervical trunk
t. infe´rior plex´us brachia´lis [NA] inferior trunk of brachial plexus
trun´ci intestina´les [NA] intestinal trunks, under trunk
t. jugula´ris [NA] jugular lymphatic trunk
t. linguofacia´lis [NA] linguofacial trunk
trun´ci lumba´les [NA] lumbar trunks, under trunk
t. lum´bosacra´lis [NA] lumbosacral trunk
t. me´dius plex´us brachia´lis [NA] middle trunk of brachial plexus
persistent t. arterio´sus a congenital cardiovascular deformity resulting from failure of development of the spiral septum and consisting of a common arterial trunk opening out of both ventricles, the pulmonary arteries being given off from the ascending common trunk.
trun´ci plex´us brachia´lis [NA] trunks of brachial plexus, under trunk
t. pulmona´lis [NA] pulmonary trunk
t. subcla´vius [NA] subclavian lymphatic trunk
t. supe´rior plex´us brachia´lis [NA] superior trunk of brachial plexus
t. sympath´icus [NA] sympathetic trunk
t. thyrocervica´lis [NA] thyrocervical trunk
t. vaga´lis [NA] vagal trunk
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Karel, Czechoslovakian physician, *1865. See T.'s sign.
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1. The body (trunk or torso), excluding the head and extremities. 2. A primary nerve, vessel, or collection of tissue before its division. 3. A large collecting lymphatic vessel.truncus; [L. truncus]
accessory nerve t. part of the accessory nerve formed within the cranial cavity by the union of the cranial and spinal roots, which then divides within the jugular foramen into internal and external branches, the former uniting with the vagus, the latter exiting the foramen as in independent branch which is commonly considered to be the accessory nerve.
t. of atrioventricular bundle the singular initial portion (stem) of the atrioventricular bundle which passes from the atrioventricular node into the right trigone of the fibrous skeleton of the heart and along the periphery of the membranous interventricular septum; upon reaching the muscular interventricular septum, the t. terminates by dividing into the right and left crura of the atrioventricular bundle.truncus fascicularis atrioventricularis;
t.'s of brachial plexus the superior, middle, and inferior trunks; they divide distally to form the cords (fasciculi) of the plexus.trunci plexus brachialis [NA];
brachiocephalic t. origin, arch of aorta; branches, right subclavian and right common carotid; occasionally it gives off the thyroidea ima.truncus brachiocephalicus [NA];
bronchomediastinal t. a lymphatic vessel arising from the union of the efferent lymphatics from the tracheo-bronchial and mediastinal nodes on either side. On the left side, it may be largely replaced by direct drainage into the thoracic duct.truncus bronchiomediastinalis [NA];
celiac t. origin, abdominal aorta just below diaphragm; branches, left gastric, common hepatic, splenic.truncus celiacus [NA], arteria celiaca, celiac artery, celiac axis, Haller's tripod;
t. of corpus callosum the main arched portion of the corpus callosum.truncus corporis callosi [NA];
costocervical t. a short artery that arises from the subclavian artery on each side and divides into deep cervical and superior intercostal branches, the latter dividing usually to form the first and second posterior intercostal arteries.truncus costocervicalis [NA], costocervical artery;
inferior t. of brachial plexus the nerve bundle formed by the union of the ventral rami of the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves; it provides fibers to the posterior and medial cords (fasciculi) of the brachial plexus.truncus inferior plexus brachialis [NA];
intestinal t.'s the vessels conveying lymph from the lower part of the liver, the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and small intestine; they discharge into the cisterna chyli and are sometimes duplicated.trunci intestinales [NA];
jugular lymphatic t. lymphatic vessel on each side, conveying the lymph from the head and neck; that on the right side empties into the right lymphatic duct, that on the left into the thoracic duct.truncus jugularis [NA], jugular duct;
linguofacial t. the common t. by which the lingual and facial arteries frequently arise from the external carotid artery.truncus linguofacialis [NA];
lumbar t.'s two lymphatic ducts conveying lymph from the lower limbs, pelvic viscera and walls, large intestine, kidneys, and suprarenal glands; they discharge into the cisterna chyli.trunci lumbales [NA];
lumbosacral t. a large nerve, formed by the union of the fifth lumbar and first sacral nerves, with a branch from the fourth lumbar nerve, which enters into the formation of the sacral plexus.truncus lumbosacralis [NA];
middle t. of brachial plexus the continuation of the ventral ramus of the seventh cervical nerve; it contributes fibers to the posterior and lateral cords (fasciculi) of the brachial plexus.truncus medius plexus brachialis [NA];
nerve t. a collection of funiculi or bundles of nerve fibers enclosed in a connective tissue sheath, the epineurium.
pulmonary t. origin, right ventricle of heart; distribution, it divides into the right pulmonary artery and the left pulmonary artery, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch along with the segmental bronchi.truncus pulmonalis [NA], arteria pulmonalis, pulmonary artery, venous artery;
subclavian lymphatic t. it is formed by the union of the vessels draining the lymph nodes of either upper limb, emptying into the thoracic duct at the root of the neck on the left or into the right lymphatic duct.truncus subclavius [NA], subclavian duct;
superior t. of brachial plexus the nerve bundle formed by the union of the ventral rami of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves and some fibers from the fourth; it contributes fibers to the posterior and lateral cords (fasciculi) of the brachial plexus.truncus superior plexus brachialis [NA];
sympathetic t. one of the two long ganglionated nerve strands alongside the vertebral column that extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx; they are connected to each spinal nerve by gray rami and receive fibers from the spinal cord through white rami connecting with the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves.truncus sympathicus [NA], gangliated cord;
thoracoacromial t. thoracoacromial artery
thyrocervical t. a short arterial t. arising from the subclavian artery, giving rise to the suprascapular (which may instead arise directly from the subclavian artery) and terminating by dividing into the ascending cervical and inferior thyroid arteries.truncus thyrocervicalis [NA], thyroid axis;
vagal t. one of the two nerve bundles, anterior and posterior, into which the esophageal plexus continues as it passes through the diaphragm.truncus vagalis [NA];
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Displacement of a body, e.g., a tooth, from an initial position. [L. trudo, pp. trusus, to thrust]
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An appliance designed to prevent the return of a reduced hernia or the increase in size of an irreducible hernia; it consists of a pad attached to a belt and kept in place by a spring or straps. [Fr. trousser, to tie up, to pack]
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Former abbreviation for tryptophan.
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Preliminary insertion of a complete denture wax-up (trial denture), of a partial denture casting, or of a finished restoration to determine the fit, esthetics, maxillomandibular relation, etc.
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An acid azo dye, C34H34N6O14S4Na4, used for vital staining of the reticuloendothelial system, uriniferous tubules, and cells in tissue culture, and as an experimental teratogen; formerly used as a trypanocide.
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trypanocidal
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trypanocide
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trypanosomatid
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Destructive to trypanosomes.trypanicidal;
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An agent that kills trypanosomes.trypanicide, trypanosomicide; [trypanosome + L. caedo, to kill]
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A genus of flagellate Protozoa (family Cryptobiidae), the members of which have a body of varying shape, an undulating membrane, and a flagellum projecting from either extremity; parasitic in the blood of fishes. [G. trypanon, auger, + plasma, anything formed]
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A genus of asexual digenetic protozoan flagellates (family Trypanosomatidae) that have a spindle-shaped body with an undulating membrane on one side, a single anterior flagellum, and a kinetoplast; they are parasitic in the blood plasma of many vertebrates (only a few being pathogenic) and as a rule have an intermediate host, a bloodsucking invertebrate, such as a leech, tick, or insect; pathogenic species cause trypanosomiasis in humans and a number of other diseases in domestic animals. [G. trypanon, an auger, + soma, body]
T. a´vium a species that occurs in owls, crows, and other birds; various bloodsucking arthropods are the vectors, including mosquitoes, black flies, and hippoboscids; this species was reported under a large number of names now considered to be physiologic strains of the species.
T. bru´cei a species now divided into three subspecies: T. brucei brucei, T. brucei rhodesiense, and T. brucei gambiense.
T. bru´cei bru´cei a subspecies causing nagana in Africa; it produces fatal disease in camels, acute disease in equines, dogs, and cats, and chronic disease in swine, cattle, sheep, and goats; it is transmitted primarily by tsetse flies of the genus Glossina. In wild African ungulates the infection is widespread but rarely fatal.
T. bru´cei gambien´se a subspecies causing Gambian trypanosomiasis; transmitted by tsetse flies, especially Glossina palpalis.T. gambiense, T. hominis, T. ugandense;
T. bru´cei rhodesien´se a subspecies causing Rhodesian trypanosomiasis; it is transmitted by tsetse flies, especially Glossina morsitans; various game animals can act as reservoir hosts.T. rhodesiense;
T. congolen´se a species transmitted primarily by tsetse flies of the genus Glossina and causing nagana in Africa, with anemia as a prominent feature; most domestic mammals (cattle, sheep, goats, equines, camels, dogs, and cats) are highly susceptible to infection, with the resultant disease taking an acute to chronic course with or without recovery; swine are more resistant, with clinical disease running a mild course.
T. cru´zi a species that causes South American trypanosomiasis and is endemic in Mexico and various countries of Central and South America; transmission and infection are common only where the triatomine bug vector defecates while taking blood, as the bug feces contains the infective agents that are scratched into the skin or brought in contact with mucosal surfaces. Trypomastigotes are found in the blood, and amastigotes occur intracellularly in clusters or colonies in the tissues; heart muscle fibers and cells of many other organs are attacked, the organisms not being restricted to macrophages as in visceral leishmaniasis; humans, dogs, cats, house rats, armadillos, bats, certain monkeys, and opossums are the usual vertebrate hosts; vectors are members of the family Triatominae. Also known as Schizotrypanum cruzi, a distinct generic designation widely used in the endemic regions.T. escomelis, T. triatomae;
T. dimor´phon an African species found in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs, formerly thought to be the same as T. congolense but now recognized as a distinct and more pathogenic species in cattle, sheep, and dogs; it is spread by tsetse flies across central Africa.
T. equi´num a species that causes mal de caderas of horses in Central and South America; except for being akinetoplastic, it is transmitted mechanically by bloodsucking flies.
T. equiper´dum a species that causes dourine.
T. escome´lis T. cruzi
T. ev´ansi a parasite chiefly of cattle, camels, horses, and dogs, causing surra and murrina; it is transmitted mechanically by tabanid and other bloodsucking flies.T. hippicum;
T. gambien´se T. brucei gambiense
T. hip´picum T. evansi
T. hom´inis T. brucei gambiense
T. igno´tum old name for T. simiae.
T. lew´isi species that is a worldwide nonpathogenic parasite in the blood of rats widely used for laboratory study; it is transmitted by the rat flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus.
T. melopha´gium a nonpathogenic species (related to T. theileri) found in sheep throughout the world, and probably in goats as well; the vector is Melophagus ovinus.
T. range´li a species that parasitizes a wide variety of mammals, including humans, in South America and is transmitted by the triatomid bugs Rhodnius prolixus and Tiratoma dimidiata, and probably others; it is apparently nonpathogenic but may be pathogenic in the bug host.
T. rhodesien´se T. brucei rhodesiense
T. simi´ae a species normally found in warthogs; it is highly pathogenic in pigs and camels, and is transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies and mechanically by bloodsucking flies.
T. su´is a species pathogenic for swine in Africa; it is transmitted by tsetse flies.
T. thei´leri a large, relatively nonpathogenic species found in African antelopes and in cattle in many parts of the world; the parasites are spread by bloodsucking tabanid horseflies.
T. triatom´ae T. cruzi
T. uganden´se T. brucei gambiense
T. vi´vax a species causing nagana in cattle, sheep, and goats in Africa, and trypanosomiasis in cattle and water buffalo in South America; it is transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in Africa and presumably mechanically by bloodsucking flies in South America.
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Common name for a member of the family Trypanosomatidae.trypanid;
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A protozoan family of hemoflagellates (order Kinetoplastida, class Zoomastigophorea, subphylum Mastigophora); asexual blood and/or tissue parasites of leeches, insects, and vertebrates and sap inhabitants of plants, characterized by a rounded or elongate form, a single nucleus, elongate mitochondrion (its position in relation to the nucleus is a characteristic of each genus), and an anteriorly directed single flagellum (in some genera, it borders an undulating membrane). T. includes the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas, Leptomonas, and Blastocrithidia, all of which are monogenetic and found in insects, and Phytomonas (found in plants), Endotrypanum, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma, all of which are digenetic; Leishmania and Trypanosoma include important pathogens of man and animals. Many trypanosomes pass through developmental or life cycle stages similar to the body forms characteristic of the genera; these forms include amastigote, choanomastigote, opisthomastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote.
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Common name for any member of the genus Trypanosoma or of the family Trypanosomatidae. [G. trypanon, an auger, + soma, body]
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Any disease caused by a trypanosome.
acute t. Rhodesian t
African t. a serious endemic disease in tropical Africa, of two types: Gambian or West African t. and Rhodesian or East African t.
American t. See South American t.
chronic t. Gambian t
Cruz t. South American t
East African t. Rhodesian t
Gambian t. a chronic disease of humans caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in northern and sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal east to Sudan and Uganda; characterized by splenomegaly, drowsiness, an uncontrollable urge to sleep, and the development of psychotic changes; basal ganglia and cerebellar involvement commonly lead to chorea and athetosis; the terminal phase of the disease is characterized by wasting, anorexia, and emaciation that gradually leads to coma and death, usually from intercurrent infection.chronic African sleeping sickness, chronic t., West African sleeping sickness, West African t;
Rhodesian t. a disease of humans caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in eastern Africa from Ethiopia and Uganda south to Zimbabwe; it is clinically similar to Gambian t. but of shorter duration and more acute in form; patients suffer repeated episodes of pyrexia, become anemic, and die commonly from cardiac failure.acute African sleeping sickness, acute t., East African sleeping sickness, East African t;
South American t. t. caused by Trypanosoma (or Schizotrypanum) cruzi and transmitted by certain species of reduviid (triatomine) bugs. In its acute form, it is seen most frequently in young children, with swelling of the skin at the site of entry, most often the face, and regional lymph node enlargement; in its chronic form it can assume several aspects, commonly cardiomyopathy, but megacolon and megaesophagus also occur; natural reservoirs include dogs, armadillos, rodents, and other domestic, domiciliated, and wild mammals.Chagas' disease, Chagas-Cruz disease, Cruz t;
West African t. Gambian t
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Relating to trypanosomes, especially denoting infection by such organisms.
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trypanocide
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A skin lesion resulting from immunologic changes from trypanosome disease. [trypanosome + G. -id (1)]
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An azo dye formerly used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.
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Sodium N-carbamylmethyl-p-aminobenzenearsonate;used in the treatment of trypanosomic and spirochetal infections, especially neurosyphilis, and the late stages of African sleeping sickness.
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Term to replace the older term, "trypanosome stage," which was often confused with the flagellate genus Trypanosoma. It denotes the stage (infective stage for South American trypanosomiasis and African trypanosomiasis, and the only stage found in man in the latter illness) in which the flagellum arises from a posteriorly located kinetoplast and emerges from the side of the body, with an undulating membrane running along the length of the body. [G. trypanon, auger, + mastix, whip]
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A proteolytic enzyme formed in the small intestine from trypsinogen by the action of enteropeptidase; a serine proteinase that hydrolyzes peptides, amides, esters, etc., at bonds of the carboxyl groups of l-arginyl or l-lysyl residues; it also produces the meromyosins.
crystallized t. a purified preparation of the pancreatic enzyme; used as an adjunct to surgery for débridement of necrotic wounds and ulcers.
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An inactive protein secreted by the pancreas that is converted into trypsin by the action of enteropepsidase.protrypsin;
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3-(2-Aminoethyl)indole;a decarboxylation product of l-tryptophan that occurs in plants and certain foods (e.g., cheese). It raises the blood pressure through vasoconstrictor action, by the release of norepinephrine at postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, and is believed to be one of the agents responsible for hypertensive episodes following therapy with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., pargyline hydrochloride).
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A semisynthetic cardiac glycoside that is a condensation product of strophanthidin and tryptamine; given orally, it has a rapid onset and short duration of cardiac action.
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Relating to trypsin, as t. digestion.
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A peptone produced by proteolytic digestion with trypsin.
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The presence of tryptone in the circulating blood.
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2-Amino-3-(3-indolyl)propionic acid;the l-isomer is a component of proteins; a nutritionally essential amino acid.
t. decarboxylase aromatic d-amino-acid decarboxylase
t. desmolase t. synthase
t. 2,3-dioxygenase an oxidoreductase catalyzing the reaction of l-t. and O2 to produce l-N-formylkynurenine; an adaptive enzyme, the level (in the liver) being controlled by adrenal hormones; a step in t. catabolism; also, a step in the synthesis of NAD+ from t.pyrrolase, t. oxygenase, t. pyrrolase, tryptophanase (1);
t. oxygenase t. 2,3-dioxygenase
t. pyrrolase t. 2,3-dioxygenase
t. synthase a nonmammalian hydro-lyase condensing l-serine indole-3-glycerol phosphate to produce l-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde phosphate; pyridoxal phosphate is required; it will also react l-serine with indole.t. desmolase, t. synthetase;
t. synthetase t. synthase
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1. tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2. An enzyme found in bacteria that catalyzes the cleavage of l-tryptophan to indole, pyruvic acid, and ammonia; pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme.
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Enhanced urinary excretion of tryptophan.
t. with dwarfism [MIM*276100] a syndrome of dwarfism, mental defect, cutaneous photosensitivity, and gait disturbance associated with t.; autosomal recessive inheritance.
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See Glossina. [S. African native name]
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Abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating hormone.
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Abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing factor.
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Abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, under immunoglobulin.
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Abbreviation for toxic shock syndrome.
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Abbreviation for tumor-specific transplantation antigens, under antigen.
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Abbreviation for ribothymidine 5´-triphosphate.
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Abbreviation for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. See thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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Abbreviation for tetradotoxin.
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Abbreviation for toxic unit or toxin unit.
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2-Aminoheptane;a sympathomimetic volatile amine, used by inhalation as a nasal decongestant; available also as t. sulfate, with the same actions, and more potent as a vasoconstrictor than ephedrine.
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tube [L. a straight trumpet]
t. acus´tica auditory tube
t. auditi´va [NA] auditory tube
t. audito´ria [NA] * official alternate term for auditory tube, auditory tube
t. eustachia´na , t. eusta´chii auditory tube
t. fallopia´na , t. fallo´pii uterine tube
t. uteri´na [NA] uterine tube
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Introduction of a tube into a canal. See also intubation.
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Relating to a tube, especially the uterine tube.
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tubotorsion
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foot yaws
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1. A hollow cylindrical structure or canal. 2. A hollow cylinder or pipe.tuba; [L. tubus]
Abbott's t. Miller-Abbott t
air t. the trachea, or a bronchus or any of its branches conveying air to the lungs.
auditory t. a tube leading from the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx; it consists of an osseous (posterolateral) portion at the tympanic end, and a fibrocartilaginous (anteromedial) portion at the pharyngeal end; where the two portions join, in the region of the sphenopetrosal fissure, is the narrowest portion of the tube (isthmus); the auditory t. enables equalization of pressure within the tympanic cavity with ambient air pressure, referred to commonly as "popping of the ears".tuba auditiva [NA], tuba auditoria [NA], eustachian t., guttural duct, otopharyngeal t., otosalpinx, pharyngotympanic t., salpinx (2), tuba acustica, tuba eustachiana, tuba eustachii;
Babcock t. a t. in which milk, after treatment with sulfuric acid, is centrifuged and its fat content then determined in a graduated neck.
Bouchut's t. a short cylindrical t. used in intubation of the larynx.
Bourdon t. a curved and partially flattened t. that tends to straighten out in proportion to internal pressure; used as a transducer to move the pointer of an aneroid manometer.
bronchial t.'s bronchia
Cantor t. a long, single-lumen intestinal t. with a sealed rubber bag tip; mercury is injected into the rubber bag with a needle and syringe.
cardiac t. the primitive tubular heart in the embryo, before its division into chambers.
Carlen's t. a double lumen flexible endobronchial t. used for bronchospirometry, for isolation of one lung to prevent contamination or secretions from the contralateral lung, or for ventilation of one lung.
cathode ray t. (CRT) an evacuated t. containing a beam of electrons which can be deflected to various parts of a fluorescent screen; used in the cathode ray oscilloscope.
Celestin t. a plastic t. introduced through a tumor in the esophagus; it permits maintenance of swallowing certain substances when the lesion is unresectable.
Coolidge t. an x-ray t., in which the cathode consists of a tungsten wire spiral surrounded by a focusing cup; the tungsten spiral is heated by an electric current; the quantity and quality of the x-rays so generated are regulated by varying the temperature of the cathode and the voltage between cathode and anode.
Crookes-Hittorf t. a simple evacuated t. containing a cathode, that emitted x-rays from the glass envelope when a current was passed through it; the type used by Roentgen to discover x-rays.
digestive t. digestive tract
drainage t. a t. introduced into a wound or cavity to facilitate removal of a fluid.
Durham's t. a jointed tracheotomy t.
empyema t. a rubber drainage t., piercing a sheet rubber shield, passed through the chest wall in order to drain an empyema.
endobronchial t. a single or double lumen t. with an inflatable cuff at the distal end that, after being passed through the larynx and trachea, is positioned so that ventilation is restricted to one lung; a single lumen t. is placed in the main stem bronchus of the lung; a double lumen t. is positioned at the tracheal carina to permit ventilation of either or both lungs.
endotracheal t. tracheal t
eustachian t. auditory t
fallopian t. uterine t
feeding t. a flexible t. passed through the oral pharynx and into the esophagus and stomach, through which liquid food is fed.
Ferrein's t. convoluted tubule of kidney
field emission t. an x-ray t. that uses a cold cathode, relying on the t. voltage to pull electrons from it to the anode.
Geiger-Müller t. See Geiger-Müller counter.
germ t. a young hypha growing out of a yeast cell or spore, the beginning of a mycelium; also used as a rapid test for differentiating Candida albicans from other Candida species.
Haldane t. a t. for securing human alveolar air samples; consisting of a narrow hosepipe with a mouthpiece from which a t. is attached for the withdrawal of expired air at the end of a sudden, maximal expiration.
intratracheal t. tracheal t
Levin t. a t. introduced through the nose into the upper alimentary canal, to facilitate intestinal decompression.
Martin's t. a drainage t. with a cross piece near the extremity to keep it from slipping out of a cavity.
medullary t. neural t
Miescher's t.'s elongate fusiform or cylindrical bodies forming the encapsulated cystic intramuscular stage of the protozoan Sarcocystis.
Miller-Abbott t. a t. with two lumens, one ending in a small collapsible balloon and the other in a metallic tip with numerous perforations; used for intestinal decompression.Abbott's t;
molybdenum target t. an x-ray t. with an anode surface made of molybdenum instead of tungsten, used in mammography.
Moss t. 1. a triple-lumen, nasogastric, feeding-decompression t., that utilizes a gastric balloon to occlude cardioesophageal junction, with simultaneous esophageal aspiration and intragastric feeding; 2. a double-lumen, gastric lavage t., that provides continuous delivery of saline via a small bore, with simultaneous aspiration of fluid and some particles via a large bore.
nasogastric t. a stomach t. passed through the nose.
nasotracheal t. a tracheal t. inserted through the nasal passages.
nephrostomy t. a t. placed in the renal collecting system for drainage, diagnostic tests, or removal of calculi. May be placed through a percutaneous route or during an open surgical procedure.
neural t. the epithelial t. formed from the neuroectoderm of the early embryo by the closure of the neural groove; by complex processes of cell proliferation and organization the neural t. develops into the spinal cord and brain.medullary t;
O'Dwyer's t. a metal t. formerly used for intubation of the larynx in diphtheria.
orotracheal t. a tracheal t. inserted through the mouth.
otopharyngeal t. auditory t
pharyngotympanic t. auditory t
photomultiplier t. a detector which amplifies a signal (by as much as 106) of electromagnetic radiation by an acceleration of electrons released from a photocathode through a series of dynodes; as each electron strikes a dynode stage, 3 to 4 electrons are liberated and accelerated to the subsequent dynode.
Pitot t. a stationary L-shaped t. inserted in a fluid stream, with its opening upstream, and used for measuring the velocity of fluid movement at that point in terms of the pressure developed in the t. by the fluid impinging on it, compared to a second t. opening laterally or downstream.
pus t. pyosalpinx
rectifier t. an electronic t., used in x-ray transformers, to convert alternating to direct current.
Rehfuss stomach t. a t. with a calibrated syringe, formerly used for aspiration of stomach contents in gastric analysis; replaced by plastic disposable stomach t.'s.
Robertshaw t. a variation of Carlen's t. that eliminates some mechanical disadvantages of the latter.
roll t. a modification of the plate culture; a seeded medium containing agar is placed in a test t. which is rolled or spun horizontally until the medium solidifies evenly on the interior of the t.
rotating anode t. a modern x-ray t., in which heat buildup is distributed through a larger volume by rotating the target.
Ruysch's t. a minute tubular cavity opening in the lower and anterior portion of each surface of the nasal septum; best seen in the early fetal period when it is associated with the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson's organ).
Ryle's t. a thin rubber t., with about the lumen of a no. 8 catheter, and an olive-tipped extremity, used in the giving of a test meal.
Sengstaken-Blakemore t. a t. with three lumens, one for drainage of the stomach and two for inflation of attached gastric and esophageal balloons; used for emergency treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.
Southey's t.'s obsolete cannulas of small, almost capillary, caliber, thrust by a trocar into the subcutaneous tissues to drain the fluid of anasarca.
stomach t. a flexible t. passed into the stomach for lavage or feeding.
T t. a self-retaining t. with side extensions, shaped like a T.
test t. a t. of thin glass closed at one end, used in the examination of urine and other chemical operations, for bacterial cultures, etc.
thoracostomy t. a t. placed through the heart wall that drains the pleural space.
Tovell t. an armored tracheal t. with a wire spiral embedded in the wall to prevent obstruction of the lumen when the t. is compressed and kinking when the t. is bent at a sharp angle.
Toynbee's t. a t. by which an otologist can listen to the sounds in a patient's ear during politzerization.
tracheal t. a flexible t. inserted nasally, orally, or through a tracheotomy into the trachea to provide an airway, as in tracheal intubation.endotracheal t., intratracheal t;
tracheotomy t. a curved t. used to keep the opening free after tracheotomy. May be metal or plastic.
tympanostomy t. a small t. inserted through the tympanic membrane after myringotomy to aerate the middle ear; often used for serous otitis media.
uterine t. one of the t.'s leading on either side from the upper or outer extremity of the ovary, which is largely enveloped by its expanded infunclibulum, to the fundus of the uterus; it consists of infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine parts.salpinx uterina [NA], tuba uterina [NA], salpinx (1), fallopian t., gonaduct (2), oviduct, tuba fallopiana, tuba fallopii;
vacuum t. a glass t. from which the air has been removed, containing two or more electrodes, between which passes an electrical current or spark; used in the production of x-rays, or to control circuits. Previously in wide use, the vacuum t. has been supplanted by transistors in electronic circuits.
Venturi t. a t. with a specially streamlined constriction to minimize energy losses in the fluid flowing through it while maximizing the fall in pressure in the constriction in accordance with Bernoulli's law; the basis of the Venturi meter.
Wangensteen t. Wangensteen suction
x-ray t. See x-ray.
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salpingectomy [L. tuba, tube, + G. ektome, excision]
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1. [NA] A localized swelling; a knob. 2. A short, fleshy, thick, underground stem of plants, such as the potato. [L. protuberance, swelling]
t. ante´rius t. cinereum
ashen t. t. cinereum
calcaneal t. calcaneal tuberosity
t. calca´nei [NA] calcaneal tuberosity
t. cal´cis calcaneal tuberosity
t. cine´reum [NA] a prominence of the base of the hypothalamus, bordered caudally by the mamillary bodies, rostrally by the optic chiasm, and laterally by the optic tract, extending ventrally into the infundibulum and hypophysial stalk.ashen t., gray t., t. anterius;
t. coch´leae promontory of tympanic cavity
t. cor´poris callo´si splenium corporis callosi
t. dorsa´le t. vermis
eustachian t. a slight projection from the labyrinthine wall of the middle ear below the fenestra vestibuli (ovalis).
frontal t. frontal eminence
t. fronta´le [NA] frontal eminence
gray t. t. cinereum
t. ischiad´icum [NA] ischial tuberosity
t. of ischium ischial tuberosity
t. maxil´lae [NA] maxillary tuberosity
omental t. t. omentale
t. omenta´le [NA] 1. an eminence on the visceral surface of the left hepatic lobe to the left of the fossa for the ductus venosus; 2. a bulge on the anterior surface of the body of the pancreas to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels.omental t;
parietal t. parietal eminence
t. parieta´le [NA] parietal eminence
t. ra´dii radial tuberosity
t. val´vulae t. vermis
t. of vermis t. vermis
t. ver´mis [NA] the posterior division of the inferior vermis of the cerebellum located between the folium and the pyramis.t. dorsale, t. of vermis, t. valvulae;
t. zygomat´icum articular tubercle of temporal bone
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1. A nodule, especially in an anatomical, not pathologic, sense.tuberculum [NA]; 2. A circumscribed, rounded, solid elevation on the skin, mucous membrane, or surface of an organ.tuberculum [NA]; 3. A slight elevation from the suface of a bone giving attachment to a muscle or ligament.tuberculum [NA]; 4. In dentistry, a small elevation arising on the surface of a tooth. 5. A granulomatous lesion due to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although somewhat variable in size (0.5 to 2 or 3 mm in diameter) and in the proportions of various histologic components, t.'s tend to be fairly well circumscribed, spheroidal, firm lesions that usually consist of three irregularly outlined but moderately distinct zones: 1) an inner focus of necrosis, coagulative at first, and then becoming caseous; 2) a middle zone that consists of a fairly dense accumulation of large mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages), frequently arranged somewhat radially (with reference to the necrotic material) resembling an epithelium, and hence termed epithelioid cells-multinucleated giant cells of Langhans type may also be present; 3) an outer zone of numerous lymphocytes, and a few monocytes and plasma cells. In instances where healing has begun, a fourth zone of fibrous tissue may form at the periphery. Morphologically indistinguishable lesions may occur in diseases caused by other agents; many observers use the term nonspecifically, i.e., with reference to any such granuloma; others use "tubercle" only for tuberculous lesions, and then designate those of undetermined causes as epithelioid-cell granulomas. [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a swelling]
accessory t. accessory process
acoustic t. trigone of auditory nerve
adductor t. the prominence above the medial epicondyle of the femur to which the tendon of the adductor magnus attaches.tuberculum adductorium [NA];
amygdaloid t. a projection from the roof of the anterior end-portion of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, marking the location of the amygdaloid nucleus.
anatomical t. postmortem wart
anterior t. of atlas a conical protuberance on the anterior surface of the arch of the atlas.tuberculum anterius atlantis [NA];
anterior t. of cervical vertebrae the anterior projection from the transverse process.tuberculum anterius vertebrarum cervicalium;
t. of anterior scalene muscle scalene t
anterior thalamic t. a prominence at the anterior extremity of the thalamus which corresponds to the nuclei anteriores.tuberculum anterius thalami [NA], anterior t. of thalamus;
anterior t. of thalamus anterior thalamic t
articular t. of temporal bone articular eminence of the temporal bone which bounds the mandibular fossa anteriorly; it forms the anterior root of the zygomatic process; it is enclosed by the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint with the articular fossa; the head of the mandible (and intervening articular disc) move onto the articular t. to allow full depression of mandible (opening of mouth).tuberculum articulare ossis temporalis [NA], articular eminence of temporal bone, eminentia articularis ossis temporalis, tuber zygomaticum;
ashen t. tuberculum cinereum
auricular t. a small projection from the upper end of the posterior portion of the incurved free margin of the helix.tuberculum auriculae [NA], darwinian t., tuberculum superius;
calcaneal t. the projection, often double, on the inferior aspect of the calcaneus at the anterior end of the area for attachment of the long plantar ligament.tuberculum calcanei [NA];
Carabelli t. a small t., resembling a supernumerary cusp, found occasionally on the lingual surface of the mesiolingual cusp of a permanent maxillary first molar.
carotid t. the anterior t. of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra, against which the carotid artery may be compressed by the finger.tuberculum caroticum [NA], Chassaignac's t;
caseous t. soft t
Chassaignac's t. carotid t
conoid t. the prominence near the lateral end of the inferior surface of the clavicle that gives attachment to the conoid ligament.tuberculum conoideum [NA], conoid process;
corniculate t. a rounded eminence on the posterior part of the aryepiglottic fold, formed by the underlying corniculate cartilages.tuberculum corniculatum [NA], Santorini's t;
crown t. dental t
t. of cuneate nucleus the bulbous rostral extremity of the fasciculus cuneatus corresponding to the position of the cunate nucleus, lying lateral to the clava and separated from the tuberculum cinereum on its lateral side by the posterior lateral sulcus.tuberculum nuclei cuneati [NA], tuberculum cuneatum, wedge-shaped t;
cuneiform t. a rounded eminence on the posterior part of the aryepiglottic fold, formed by the underlying cuneiform cartilage.tuberculum cuneiforme [NA], Wrisberg's t;
darwinian t. auricular t
dental t. a small elevation on some portions of a crown produced by an extra formation of enamel.tuberculum dentis [NA], crown t., t. of tooth, tuberculum coronae;
dissection t. postmortem wart
dorsal t. of radius a small prominence on the dorsal aspect of the distal end of the radius lateral to the groove for the extensor pollicis longus tendon; it serves as a trochlea or pulley for the tendon.tuberculum dorsale [NA], Lister's t;
epiglottic t. a convexity at the lower part of the epiglottis over the upper part of the thyroepiglottic ligament.tuberculum epiglotticum [NA], cushion of epiglottis;
fibrous t. a t. in which fibroblasts proliferate about the periphery (and into the cellular zones), eventually resulting in a rim or wall of cellular fibrous tissue or collagenous material around the t.
genial t. mental spine
genital t. the median elevation just cephalic to the urogenital orifice of an embryo; it is the primordium of the penis of the male or the clitoris of the female.phallic t;
Gerdy's t. a t. on the lateral side of the upper end of the tibia giving attachment to the iliotibial tract and some fibers of the tibialis anterior muscle.
Ghon's t. calcification seen in pulmonary parenchyma (usually mid-lung area) and hilar nodes resulting from earlier, usually childhood, infection with tuberculosis.Ghon's complex, Ghon's focus, Ghon's primary lesion;
gracile t. t. of gracile nucleus
t. of gracile nucleus the somewhat expanded upper end of the gracile fasciculus, corresponding to the position of the gracile nucleus.tuberculum nuclei gracilis [NA], clava, gracile t., t. of nucleus gracilis, tuberculum gracile;
gray t. tuberculum cinereum
greater t. of humerus the larger of the two t.'s next to the head of the humerus; it gives attachment to the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles.tuberculum majus humeri [NA], greater tuberosity of humerus;
hard t. a t. lacking necrosis.
hyaline t. a form of fibrous t. in which the cellular fibrous tissue and collagenous fibers become altered and merged into a fairly homogeneous, acellular, deeply acidophilic, firm mass.
iliac t. t. of iliac crest
t. of iliac crest a prominence on the outer lip of the iliac crest about 5 cm behind the anterior superior iliac spine.tuberculum iliacum [NA], iliac t;
inferior thyroid t. a slight lateral projection from the lower margin of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage on either side, at the inferior end of the oblique line.tuberculum thyroideum inferius [NA];
infraglenoid t. a rough surface below the glenoid cavity of the scapula, giving attachment to the long tendon of the triceps.tuberculum infraglenoidale [NA], infraglenoid tuberosity;
intercolumnar t. See subfornical organ.
intercondylar t. one of two projections, medial and lateral, springing from the central lip of each articular surface of the tibia on either side of the intercondylar eminence.tuberculum intercondylare [NA];
intervenous t. the slight projection on the wall of the right atrium between the orifices of the venae cavae.tuberculum intervenosum [NA], Lower's t;
jugular t. an oval elevation on the cerebral surface of the lateral part of the occipital bone, on either side of the foramen magnum above the hypoglossal canal.tuberculum jugulare [NA];
labial t. the slight projection on the free edge of the center of the upper lip at the lower extent of the philtrum.tuberculum labii superioris [NA], procheilon, prochilon, t. of upper lip;
lateral t. of posterior process of talus the prominence lateral to the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon.tuberculum laterale processus posterioris tali [NA];
lesser t. of humerus the anterior of the two tubercles of the neck of the humerus on which the subscapularis is inserted.tuberculum minus humeri [NA], lesser tuberosity of humerus;
Lisfranc's t. scalene t
Lister's t. dorsal t. of radius
Lower's t. intervenous t
mamillary t. mamillary process
mamillary t. of hypothalamus mamillary body
marginal t. marginal t. of zygomatic bone
marginal t. of zygomatic bone a prominence on the temporal border of the zygomatic bone to which the temporal fascia is attached.tuberculum marginale ossis zygomatici [NA], marginal t;
medial t. of posterior process of talus the eminence medial to the sulcus for the flexor hallucis longus tendon.tuberculum mediale processus posterioris tali [NA];
mental t. a paired eminence on the mental protuberance of the mandible.tuberculum mentale [NA], eminentia symphysis;
Montgomery's t.'s elevated reddened areolar glands, usually associated with pregnancy.
Morgagni's t. cuneiform cartilage
Müller's t. a median protuberance projecting into the embryonic urogenital sinus from its dorsal wall; it is formed from the fused caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts and is the first evidence of the embryonic uterus and vagina.sinus t;
nuchal t. vertebra prominens
t. of nucleus gracilis t. of gracile nucleus
obturator t. one of two processes, anterior and posterior, on the margin of the pubic portion of the obturator foramen, bounding the termination of the obturator groove.tuberculum obturatorium [NA];
olfactory t. a small, oval area at the base of the cerebral hemisphere, between the diverging medial and lateral olfactory striae, in the anteromedial part of the anterior perforated substance; it is formed by a small area of allocortex characterized by the presence of the islands of Calleja. Corresponding to a much more prominent structure in nonprimate mammals (especially rodents and insectivores), the olfactory tubercle receives fibers from the olfactory bulb by way of the intermediate olfactory stria; it has efferent connections with the hypothalamus and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus.tuberculum olfactorium;
orbital t. of zygomatic bone a small elevation on the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone, just within the orbital margin, about 1 cm below the zygomaticofrontal suture; it gives attachment to the lateral check ligament, the lateral palpebral ligament, and the suspensory ligament of the eyeball.eminentia orbitalis ossis zygomatici [NA], orbital eminence of zygomatic bone, Whitnall's t;
phallic t. genital t
pharyngeal t. a projection from the undersurface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone, giving attachment to the fibrous raphe of the pharynx.tuberculum pharyngeum [NA];
posterior t. of atlas a protuberance of the posterior extremity of the arch of the atlas, a rudiment of the spinous process giving attachment to the musculus rectus capitis posterior minor muscle.tuberculum posterius atlantis [NA];
posterior t. of cervical vertebrae a posterior projection from the transverse processes.tuberculum posterius vertebrarum cervicalium;
postmortem t. postmortem wart
Princeteau's t. a slight prominence on the temporal bone near the apex of the petrous part where the superior petrosal sinus commences.
prosector's t. postmortem wart
pterygoid t. a slight prominence on the posterior surface of the medial pterygoid plate, inferior and to the medial side of the pterygoid canal.
pubic t. a small projection at the anterior extremity of the crest of the pubis about 2 cm from the symphysis.tuberculum pubicum [NA], pubic spine, spina pubis;
t. of rib the knob on the posterior surface of a rib, at the junction of its neck and shaft, which articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra, whch corresponds in number to the rib, forming a costotransverse joint.tuberculum costae [NA];
Rolando's t. tuberculum cinereum
t. of saddle tuberculum sellae
Santorini's t. corniculate t
scalene t. a small spine on the inner edge of the first rib, giving attachment to the scalenus anterior muscle.tuberculum musculi scaleni anterioris [NA], Lisfranc's t., scalene t. of Lisfranc, t. of anterior scalene muscle;
scalene t. of Lisfranc scalene t
t. of scaphoid bone a projection at the inferior lateral angle of the scaphoid (navicular) bone; it can be felt at the root of the thumb.tuberculum ossis scaphoidei [NA];
sebaceous t. milium
sinus t. Müller's t
soft t. a t. showing caseous necrosis.caseous t;
superior thyroid t. a blunt projection on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage on either side at the superior end of the oblique line.tuberculum thyroideum superius [NA];
supraglenoid t. a rough surface above the glenoid cavity of the scapula, giving attachment to the tendon of the long head of the biceps within the articular cavity of the shoulder joint.tuberculum supraglenoidale [NA];
supratragic t. a small elevation often present on the edge of the upper tragus.tuberculum supratragicum [NA];
t. of tooth dental t
t. of trapezium a prominent ridge on the trapezium forming the lateral border of the groove in which runs the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis.tuberculum ossis trapezii [NA], oblique ridge of trapezium;
t. of upper lip labial t
wedge-shaped t. t. of cuneate nucleus
Whitnall's t. orbital t. of zygomatic bone
Wrisberg's t. cuneiform t
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See tuberculo-.
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Plural of tuberculum.
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Pertaining to or characterized by tubercles or small nodules. Cf. tuberculous.
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1. The formation of tubercles or nodules.tuberculization; 2. The arrangement of tubercles or nodules in a part.
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A lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting from hypersensitivity to mycobacterial antigens disseminated from a distant site of active tuberculosis. [tubercul- + G. -id (1)]
nodular t. erythema induratum
papular t. lichen scrofulosorum
papulonecrotic t. dusky-red papules followed by crusting and ulceration primarily on the extremities and predominantly in young adults with a deep focus of tuberculosis or with a history of preceding infection.tuberculosis cutis follicularis disseminata, tuberculosis papulonecrotica;
rosacea-like t. granulomatous rosacea
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1. A glycerin-broth culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis evaporated to 1 / 10 volume at 100°C and filtered; introduced by Robert Koch for the treatment of tuberculosis but now used chiefly for diagnostic tests; originally known as Koch's old t. (OT) or Koch's original t. 2. One or another of a relatively large number of extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures, different from OT and now obsolete.
Koch's old t. (OT) , Koch's original t. See tuberculin (1).
purified protein derivative of t. (PPD) purified t. containing the active protein fraction; the t. from which it is prepared differs from t. (1) chiefly in that the bacteria are grown in a synthetic rather than in a broth medium.
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Inflammation of any tubercle. [tubercul- + G. -itis, inflammation]
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tuberculation (1)
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A tubercle, tuberculosis. [L. tuberculum, tubercle]
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Tuberculosis of the testes. [tuberculo- + G. kele, tumor, hernia]
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Relating to the treatment of tuberculosis by tuberculostatic or tuberculocidal drugs.
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Destructive to the tubercle bacillus.
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1. Any tubercular process of the skin. 2. The cutaneous manifestation of tuberculosis.
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A discrete, well-circumscribed, usually spheroidal, moderately to extremely firm, encapsulated nodule that is formed during the process of healing in a focus of tuberculous granulomatous inflammation.
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Resembling tuberculosis or a tubercle. [tuberculo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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A rounded tumorlike but non-neoplastic mass, usually in the lungs or brain, due to localized tuberculous infection. [tuberculo- + G. -oma, tumor]
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Any one, or a mixture of any or all of the proteins present in the body of the tubercle bacillus, all of which have been found to possess certain properties of tuberculin.
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A specific disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which may affect almost any tissue or organ of the body, the most common seat of the disease being the lungs; the anatomical lesion is the tubercle, which can undergo caseation necrosis; local symptoms vary according to the part affected; general symptoms are those of sepsis: hectic fever, sweats, and emaciation; often progressive with high mortality if not treated. Has in recent years proved to be an opportunistic infection of people with compromised immune systems, including those with AIDS. There is also a high incidence among IV drug abusers. [tuberculo- + G. -osis, condition]
acute t. a rapidly fatal disease due to the general dissemination of tubercle bacilli in the blood, resulting in the formation of miliary tubercles in various organs and tissues, and producing symptoms of profound toxemia.acute miliary t., disseminated t;
acute miliary t. acute t
adult t. secondary t
aerogenic t. infection with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread by inhalation of infected droplets.
anthracotic t. pneumoconiosis
arrested t. healed t
attenuated t. a mild chronic form marked by caseous tubercles of the skin and the occurrence of cold abscesses.
basal t. t. of the basilar portions of the lungs.
cerebral t. 1. tuberculous meningitis 2. cerebral tuberculoma.
childhood t. initial (primary) infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, characterized by pneumonic lesions in middle parts of lungs, rarely cavitary, with rapid spread to lymph nodes in hilar and paratracheal areas; more often seen in childhood, but pattern is not limited to children.
childhood type t. primary t
cutaneous t. pathologic lesions of the skin caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.dermal t., t. cutis;
t. cu´tis cutaneous t
t. cu´tis follicula´ris dissemina´ta papulonecrotic tuberculid
t. cu´tis lupo´sa lupus vulgaris
t. cu´tis orificia´lis any tuberculous lesion in or about the mouth or anus.t. ulcerosa;
t. cu´tis verruco´sa a tuberculous skin lesion having a warty surface with a chronic inflammatory base seen on the hands in adults and lower extremities in children, with marked hypersensitivity to tuberculous antigens. See also postmortem wart.lupus papillomatosus, lupus verrucosus, tuberculous wart, verrucous scrofuloderma;
dermal t. cutaneous t
disseminated t. acute t
enteric t. a complication of cavitary pulmonary t. usually resulting from expectoration and swallowing of bacilli that then infect areas of the digestive tract where there is relative stasis or abundant lymphoid tissue. See also tuberculous enteritis.
exudative t. a stage of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis causing severe edema and cellular inflammatory reaction without much necrosis or fibrosis.
general t. miliary t
healed t. a scar or a calcified, fibrous, or caseous nodule in the lung pleura, lymph node, or other organ, resulting from previous t. that has regressed; reactivation is possible.arrested t., inactive t;
inactive t. healed t
miliary t. a general dissemination of tubercle bacilli with the production of countless minute discrete tubercles in various organs and tissues; evident in the lung as numerous tiny densities on the radiograph.general t;
open t. pulmonary t., tuberculous ulceration, or other form in which the tubercle bacilli are present in the excretions or secretions; in the lung, usually the result of cavity formation.
t. papulonecrot´ica papulonecrotic tuberculid
postprimary t. secondary t
primary t. first infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, typically seen in children but also occurs in adults, characterized in the lungs by the formation of a primary complex consisting of small peripheral pulmonary focus with spread to hilar or paratracheal lymph nodes; may cavitate or heal with scarring or may progress.childhood type t;
pulmonary t. t. of the lungs.
reinfection t. secondary t
secondary t. t. found in adults and characterized by lesions near the apex of an upper lobe, which may cavitate or heal with scarring without spreading to lymph nodes; theoretically, secondary t. may be due to exogenous reinfection or to reactivation of a dormant endogenous infection.adult t., postprimary t., reinfection t;
t. ulcero´sa t. cutis orificialis
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A tuberculostatic agent.
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Relating to an agent that inhibits the growth of tubercle bacilli. [tuberculo- + G. statikos, causing to stand]
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Relating to or affected by tuberculosis. Cf. tubercular.
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tubercle (1), tubercle (2), tubercle (3) 2. A circumscribed, rounded, solid elevation on the skin, mucous membrane, or surface of an organ. 3. A slight elevation from the surface of a bone giving attachment to a muscle or ligament. [L. dim. of tuber, a knob, swelling, tumor]
t. adducto´rium [NA] adductor tubercle
t. ante´rius atlan´tis [NA] anterior tubercle of atlas
t. ante´rius thal´ami [NA] anterior thalamic tubercle
t. ante´rius vertebra´rum cervica´lium anterior tubercle of cervical vertebrae
t. arthrit´icum 1. Heberden's nodes, under node 2. any gouty concretion in or around a joint.
t. articula´re os´sis tempora´lis [NA] articular tubercle of temporal bone
t. auric´ulae [NA] auricular tubercle
t. calca´nei [NA] calcaneal tubercle
t. carot´icum [NA] carotid tubercle
t. cine´reum a longitudinal prominence on the dorsolateral surface of the medulla oblongata along the lateral border of the t. cuneatum; it is the surface profile of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, continuous caudally with the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer's tract).ashen tubercle, gray tubercle, Rolando's tubercle;
t. conoi´deum [NA] conoid tubercle
t. cornicula´tum [NA] corniculate tubercle
t. coro´nae dental tubercle
t. cos´tae [NA] tubercle of rib
t. cunea´tum tubercle of cuneate nucleus
t. cuneifor´me [NA] cuneiform tubercle
t. den´tis [NA] dental tubercle
tuber´cula doloro´sa obsolete term for multiple cutaneous myomas or neuromas which are painful on pressure.
t. dorsa´le [NA] dorsal tubercle of radius
t. epiglot´ticum [NA] epiglottic tubercle
t. grac´ile tubercle of gracile nucleus
t. hypoglos´si hypoglossal trigone
t. ili´acum [NA] tubercle of iliac crest
t. im´par a small median protuberance on the floor of the oral cavity of the embryo between the mandibular and hyoid arches, which plays a minor role in the development of the tongue.median tongue bud;
t. infraglenoida´le [NA] infraglenoid tubercle
t. intercondyla´re [NA] intercondylar tubercle
t. interveno´sum [NA] intervenous tubercle
t. jugula´re [NA] jugular tubercle
t. la´bii superio´ris [NA] labial tubercle
t. latera´le proces´sus posterio´ris ta´li [NA] lateral tubercle of posterior process of talus
t. ma´jus hu´meri [NA] greater tubercle of humerus
t. mal´lei lateral process of malleus
t. margina´le os´sis zygomat´ici [NA] marginal tubercle of zygomatic bone
t. media´le proces´sus posterio´ris ta´li [NA] medial tubercle of posterior process of talus
t. menta´le [NA] mental tubercle
t. mi´nus hu´meri [NA] lesser tubercle of humerus
t. mus´culi scale´ni anterio´ris [NA] scalene tubercle
t. nu´clei cunea´ti [NA] tubercle of cuneate nucleus
t. nu´clei gra´cilis [NA] tubercle of gracile nucleus
t. obturato´rium [NA] obturator tubercle
t. olfacto´rium olfactory tubercle
t. os´sis scaphoi´dei [NA] tubercle of scaphoid bone
t. os´sis trape´zii [NA] tubercle of trapezium
t. pharyn´geum [NA] pharyngeal tubercle
t. poste´rius atlan´tis [NA] posterior tubercle of atlas
t. poste´rius vertebra´rum cervica´lium posterior tubercle of cervical vertebrae
t. pu´bicum [NA] pubic tubercle
t. seba´ceum milium
t. sel´lae [NA] the slight elevation in front of the pituitary fossa (sella turcica) on the body of the sphenoid bone.tubercle of saddle;
t. sep´ti na´rium a flat elevation on the septum in each naris opposite the anterior end of the middle concha; it is due to an aggregation of glands.
t. supe´rius auricular tubercle
t. supraglenoida´le [NA] supraglenoid tubercle
t. supratra´gicum [NA] supratragic tubercle
t. syphilit´icum gumma of the skin.
t. thyroi´deum infe´rius [NA] inferior thyroid tubercle
t. thyroi´deum supe´rius [NA] superior thyroid tubercle
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tuberous [tuber + L. ferro, to bear]
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tuberous
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tuberosity [LL., fr. L., tuberosus, full of lumps, fr. tuber, a knob]
t. coracoi´dea coracoid tuberosity
t. costa´lis impression for costoclavicular ligament
t. deltoi´dea [NA] deltoid tuberosity
t. glu´tea [NA] gluteal tuberosity
t. ili´aca [NA] iliac tuberosity
t. masseter´ica [NA] masseteric tuberosity
t. mus´culi serra´ti anterio´ris [NA] tuberosity for serratus anterior muscle
t. os´sis cuboi´dei [NA] tuberosity of cuboid bone
t. os´sis metatarsa´lis pri´mi [NA] tuberosity of first metatarsal
t. os´sis metatarsa´lis quin´ti [NA] tuberosity of fifth metatarsal
t. os´sis navicula´ris [NA] tuberosity of navicular bone
t. phalan´gis dista´lis [NA] tuberosity of distal phalanx
t. pterygoi´dea [NA] pterygoid tuberosity
t. ra´dii [NA] radial tuberosity
t. sacra´lis [NA] sacral tuberosity
t. tib´iae [NA] tibial tuberosity
t. ul´nae [NA] tuberosity of ulna
t. unguicula´ris tuberosity of distal phalanx
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A large tubercle or rounded elevation, especially from the surface of a bone.tuberositas;
bicipital t. radial t
calcaneal t. the posterior extremity of the calcaneus, or os calcis, forming the projection of the heel.tuber calcanei [NA], calcaneal tuber, tuber calcis;
coracoid t. the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line of the coracoid process of the scapula, giving attachment to the two parts of the coracoclavicular ligament: the conoid and trapezoid ligaments.tuberositas coracoidea;
costal t. impression for costoclavicular ligament
t. of cuboid bone a slight eminence on the lateral surface of the cuboid bone, capped with an articular facet for a sesamoid bone in the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle.tuberositas ossis cuboidei [NA];
deltoid t. a rough elevation about the middle of the lateral side of the shaft of the humerus, giving attachment to the deltoid muscle.tuberositas deltoidea [NA], deltoid crest, deltoid eminence, deltoid impression;
t. of distal phalanx a roughened raised surface of horseshoe shape on the palmar surface of the distal end of the terminal or ungual phalanx of each finger and toe, which serves to support the pulp of the digit.tuberositas phalangis distalis [NA], tuberositas unguicularis, ungual t;
t. of fifth metatarsal a tubercle at the base of this bone to the posterior part of which is attached the tendon of the peroneus brevis muscle.tuberositas ossis metatarsalis quinti [NA];
t. of first metatarsal a tubercle at the base of the bone to which is attached the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle.tuberositas ossis metatarsalis primi [NA];
gluteal t. the point of insertion on the upper portion of the shaft of the femur of the greater part of the gluteus maximus muscle; when markedly developed this t. is called the third trochanter.trochanter tertius [NA], tuberositas glutea [NA], crista glutea, gluteal crest, gluteal ridge;
greater t. of humerus greater tubercle of humerus
iliac t. a rough area above the auricular surface on the medial aspect of the ala of the ilium, giving attachment to the posterior sacroiliac ligament.tuberositas iliaca [NA];
infraglenoid t. infraglenoid tubercle
ischial t. the rough bony projection at the junction of the lower end of the body of the ischium and its ramus; this is a weight-bearing point in the sitting position; provides attachment for the sacrotuberous ligament and is the site of origin of the hamstring muscles.tuber ischiadicum [NA], tuber of ischium;
lateral femoral t. lateral epicondyle of femur
lesser t. of humerus lesser tubercle of humerus
masseteric t. a roughened surface on the external aspect of the angle of the mandible, giving attachment to fibers of the masseter muscle.tuberositas masseterica [NA];
maxillary t. the bulging lower extremity of the posterior surface of the body of the maxilla, behind the root of the last molar tooth.tuber maxillae [NA], eminentia maxillae [NA], maxillary eminence;
medial femoral t. medial epicondyle of femur
t. of navicular bone a rounded eminence on the medial surface of the navicular bone, giving attachment to a part of the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle.tuberositas ossis navicularis [NA], scaphoid t;
pterygoid t. a roughened area on the internal aspect of the mandible, giving attachment to fibers of the medial pterygoid muscle.tuberositas pterygoidea [NA];
radial t. an oval projection from the medial surface of the radius just distal to the neck, giving attachment on its posterior half to the tendon of the biceps.tuberositas radii [NA], bicipital t., tuber radii, t. of radius;
t. of radius radial t
sacral t. a rough prominence on the lateral surface of the sacrum posterior to the auricular surface for attachment of posterior sacroiliac ligaments.tuberositas sacralis [NA];
scaphoid t. t. of navicular bone
t. for serratus anterior muscle a rough oval area, about the middle of the outer surface and lower border of the second rib, for the attachment of the serratus anterior muscle.tuberositas musculi serrati anterioris [NA];
tibial t. an oval elevation on the anterior surface of the tibia about 3 cm distal to the articular surface, giving attachment at its distal part to the patellar ligament.tuberositas tibiae [NA];
t. of ulna a prominence at the lower border of the anterior surface of the coronoid process, giving attachment to the brachialis muscle.tuberositas ulnae [NA];
ungual t. t. of distal phalanx
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Knobby, lumpy, or nodular; presenting many tubers or tuberosities.tuberiferous, tuberose; [L. tuberosus]
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Tubular, a tube. See also salpingo-. [L. tubus, tuba, tube]
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Relating to a uterine (fallopian) tube and the abdomen.
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C38H44Cl2N2O6. 5H2O; d-Tubocurarine chloride;an alkaloid (obtained from the stems of Chondodendron, particularly C. tomentosum) that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the myoneural junction by occupying the receptors competitively; also blocks ganglionic transmission and releases histamine; used to produce muscular relaxation during surgical operations.
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Relating to the uterine (fallopian) tube and the broad ligament of the uterus.
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Relating to the uterine (fallopian) tube and the ovary.
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salpingo-oophorectomy
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salpingo-oophoritis
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Relating to the uterine (fallopian) tubes and the peritoneum.
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salpingoplasty
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Twisting of a tubular structure, such as an oviduct.tubatorsion; [tubo- + L. torsio, torsion]
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Relating to the auditory (eustachian) tube and the tympanic cavity of the ear.
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Relating to a uterine (fallopian) tube and the uterus.
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Relating to a uterine (fallopian) tube and the vagina.
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Relating to or of the form of a tube or tubule.tubuliform;
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The short neck of a retort.
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A small tube.tubulus; [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus, tube]
Albarran y Dominguez' t.'s Albarran's glands, under gland
collecting t. straight seminiferous t
connecting t. a narrow arching t. of the kidney joining the distal convoluted t. and the collecting t.
convoluted t. of kidney the highly convoluted segments of the nephron in the renal labyrinth comprising the proximal convoluted tubule, which leads from Bowman's capsule to the descending limb of Henle's loop, and the distal convoluted t., which leads from the ascending limb of Henle's loop to the collecting tube.tubulus renalis contortus [NA], Ferrein's tube, tubulus contortus (1);
convoluted seminiferous t. one of two or three twisted curved t.'s in each lobule of the testis, in which spermatogenesis occurs.tubulus seminifer contortus [NA], tubulus contortus (2);
dental t.'s canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus
dentinal t.'s canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus
discharging t. a urinary t. formed by the union of several collecting t.'s and terminating as a papillary duct.
Henle's t.'s the straight portions of the uriniferous t.'s that form Henle's loop, distinguished as the descending and ascending t.'s of Henle.
Kobelt's t.'s remnants of the mesonephric t.'s in the female, contained within the epoöphoron.wolffian t.'s;
malpighian t.'s in insects, slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures that emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and proctodeum (hindgut) in a region frequently termed the pylorus; they vary in number from 1 to over 100, and may be assorted in equally sized bundles in some insects.
mesonephric t. an excretory t. of the mesonephros.segmental t;
metanephric t. an excretory unit of the metanephros or permanent kidney.
paragenital t.'s remnants of embryonic mesonephric t.'s, some of which form the paradidymis.
pronephric t. an excretory unit of the pronephros, present only in vestigial form in human embryos.
segmental t. mesonephric t
seminiferous t. the tubulus seminifer contortus or the tubulus seminifer rectus.
Skene's t.'s the embryonic urethral glands which are the female homologue of the prostate.
spiral t. the segment of urinary t. coming next after the proximal convoluted t.
straight t. 1. one of the straight t.'s of the kidney, present in the medulla and pars radiata of the cortex; 2. straight seminiferous t
straight seminiferous t. the continuation of the t. seminifer contortus which becomes straight just before entering the mediastinum to form the rete testis.tubulus renalis rectus [NA], tubulus seminifer rectus [NA], collecting t., straight t. (2), tubulus rectus (1), tubulus rectus (2), vasa recta (2);
T t. the transverse t. that passes from the sarcolemma across a myofibril of striated muscle; it is the intermediate t. of the triad.
uriniferous t. the functional unit of the kidney, composed of a long convoluted portion (nephron) and an intrarenal collecting duct.
wolffian t.'s Kobelt's t.'s
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Plural of tubulus.
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tubular
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A protein subunit of microtubules; it is a dimer composed of two globular polypeptides, a-tubulin and beta-tubulin. See also dynein.
t.-tyrosine ligase an enzyme that covalently links a tyrosine to the C-terminal glutamyl residue of t., coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi; this is a unique posttranslational modification that may have a significant role in cytoskeletal traffic and design.
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Enclosing the joined ends of a divided nerve, after neurorrhaphy, in a cylinder of paraffin or of some slowly absorbable material to keep the surrounding tissues from pushing in and preventing union.
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A cyst formed by the dilation of any occluded canal or tube.tubular cyst;
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A dermoid cyst arising from a persistent embryonal tubular structure.
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The formation of new tubules; usually refers to proliferation of tubules in renal tumors such as Wilms' tumor or mesoblastic nephroma. [tubule + neogenesis]
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Denoting a gland of combined tubular and racemose structure.
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A pathologic process characterized by necrosis of the epithelial lining in localized segments of renal tubules, with focal rupture or loss of the basement membrane. [tubule + G. rhexis, a breaking]
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Having many tubules.
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tubule [L. dim. of tubus, a pipe]
tu´buli bilif´eri biliary ductules, under ductule
t. contor´tus 1. convoluted tubule of kidney 2. convoluted seminiferous tubule
tu´buli denta´les canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus
tu´buli epoöph´ori transverse ductules of epoöphoron, under ductule
tu´buli galactoph´ori lactiferous ducts, under duct
tu´buli lactif´eri lactiferous ducts, under duct
tu´buli paroöph´ori ductuli paroöphori, under ductulus
t. rec´tus 1. straight seminiferous tubule 2. straight seminiferous tubule
t. rena´lis contor´tus [NA] convoluted tubule of kidney
t. rena´lis rec´tus [NA] straight seminiferous tubule
t. semi´nifer contor´tus [NA] convoluted seminiferous tubule
t. semi´nifer rec´tus [NA] straight seminiferous tubule
t. transver´sus a tubular invagination of the sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers that surrounds myofibrils as the intermediate element of the triad; involved in transmitting the action potential from the sarcolemma to the interior of the myofibril.
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A tube or canal. [L.]
t. digesto´rius digestive tract
t. medulla´ris central canal
t. vertebra´lis vertebral canal
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Ervin Alden, U.S. obstetrician, 1862-1902. See T.-McLean forceps.
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A cluster, clump, or bunch, as of hairs.
enamel t. a group of structures representing defects in tooth mineralization that extend from the dentino-enamel junction into the enamel to about one-half its thickness.
malpighian t. glomerulus (2)
synovial t.'s synovial villi, under villus
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A tetrapeptide derived from the Fc region of an immunoglobulin. Tuftsin enhances macrophage functions. [Tufts University + -in]
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A pulling or dragging movement or sensation.
tracheal t. 1. a downward pull of the trachea, manifested by a downward movement of the thyroid cartilage, synchronous with the action of the heart and symptomatic of aneurysm of the aortic arch; the sign is elicited most easily by drawing the cricoid cartilage upward with the thumb and forefinger while the patient sits with head thrown back and mouth closed; 2. a jerky type of inspiration seen when the intercostal muscles and the sternocostal parts of the diaphragm are paralyzed by deep general anesthesia or muscle relaxants; due to the unopposed action of the crura pulling on the dome of the diaphragm and thence on the pericardium, lung roots, and tracheobronchial tree during each inspiration.
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A disease caused by Francisella tularensis and transmitted to humans from rodents through the bite of a deer fly, Chrysops discalis, and other bloodsucking insects; can also be acquired directly through the bite of an infected animal or through handling of an infected animal carcass; symptoms, similar to those of undulant fever and plague, consist of a prolonged intermittent or remittent fever and often swelling and suppuration of the lymph nodes draining the site of infection; rabbits are an important reservoir host.deer-fly disease, deer-fly fever, Pahvant Valley fever, Pahvant Valley plague, rabbit fever; [Tulare, Lake and County, CA, + G. haima, blood]
glandular t. t. with predominant lymph node infection as main manifestation.
pulmonary t. t. affecting the lungs; tularemic pneumonia.pulmonic t;
pulmonic t. pulmonary t
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A dressing for wounds, used chiefly in France, comprised of wide-mesh curtain net cut into squares and impregnated with soft paraffin (98 parts), balsam of Peru (1 part), and olive oil (1 part). [Fr. oily net]
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Nicholas (Nicolaus), Dutch anatomist, 1593-1674. See T.'s valve.
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Causing or tending to cause swelling. [L. tume-facio, to cause to swell, fr. tumeo, to swell]
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1. A swelling.tumentia; 2. tumescence [see tumefacient]
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To swell or to cause to swell.
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tumefaction (1) [L. fr. tumeo, to swell]
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The condition of being or becoming tumid.tumefaction (2), turgescence; [L. tumesco, to begin to swell]
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Denoting tumescence.turgescent;
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Swollen, as by congestion, edema, hyperemia.turgid; [L. tumidus]
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1. Any swelling or tumefaction. 2. neoplasm 3. One of the four signs of inflammation (t., calor, dolor, rubor) enunciated by Celsus. [L. tumor, a swelling]
acinar cell t. a solid and cystic t. of the pancreas, occurring in young women; t. cells contain zymogen granules.
acute splenic t. acute splenitis, enlargement, and softening of the spleen, usually due to bacteremia or severe bacterial toxemia.
adenoid t. adenoma, or neoplasm with glandlike spaces.
adenomatoid t. a small benign t. of the male epididymis and female genital tract, consisting of fibrous tissue or smooth muscle enclosing anastomosing glandlike spaces containing acid mucopolysaccharide lined by flattened cells that have ultra-structural characteristics of mesothelial cells.adenofibromyoma, adenoleiomyofibroma, angiomatoid t., benign mesothelioma of genital tract, Recklinghausen's t;
adenomatoid odontogenic t. a benign epithelial odontogenic t. appearing radiographically as a well-circumscribed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion usually surrounding the crown of an impacted tooth in an adolescent or young adult; characterized histologically by columnar cells organized in a duct-like configuration interspersed with spindle-shaped cells and amyloid-like deposition that gradually undergoes dystrophic calcification.adenoameloblastoma, ameloblastic adenomatoid t;
adipose t. lipoma
ameloblastic adenomatoid t. adenomatoid odontogenic t
amyloid t. nodular amyloidosis
angiomatoid t. adenomatoid t
aortic body t. chemodectoma
Bednar t. pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
benign t. a t. that does not form metastases and does not invade and destroy adjacent normal tissue.innocent t;
blood t. term sometimes used to denote an aneurysm, hemorrhagic cyst, or hematoma.
borderline t. a neoplasm of the ovary, usually arising in young women, composed of complex epithelial hyperplasia without stromas invasion; may recur if incompletely removed surgically, but is clinically less aggressive than carcinoma.low malignant potential t;
Brenner t. a relatively infrequent benign neoplasm of the ovary, consisting chiefly of fibrous tissue that contains nests of cells resembling transitional type epithelium, as well as glandlike structures that contain mucin; origin is controversial, but it may arise from Walthard's cell rest; ordinarily found incidentally in ovaries removed for other reasons, especially in postmenopausal women.
Brooke's t. trichoepithelioma
brown t. a mass of fibrous tissue containing hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, replacing and expanding part of a bone in primary hyperparathyroidism.
t. burden The total mass of tumor tissue carried by a patient with cancer.
Buschke-Löwenstein t. giant condyloma
calcifying epithelial odontogenic t. a benign epithelial odontogenic neoplasm derived from the stratum intermedium of the enamel organ; a painless, slowly growing, mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion characterized histologically by cords of polyhedral epithelial cells, deposits of amyloid, and spherical calcifications.Pindborg t;
carcinoid t. a usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface; neoplastic cells are frequently palisaded at the periphery of the small groups, and the latter have a tendency to infiltrate surrounding tissue. Such neoplasms occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites), with approximately 90% in the appendix and the remainder chiefly in the ileum, but also in the stomach, other parts of the small intestine, the colon, and the rectum; those of the appendix and small t.'s seldom metastasize, but reported incidences of metatases from other primary sites and from t.'s exceeding 2.0 cm in diameter vary from 25 to 75%; lymph nodes in the abdomen and the liver may be conspicuously involved, but metastases above the diaphragm are rare. See also carcinoid syndrome.argentaffinoma;
carotid body t. chemodectoma
cellular t. a t. composed mainly of closely packed cells.
cerebellopontine angle t. acoustic schwannoma
chemoreceptor t. chemodectoma
chromaffin t. chromaffinoma
Codman's t. chondroblastoma of the proximal humerus.
collision t. two originally separate t.'s, especially a carcinoma and a sarcoma, that appear to have developed by chance in close proximity, so that an area of mingling exists. See also carcinosarcoma.
connective t. any t. of the connective tissue group, such as osteoma, fibroma, sarcoma.
dermal duct t. a benign small t. derived from the intradermal part of eccrine sweat gland ducts occurring often on the head and neck.
dermoid t. dermoid cyst
desmoid t. desmoid (2)
dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial t. a rare low grade neoplasm most frequently seen in children and associated with seizures and cortical dysplasia; the often multinodular, multicystic t. is comprised of an oligodendroglial-like background with accompanying neurons.
eighth nerve t. acoustic schwannoma
embryonal t. , embryonic t. a neoplasm, usually malignant, which arises during intrauterine or early postnatal development from an organ rudiment or immature tissue; it forms immature structures characteristic of the part from which it arises, and may form other tissues as well. The term includes neuroblastoma and Wilms' t., and is also used to include certain neoplasms presenting in later life, this usage being based on the belief that such t.'s arise from embryonic rests. See also teratoma.embryoma;
embryonal t. of ciliary body embryonal medulloepithelioma
endocervical sinus t. malignant germ cell t. commonly found in the ovary. The t. arises from primitive germ cells and develops into extra-embryonic tissue resembling the yolk sac.yolk sac carcinoma;
endodermal sinus t. a malignant neoplasm occurring in the gonads, in sacrococcygeal teratomas, and in the mediastinum; produces a-fetoprotein and is thought to be derived from primitive endodermal cells.yolk sac t;
endometrioid t. a t. of the ovary containing epithelial or stromal elements resembling t.'s of the endometrium.
Erdheim t. craniopharyngioma
Ewing's t. a malignant neoplasm which occurs usually before the age of 20 years, about twice as frequently in males, and in about 75% of patients involves bones of the extremities, including the shoulder girdle, with a predilection for the metaphysis; histologically, there are conspicuous foci of necrosis in association with irregular masses of small, regular, rounded, or ovoid cells (2 to 3 times the diameter of erythrocytes), with very scanty cytoplasm.endothelial myeloma, Ewing's sarcoma;
fecal t. coproma
fibroid t. old term for certain fibromas and leiomyomas.
giant cell t. of bone a soft, reddish brown, sometimes malignant, osteolytic t. composed of multinucleated giant cells and ovoid or spindle-shaped cells, occurring most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone of young adults.giant cell myeloma, osteoclastoma;
giant cell t. of tendon sheath a nodule, possibly inflammatory in nature, arising commonly from the flexor sheath of the fingers and thumb; composed of fibrous tissue, lipid- and hemosiderin-containing macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells.localized nodular tenosynovitis;
glomus t. [MIM*138000] an unusual vascular neoplasm composed of specialized pericytes (sometimes termed glomus cells), usually in single encapsulated nodular masses which may be several millimeters in diameter and occur almost exclusively in the skin; it is exquisitely tender and may be so painful that patients voluntarily immobilize an extremity, sometimes leading to atrophy of muscles; multiple glomus t.'s occur, sometimes with autosomal dominant inheritance. See also glomangioma.
glomus jugulare t. chemodectoma
Godwin t. benign lymphoepithelial lesion
granular cell t. a microscopically specific, generally benign t., often involving peripheral nerves in skin, mucosa, or connective tissue, derived from Schwann cells; the abundant cytoplasm contains lysosomal granules, the cells infiltrate between adjacent tissues although growth is slow, and adjacent surface epithelium may show hyperplasia.
granulosa cell t. a benign or malignant t. of the ovary arising from the membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle and frequently secreting estrogen; it is soft, solid, white or yellow, and consists of small round cells sometimes enclosing Call-Exner bodies; larger lipid-containing cells may be present.folliculoma (1);
Grawitz' t. old eponym for renal adenocarcinoma.
Gubler's t. a fusiform swelling on the wrist in lead palsy.
haarscheibe t. trichodiscoma [Ger. Haar, hair, + Scheibe, disk]
heterologous t. a t. composed of a tissue unlike that from which it springs.
hilar cell t. of ovary a small benign masculinizing ovarian t. derived from hilar cells, which resemble Leydig cells of the testis.
histoid t. old term for a t. composed of a single type of differentiated tissue.
homologous t. a t. composed of tissue of the same sort as that from which it springs.
Hürthle cell t. a neoplasm of the thyroid gland composed of polyhedral acidophilic cells, thought by some to be oncocytes; it may be benign or malignant, the behavior of the latter depending on the general microscopic pattern, whether follicular, papillary, or undifferentiated. See also Hürthle cell adenoma.Hürthle cell carcinoma;
hylic t. hyloma
innocent t. benign t
interstitial cell t. of testis Leydig cell adenoma
Koenen's t. periungual fibroma
Krukenberg's t. a metastatic carcinoma of the ovary, usually bilateral and secondary to a mucous carcinoma of the stomach, which contains signet-ring cells filled with mucus.
Landschutz t. a transplantable, possibly isoantigenic, highly virulent neoplasm which can be grown in any strain of mice; the host is killed in a few days by what is apparently an anaplastic carcinoma.
Lindau's t. hemangioblastoma
low malignant potential t. borderline t
malignant t. a t. that invades surrounding tissues, is usually capable of producing metastases, may recur after attempted removal, and is likely to cause death of the host unless adequately treated. See also cancer.
malignant mixed müllerian t. (MMMT) mixed mesodermal t
melanotic neuroectodermal t. of infancy a benign neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin that most often involves the anterior maxilla of infants in the first year of life. It presents clinically as a rapidly growing blue-black lesion producing a destructive radiolucency; histologically, it is characterized by small round undifferentiated t. cells interspersed with larger polyhedral melanin-producing cells arranged in an alveolar configuration.melanoameloblastoma, pigmented ameloblastoma, pigmented epulis, progonoma of jaw, retinal anlage t;
Merkel cell t. a rare malignant cutaneous t. seen in sun-exposed skin of elderly patients composed of dermal nodules of small round cells with scanty cytoplasm in a trabecular pattern; the tumor cells contain cytoplasmic dense core granules resembling neurosecretory granules seen in Merkel cells.primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, trabecular carcinoma;
mesonephroid t. mesonephroma
mixed t. a t. composed of two or more varieties of tissue.
mixed mesodermal t. a sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells.malignant mixed müllerian t;
mixed t. of salivary gland a t. composed of salivary gland epithelium and fibrous tissue with mucoid or cartilaginous areas.pleomorphic adenoma;
mixed t. of skin chondroid syringoma
mucoepidermoid t. mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Nelson t. a pituitary t. causing the symptoms of Nelson syndrome.
oil t. lipogranuloma
oncocytic hepatocellular t. fibrolamellar liver cell carcinoma
organoid t. a t. of complex structure, glandular in origin, containing epithelium, connective tissue, etc.
Pancoast t. an adenocarcinoma of a lung apex causing Pancoast syndrome.superior pulmonary sulcus t;
papillary t. papilloma
paraffin t. paraffinoma
pearl t. obsolete term for cholesteatoma.
phantom t. accumulation of fluid in the interlobar spaces of the lung, secondary to congestive heart failure, radiologically simulating a neoplasm.
phyllodes t. a spectrum of neoplasms consisting of a mixture of benign epithelium and stroma with variable cellularity and cytologic abnormalities, ranging from benign phyllodes t. to cytosarcoma phyllodes; most often involves the breast.
pilar t. of scalp a solitary t. of the scalp in elderly women that may ulcerate; microscopically resembles squamous cell carcinoma composed of glycogen-rich clear cells, but is benign.proliferating tricholemmal cyst;
Pindborg t. calcifying epithelial odontogenic t
Pinkus t. fibroepithelioma
placental site trophoblastic t. a t. usually arising in the uterus of parous women during reproductive years. Histologically, the t. consists of a predominance of intermediate trophoblastic cells with fibrinoid material and vascular invasion.
pontine angle t. a t. in the angle formed by the cerebellum and the lateral pons, often refers to an acoustic schwannoma.
potato t. of neck a firm nodular mass in the neck, usually a carotid body t. (chemodectoma).
Pott's puffy t. a circumscribed swelling of the scalp indicating an underlying osteitis of the skull or an extradural abscess.
pregnancy t. granuloma gravidarum
primitive neuroectodermal t. a designation used to refer to a group of morphologically similar embryonal neoplasms that arise in intracranial and peripheral sites of the nervous system and which may show various degrees of cellular differentiation; includes medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, etc.
ranine t. ranula (2)
Rathke's pouch t. craniopharyngioma
Recklinghausen's t. adenomatoid t
retinal anlage t. melanotic neuroectodermal t. of infancy
Rous t. Rous sarcoma
sand t. psammomatous meningioma
Sertoli cell t. androblastoma (1)
solitary fibrous t. a benign t. of fibrous tissue which usually arises in the pleural space on other sites.benign mesothelioma;
squamous odontogenic t. a benign epithelial odontogenic t. thought to arise from the epithelial cell rests of Malassez; appears clinically as a radiolucent lesion closely associated with the tooth root and histologically as islands of squamous epithelium enclosed by a peripheral layer of flattened cells.
sugar t. a benign clear cell t. of the lung containing abundant glycogen.
superior pulmonary sulcus t. Pancoast t
teratoid t. teratoma
theca cell t. thecoma
transmissible venereal t. canine venereal granuloma
triton t. a peripheral nerve t. with striated muscle differentiation, seen most often in neurofibromatosis; named after Masson's theory of transformation of motor nerve fibers into muscle in triton salamanders.
turban t. cylindroma of the scalp which, when overgrown, may resemble a turban.
villous t. villous papilloma
Warthin's t. adenolymphoma
Wilms' t. a malignant renal t. of young children, composed of small spindle cells and various other types of tissue, including tubules and, in some cases, structures resembling fetal glomeruli, and striated muscle and cartilage. Often inherited as an autosomal dominant trait [MIM*194070, *194080, *194090].adenomyosarcoma, embryoma of the kidney, nephroblastoma;
wing-beating t. a coarse, irregular t. that is most prominent when the limbs are held outstretched, reminiscent of a bird flapping its wings; due to up and down excursion of arm at abducted shoulder. Seen mainly with Wilson's disease.
Yaba t. a poxvirus-induced neoplasm of monkeys caused by the Yaba monkey virus, a member of the family Poxviridae; tumor-like growths occur chiefly on the head and limbs; the natural disease has been reported only in Africa in monkeys kept outdoors.
yolk sac t. endodermal sinus t
Zollinger-Ellison t. a non-beta cell t. of pancreatic islets causing the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
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oncotropic [tumor + L. affinis, related to]
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Denoting an agent destructive to tumors. [tumor + L. caedo, to kill]
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Production of a new growth or growths. [tumor + G. genesis, origin]
foreign body t. induction of malignant tumors in tissues by nonviable, nonabsorable solid material not known to contain a chemical carcinogen.
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Causing or producing tumors.
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Minute foci of atypical bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia that are found multifocally; although now considered benign, they were once believed to be precursors of carcinoma.
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Swollen; tumor-like; protuberant.
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Palpitation and irregular action of the heart.
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A member of the flea family, Tungidae, commonly known as chigger flea, sand flea, chigoe, or jiggers; the minute female penetrates the skin, frequently under the toenails; as she becomes distended with eggs to about pea size, a painful ulcer with inflammation develops at the site.Sarcopsylla penetrans;
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Infestation with sand fleas (Tunga penetrans)
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A family of fleas containing the jigger or chigoe flea species, Tunga penetrans.
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An anionic form of tungsten.
calcium t. a phosphor with a high stopping power for x-rays that was formerly used widely in fluoroscopic screens and intensifying screens for radiography.
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A metallic element, atomic no. 74, atomic wt. 183.85.wolfram, wolframium; [Swed. tung, heavy, + sten, stone]
t. carbide one of the hardest known materials, used as an abrasive and in the manufacture of dental cutting instruments.
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Coat or covering; one of the enveloping layers of a part, especially one of the coats of a blood vessel or other tubular structure.tunica [NA]; [L. tunica]
Bichat's t. the tunica intima of the blood vessels.
Brücke's t. tunica nervea
fibrous t. of corpus spongiosum tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum
fibrous t. of eye the outer layer of the eyeball composed of the sclera and cornea.tunica fibrosa bulbi [NA], tunica externa oculi;
mucosal t.'s , mucous t.'s mucosa
muscular t.'s See muscular coat.
muscular t. of gallbladder muscular t. of the gallbladder, consisting of layers of smooth muscle fibers coursing in various directions immediately external to the mucosa of the gallbladder.
nervous t. of eyeball retina
serous t. serosa
vascular t. of eye the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, comprising the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.tunica vasculosa bulbi [NA], Haller's tunica vasculosa, tunica vasculosa oculi, uvea, uveal tract;
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tunic [L. a coat]
t. abdomina´lis the aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles of quadrupeds.
t. adventi´tia [NA] adventitia
t. albugin´ea [NA] a dense white collagenous tunic surrounding a structure.
t. albuginea of corpora cavernosi a strong, fibrous membrane enveloping the corpora cavernosa penis.t. albuginea corporum cavernosorum [NA];
t. albugin´ea cor´poris spongio´si [NA] t. albuginea of corpus spongiosum
t. albugin´ea cor´porum cavernoso´rum [NA] t. albuginea of corpora cavernosi
t. albuginea of corpus spongiosum the thick layer of fibrous tissue surrounding the corpus spongiosum penis; it is thinner than the corresponding layer around each corpus cavernosum.t. albuginea corporis spongiosi [NA], fibrous tunic of corpus spongiosum;
t. albugin´ea oc´uli sclera
t. albugin´ea tes´tis [NA] t. albuginea of testis
t. albuginea of testis a thick white fibrous membrane forming the outer coat of the testis.t. albuginea testis [NA], perididymis;
t. car´nea dartos fascia
t. conjuncti´va [NA] conjunctiva
t. conjuncti´va bul´bi [NA] bulbar conjunctiva
t. conjuncti´va palpebra´rum [NA] palpebral conjunctiva
t. dar´tos [NA] dartos fascia See also dartos muliebris.
t. elas´tica t. media of large arteries.
t. exter´na [NA] 1. the outer of two or more enveloping layers of any structure; 2. specifically, the outer fibroelastic coat of a blood or lymph vessel.t. extima;
t. exter´na oc´uli fibrous tunic of eye
t. exter´na the´cae follic´uli the external fibrous layer of the theca of a well-developed vesicular ovarian follicle; the cells and fibers are arranged in a concentric fashion.theca externa;
t. ex´tima t. externa
t. fibro´sa [NA] fibrous capsule
t. fibro´sa bul´bi [NA] fibrous tunic of eye
t. fibro´sa hep´atis [NA] fibrous capsule of liver (2)
t. fibro´sa lie´nis [NA] * official alternate term for fibrous capsule of spleen, fibrous capsule of spleen
t. fibro´sa re´nis fibrous capsule of kidney
t. fibro´sa sple´nis [NA] fibrous capsule of spleen
tu´nicae funic´uli spermat´ici [NA] coverings of spermatic cord, under covering
Haller's t. vasculosa vascular tunic of eye
t. inter´na bul´bi [NA] retina
t. inter´na the´cae follic´uli the inner cellular and vascular layer of the vesicular ovarian follicle; there is evidence that the epithelioid cells produce estrogen and contribute to the formation of the corpus luteum after ovulation.theca interna;
t. in´tima [NA] the innermost coat of a blood or lymphatic vessel; it consists of endothelium, usually a thin fibroelastic subendothelial layer, and an inner elastic membrane or longitudinal fibers.
t. me´dia [NA] the middle, usually muscular, coat of an artery or other tubular structure.media (1);
t. muco´sa [NA] mucosa
t. muco´sa bronchio´rum [NA] mucosa of bronchi
t. muco´sa cavita´tis tym´pani [NA] mucosa of tympanic cavity
t. muco´sa co´li [NA] mucosa of colon
t. muco´sa duc´tus deferen´tis [NA] mucosa of ductus deferens
t. muco´sa esoph´agi [NA] esophageal mucosa
t. muco´sa gas´trica [ventric´uli] [NA] gastric mucosa
t. muco´sa intesti´ni ten´uis [NA] mucosa of small intestine
t. muco´sa laryn´gis [NA] laryngeal mucosa
t. muco´sa lin´guae [NA] lingual mucosa
t. muco´sa na´si [NA] nasal mucosa
t. muco´sa o´ris [NA] oral mucosa
t. muco´sa pharyn´gis [NA] pharyngeal mucosa
t. muco´sa tra´cheae [NA] tracheal mucosa
t. muco´sa tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] mucosa of auditory tube
t. muco´sa tu´bae uteri´nae [NA] mucosa of uterine tube
t. muco´sa ure´teris [NA] mucosa of ureter
t. muco´sa ure´thrae femini´nae [NA] mucosa of female urethra
t. muco´sa u´teri [NA] endometrium
t. muco´sa vagi´nae [NA] vaginal mucosa
t. muco´sa vesi´cae bilia´ris [NA] mucosa of gallbladder
t. muco´sa vesi´cae fel´leae [NA] * official alternate term for mucosa of gallbladder, mucosa of gallbladder
t. muco´sa vesi´cae urina´riae [NA] mucosa of urinary bladder
t. muco´sa vesic´ulae semina´lis [NA] mucosa of seminal vesicle
t. muscula´ris [NA] muscular coat
t. muscula´ris bronchio´rum [NA] muscular coat of bronchi
t. muscula´ris co´li [NA] muscular coat of colon
t. muscula´ris duc´tus deferen´tis [NA] muscular coat of ductus deferens
t. muscula´ris esoph´agi [NA] muscular coat of esophagus
t. muscula´ris gas´trica [NA] muscular coat of stomach
t. muscula´ris intesti´ni ten´uis [NA] muscular coat of small intestine
t. muscula´ris pharyn´gis [NA] muscular coat of pharynx
t. muscula´ris rec´ti [NA] muscular coat of rectum
t. muscula´ris tra´cheae [NA] muscular coat of trachea
t. muscula´ris tu´bae uteri´nae [NA] muscular coat of uterine tube
t. muscula´ris ure´teris [NA] muscular coat of ureter
t. muscula´ris ure´thrae femini´nae [NA] muscular coat of female urethra
t. muscula´ris u´teri [NA] myometrium
t. muscula´ris vagi´nae [NA] muscular coat of vagina
t. muscula´ris ventric´uli * official alternate term for muscular coat of stomach
t. muscula´ris vesi´cae bilia´ris [NA] muscular coat of gallbladder
t. muscula´ris vesi´cae fel´leae [NA] * official alternate term for muscular coat of gallbladder
t. muscula´ris vesi´cae urina´riae [NA] muscular coat of urinary bladder
t. ner´vea an older term, formerly used to designate the retina exclusive of the layer of rods and cones.Brücke's tunic;
t. pro´pria the special envelope of a part as distinguished from the peritoneal or other investment common to several parts.
t. pro´pria co´rii stratum reticulare corii
t. pro´pria lie´nis fibrous capsule of spleen
t. reflex´a the reflected layer of the t. vasculosa testis that lines the scrotum.
t. sclerot´ica sclera
t. sero´sa [NA] serosa
t. sero´sa co´li [NA] serosa of colon
t. sero´sa gas´trica [NA] serosa of stomach
t. sero´sa hep´atis [NA] serosa of liver
t. sero´sa intesti´ni ten´uis [NA] serosa of small intestine
t. sero´sa peritone´i [NA] serous layer of peritoneum
t. sero´sa tu´bae uteri´nae [NA] serosa of uterine tube
t. sero´sa u´teri [NA] perimetrium, serosa of uterus
t. sero´sa ventric´uli [NA] * official alternate term for serosa of stomach
t. sero´sa vesi´cae bilia´ris [NA] serosa of gallbladder
t. sero´sa vesi´cae fel´leae [NA] * official alternate term for serosa of gallbladder
t. sero´sa vesi´cae urina´riae [NA] serosa of urinary bladder
t. submuco´sa submucosa
t. vagina´lis commu´nis internal spermatic fascia
t. vagina´lis tes´tis [NA] the serous sheath of the testis and epididymis, derived from the peritoneum; it consists of outer parietal and inner visceral serous layers.
t. vasculo´sa any vascular layer.
t. vasculo´sa bul´bi [NA] vascular tunic of eye
t. vasculo´sa len´tis a nutrient vascular layer enveloping the lens of the eye in the fetus.
t. vasculo´sa oc´uli vascular tunic of eye
t. vasculo´sa tes´tis the vascular layer enveloping the testis beneath the t. albuginea.
t. vit´rea posterior limiting layer of cornea
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An elongated passageway, usually open at both ends.
aortico-left ventricular t. congenital connection between the aorta above exit of coronary arteries and the left ventricle.
carpal t. the passageway deep to the transverse carpal ligament between tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezoid bones on the radial side and the pisiform and hook of the hamate on the ulnar side, through which the median nerve and the flexor tendons of the fingers and thumb pass; compression of the median nerve may occur here (carpal tunnel syndrome).canalis carpi [NA], carpal canal (1);
Corti's t. the spiral canal in the organ of Corti, formed by the outer and inner pillar cells or rods of Corti; it is filled with fluid and occasionally crossed by nonmedullated nerve fibers.Corti's canal;
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Edward B., 20th century U.S. anesthesiologist. See T. needle.
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3-O-a-d-Glucopyranosyl-d-fructose;a reducing disaccharide.
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A genus of free-living nematodes in the family Cephalobidae; it includes the species T. aceti (the vinegar eel), found in old vinegar or in rotting fruits and vegetables. [L. turbare, to disturb]
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Cloudy, as by sediment or insoluble matter in a solution. [L. turbidus, confused, disordered]
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An instrument for measuring turbidity.
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Pertaining to the measurement of turbidity.
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A method for determining the concentration of a substance in a solution by the degree of cloudiness or turbidity it causes or by the degree of clarification it induces in a turbid solution. [turbidity + G. metron, measure]
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The quality of being turbid, of losing transparency because of sediment or insoluble matter. [L. turbiditas, fr. turbidus, turbid]
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turbinated body (1)
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A bone shaped like a top, especially referring to turbinated bones. See inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
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Scroll-shaped. [L. turbinatus, shaped like a top]
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Surgical removal of a turbinated bone. [turbinate + G. ektome, excision]
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An instrument for use in turbinotomy or turbinectomy.
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Incision into or excision of a turbinated body. [turbinate + G. tome, incision]
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Ludwig, Austrian neurologist, 1810-1868. See T.'s bundle, column, degeneration, tract.
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See under syndrome.
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tumescence [L. turgesco, to begin to swell, fr. turgeo, to swell]
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tumescent
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tumid [L. turgidus, swollen, fr. turgeo, to swell]
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A device for measuring turgor, or turgescence, particularly of the skin. [turgor + G. metron, measure]
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Fullness. [L., fr. turgeo, to swell]
t. vita´lis the normal fullness of the capillaries.
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Term for traveler's diarrhea, of Mexican derivation. [Sp. tourist]
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Siegmund, 20th century Swiss ophthalmologist. See Ehrlich-T. line.
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Wilhelm, Austrian hematologist, 1871-1916. See T. cell; T.'s leukocyte.
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madder
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Curcuma.
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To revolve or cause to revolve; specifically, to change the position of the fetus within the uterus to convert a malpresentation into a presentation permitting normal delivery. [A.S. tyrnan]
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George Grey, English surgeon, 1877-1951. See Grey T.'s sign.
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Henry H., U.S. endocrinologist, 1892-1970. See T.'s syndrome.
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Joseph G., English dentist, 1955. See T.'s tooth.
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Sir William, English anatomist, 1832-1916. See intraparietal sulcus of Turner, Turner's sulcus.
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The quantity of a material metabolized or processed, usually within a given length of time.
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An oleoresin from Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus; source of t. oil and a constituent of stimulating ointments. [G. terebinthinos, pertaining to terebinthos, the terebinth tree]
Canada t. Canada balsam
Chian t. an exudation from Pistacia terebinthus, a small tree of Chios and regions eastward; on exposure to air it thickens and forms translucent yellow masses similar to mastic.
larch t. a transparent, yellowish, thick liquid, the oleoresin obtained from Larix europaea (family Pinaceae).Venice t;
Venice t. larch t
white t. t. from Pinus palustris.
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A volatile oil, distilled from turpentine, that has been used as a diuretic, carminative, vermifuge, expectorant, rubefacient, and counterirritant.oleum terebinthinae, turpentine spirit;
rectified t.o. obtained by treating t.o. with sodium hydroxide, and redistilling; used externally as a counterirritant.
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turpentine oil
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Popular name for turpentine oil.
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oxycephaly [L. turris, tower, + G. kephale, head]
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A surgical tent, gauze drain, or tampon. [L.]
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A canine tooth in the horse, pig, or musk-deer; an incisor in the elephant and walrus.
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tussive
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tussive [L. tussicularis, fr. tussicula, a slight cough, dim. of tussis, cough]
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A hacking cough.
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Causing cough. [L. tussis, cough, + -gen, producing]
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A cough. [L.]
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Relating to a cough.tussal, tussicular; [L. tussis, a cough]
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Any defensive or protective structure. [L. protection]
tuta´mina cer´ebri the scalp, cranium, and cerebral meninges.
tuta´mina oc´uli the eyebrows, eyelids, and eyelashes.
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James P., U.S. surgeon, 1857-1913. See T.'s proctoscope.
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Abbreviation for transureteroureterostomy.
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Abbreviation for time-varied gain.
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Charles H., U.S. orthodontist, 1895-1970. See T. edgewise treatment, triangle.
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An instrument with pincers that are squeezed together to grasp or extract fine structures. [A.S. twisel, fork]
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One of the finer terminal branches of an artery; a small branch or small ramus. [A.S.]
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1. Figuratively, a faint light. 2. Pertaining to faint or indistinct mental perception, as in twilight state. [A.S. twi-, two]
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1. One of two children born at one birth. 2. Double; growing in pairs. [A.S. getwin, double]
allantoidoangiopagous t.'s unequal monochorial t.'s with fusion of their allantoic vessels within the placenta; the lesser t. is essentially a parasite on the placental circulation of the larger t.
conjoined t.'s monozygotic t.'s with varying extent of union and different degrees of residual duplication. The various types of union are named by the use of a prefix designating the region that is united and adding the suffix -pagus, meaning fused (e.g., craniopagus, thoracopagus); the various types of residual duplication are named by designating the parts duplicated and adding the suffix -didymus, or -dymus, meaning twin (e.g., cephalodidymus, cephalodymus).
conjoined asymmetrical t.'s conjoined unequal t.'s
conjoined equal t.'s conjoined t.'s in which both members are approximately of the same size, and nearly normal except for the areas of fusion.conjoined symmetrical t.'s;
conjoined symmetrical t.'s conjoined equal t.'s
conjoined unequal t.'s conjoined t.'s in which one member is nearly normal (host or autosite) and the other (parasite) is small, incomplete, and dependent for its nutrition upon the more nearly normal member.conjoined asymmetrical t.'s;
dichorial t.'s dizygotic t.'s
diovular t.'s dizygotic t.'s
dizygotic t.'s t.'s derived from two separate zygotes.dichorial t.'s, diovular t.'s, fraternal t.'s, heterologous t.'s;
enzygotic t.'s monozygotic t.'s
fraternal t.'s dizygotic t.'s
heterologous t.'s dizygotic t.'s
identical t.'s monozygotic t.'s
incomplete conjoined t.'s conjoined t.'s, the two components of which equal one another but are less than entire individuals.
monoamniotic t.'s t.'s within a common amnion; such t.'s are monovular in origin and may be conjoined.
monochorial t.'s monozygotic t.'s
monovular t.'s monozygotic t.'s
monozygotic t.'s t.'s resulting from a single fertilized ovum that at an early stage of development becomes separated into independently growing cell aggregations giving rise to two individuals of the same sex and identical genetic constitution.enzygotic t.'s, identical t.'s, monochorial t.'s, monovular t.'s, uniovular t.'s;
omphaloangiopagous t.'s obsolete term for allantoidoangiopagous t.'s.
parasitic t. the smaller of unequal conjoined t.'s.
placental parasitic t. omphalosite
polyzygotic t.'s t.'s resulting from fertilization of more than two ova discharged in a single ovulating cycle.
Siamese t.'s originally, a much publicized conjoined pair of t.'s (xiphopagus) from Siam in the 19th century; this term has since come into general lay usage for any type of conjoined t.'s, but is incorrect.
uniovular t.'s monozygotic t.'s
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A sudden momentary sharp pain.
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Production of equivalent structures by division; the tendency of divided parts to assume symmetrical relations.
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1. To jerk spasmodically. 2. A momentary spasmodic contraction of a muscle fiber. [A.S. twiccian]
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Frederick W., British bacteriologist, 1877-1950. See T. phenomenon; T.-d'Herelle phenomenon.
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Abbreviation for individual thromboxanes, designated by capital letters with subscripts indicating structural features.
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2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpentyl butylcarbamate carbamate;a tranquilizer related to meprobamate.
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callosity [G. tyle, a swelling, a callus]
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Surgical removal of a localized swelling or tumor. See also lumpectomy. [G. tyle, lump, + ektome, excision]
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A craniometric point at the middle of the anterior edge of the chiasmatic groove. [G. a small pin, dim. of tyle, a lump]
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callosity [G. a callus]
t. conjuncti´vae localized keratinization of the conjunctiva, occurring in xerosis of the conjunctiva.
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Formation of a callosity (tyloma). [G. a becoming callous]
t. cilia´ris pachyblepharon
t. ling´uae leukoplakia of the tongue.
t. palma´ris et planta´ris palmoplantar keratoderma
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Relating to or marked by tylosis.
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Oxyethylated tert-octylphenol formaldehyde polymer;a detergent and mucolytic agent used as an aerosol to liquify sputum.
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2-[(Thymyloxy)methyl]-2-imidazoline;a nasal decongestant.
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See tympano-.
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1. tympanic (1) 2. Resonant. 3. tympanitic (2)
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Excision of the tympanic membrane. [tympan- + G. ektome, excision]
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tympanites
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1. Relating to the tympanic cavity or membrane.tympanal (1); 2. Resonant. 3. tympanitic (2)
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chorda tympani
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Relating to the chorda tympani nerve.
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The quality of being tympanic or drumlike in tone.
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tympanites
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Swelling of the abdomen from gas in the intestinal or peritoneal cavity.meteorism, tympania, tympanism; [L. fr. G. tympanites, an edema in which the belly is stretched like a drum, tympanon]
uterine t. physometra
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1. Referring to tympanites.tympanous; 2. Denoting the quality of sound elicited by percussing over the inflated intestine or a large pulmonary cavity.tympanal (3), tympanic (3);
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myringitis
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Tympanum, tympanites. [G. tympanon, drum]
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Puncture of the tympanic membrane with a needle to aspirate middle ear fluid. [tympano- + G. kentesis, puncture]
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Relating to the tympanic cavity and the auditory tube.
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Pertaining to the relationship between the tympanic cavity and the hyoid arch.
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Relating to the tympanic membrane and the malleus.
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Relating to the tympanic cavity and the mandible.
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Relating to the tympanic cavity and the mastoid cells.
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Inflammation of the middle ear and the mastoid cells.
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radical mastoidectomy
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1. tinnitus aurium 2. autophony [tympano- + G. phone, sound]
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Operative correction of a damaged middle ear. [tympano- + G. plasso, to form]
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Relating to the tympanic and squamous parts of the temporal bone.squamotympanic;
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Relating to the tympanic cavity and the stapes.
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myringotomy [tympano- + G. ostium, mouth]
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Relating to the tympanic cavity and the temporal region or bone.
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myringotomy [tympano- + G. tome, incision]
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tympanitic (1)
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tympanic cavity [L., fr. G. tympanon, a drum]
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A low-pitched, resonant, drumlike note obtained by percussing the surface of a large air-containing space, such as the distended abdomen or the thorax with or without pneumothorax.tympanitic resonance;
Skoda's t. skodaic resonance
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John, English physicist, 1820-1893. See T. effect; tyndallization; T. phenomenon.
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fractional sterilization [John Tyndall]
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1. The usual form, or a composite form, that all others of the class resemble more or less closely; a model, denoting especially a disease or a symptom complex giving the stamp or characteristic to a class. See also constitution, habitus, personality. 2. In chemistry, a substance in which the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule may be taken as representative of other substances in that class. [G. typos, a mark, a model]
basic personality t. 1. an individual's unique, covert, or underlying personality propensities, whether or not they are behaviorally manifest or overt; 2. personality characteristics of an individual which are also shared by a majority of the members of a social group.
blood t. See blood type.
buffalo t. term used to describe the distribution of a fat deposit seen posteriorly over the upper thoracic vertebrae; seen in hyperadrenocorticalism (Cushing's syndrome).buffalo hump;
nomenclatural t. the constituent element of a taxon to which the name of the taxon is permanently attached; the t. of a species is preferably a strain (in special cases it may be a description, a preserved specimen or preparation, or an illustration); the t. of a genus is a species; and the t. of an order, family, or tribe is the genus on whose name the name of the higher taxon is based.
test t. See test types.
wild t. a gene, phenotype, or genotype that is overwhelmingly common among those possible at a locus of interest, and therefore presumably not harmful.
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relapsing fever [G. typhos, smoke, stupor arising from fever]
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See typhlo-.
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Dilation of the cecum. [G. typhlon, cecum, + ektasis, a stretching out]
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cecectomy
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cecitis
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cecitis
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1. The cecum. See also ceco-. [G. cecum] 2. Blindness. [G. typhlos, blind]
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Inflammation of the ileocecal valve. [G. typhlon, cecum, + diklis (diklid-), double-folding (of doors), + -itis, inflammation]
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Presence of an abscess following typhlitis. [G. typhlon, cecum, + empyema, abscess]
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cecitis
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Presence of fecal concretions in the cecum. [G. typhlon, cecum, + lithos, stone]
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An obsolete term for the branch of science concerned with the causes and prevention of blindness, and the rehabilitation of those afflicted. [G. typhlos, blind, + logos, study]
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Old term for enlargement of the cecum. [G. typhlon, cecum, + megas (megal-), large]
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cecum (1) [G.]
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cecopexy
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cecorrhaphy
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blindness [G. typhlos, blind]
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cecostomy
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cecotomy
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Typhus, typhoid. [G. typhos, smoke, dullness]
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1. Typhus-like; stuporous from fever. 2. typhoid fever [typhus + G. eidos, resemblance]
abdominal t. typhoid fever
ambulatory t. walking t
apyretic t. t. fever in which the temperature does not rise more than a degree or two.
bilious t. of Griesinger relapsing fever
equine t. equine viral arteritis
fowl t. a septicemic disease of chickens and turkeys, caused by Salmonella gallinarum; some human infections with this organism have been reported.
latent t. walking t
provocation t. an accelerated onset of t. fever, sometimes of unusual severity, resulting from typhoid-paratyphoid A and B (T.A.B.) vaccination late in the incubation period.
walking t. t. fever without much prostration, the patient being up and around and sometimes working.ambulatory t., latent t;
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Relating to or resembling typhoid fever.
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A hemolysin formed by Salmonella typhi.
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A muttering delerium characteristic of that in typhoid fever and typhus. [typho- + G. mania, frenzy]
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typhoid septicemia
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Relating to typhus.
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A group of acute infectious and contagious diseases, caused by rickettsiae that are transmitted by arthropods, and occurring in two principal forms: epidemic t. and endemic (murine) t. Also called jail, camp, or ship fever.camp fever (1), jail fever, ship fever; [G. typhos, smoke, stupor]
Australian tick t. rarely fatal form of t. caused by the Rickettsia australis, seen in eastern Australia, transmitted by tick bite, and characterized by severe headache and conjunctivitis. Reservoir is in rodents and marsupials.Queensland tick t;
canine t. Stuttgart disease
endemic t. murine t
epidemic t. t. caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and spread by body lice; marked by high fever, mental and physical depression, and a macular and papular eruption; lasts for about two weeks and occurs when large crowds are brought together and personal hygiene is at a low ebb; recrudescences can occur.hospital fever, louse-borne t., prison fever t;
European t. epidemic, louse-born typhus fever, due to infection with Rickettsia prowazekii.
exanthematous t. t. fever with the usual petechial skin lesions seen in that disease.
flea-borne t. murine t
Indian tick t. boutonneuse fever
louse-borne t. epidemic t
Manchurian t. tick transmitted infection with Rickettsia sibirica. See also Korean hemorrhagic fever.
Mexican t. infection with Rickettsia typhi (mooseri) causing a syndrome similar to epidemic t., but spread from rats to man by the rat flea (Xenopsylla (polyplax) cheopis). Spread from rat to rat by the rat louse (Polyplax spinulosa). Most common form of t. in the United State. It has various geographical names based on region in which it was observed.
mite t. tsutsugamushi disease
mite-born t. rickettsialpox
t. mit´ior a mild or abortive t.
murine t. a milder form of epidemic t. caused by Rickettsia typhi and transmitted to humans by rat or mouse fleas.Congolian red fever, endemic t., flea-borne t., red fever, red fever of the Congo;
North Queensland tick t. t. caused by Rickettsia australis.
prison fever t. epidemic t
Queensland tick t. Australian tick t
recrudescent t. Brill-Zinsser disease
Sao Paulo t. infection with Rickettsia rickettsii; spread by tick bite. See also Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
scrub t. tsutsugamushi disease
shop t. a mild form of t. occurring in urban areas, reported in Mediterranean areas.urban t;
Siberian tick t. tick-borne rickettsiosis caused by infection with Rickettsia sibirica.
tick t. boutonneuse fever
tropical t. tsutsugamushi disease
urban t. shop t
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Classification according to type. [see type]
bacteriophage t. a microbiological procedure, of epidemiological importance, for distinguishing types within a seemingly homogeneous bacterial species or strain by the use of type-specific bacteriophage.
HLA t. tests done in order to determine if a patient has antibodies against a potential donor's HLA antigens. The presence of antibodies means that a particular graft will be rapidly rejected. Also used to establish paternity and in forensic medicine.
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Symbol for tyrosine and its radicals.
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amine oxidase (flavin-containing)
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4-Hydroxyphenylethylamine;decarboxylated tyrosine, a sympathomimetic amine having an action in some respects resembling that of epinephrine; present in ergot, mistletoe, ripe cheese, beers, red wines, and putrefied animal matter; elevated in individuals with tyrosinemia type II.
t. oxidase amine oxidase (flavin-containing)
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A form of sadism characterized by a lust for domination and cruelty, with subsequent humiliation of the partner. [G. tyrannos, a tyrant]
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Vomiting of curdy material by infants.tyrosis (1); [G. tyros, cheese, + emesis, vomiting]
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An antibacterial cyclopeptide obtained from Bacillus brevis. See also tyrothricin.
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Maurice V., U.S. pharmacologist, 1878-1930. See T.'s solution.
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Produced by, or originating in, cheese. [G. tyros, cheese, + G. -gen, producing]
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Tyrophagus putrescentiae [G. tyros, cheese, + glyphe carving]
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Cheesy; caseous. [G. tyrodes, fr. tyros, cheese, + eidos, resemblance]
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The urinary excretion of ketonic metabolites of tyrosine, such as p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid.
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A caseous tumor. [G. tyros, cheese, + -oma, tumor]
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3-Butyramido-a-ethyl-2,4,6-triiodohydrocinnamic acid, sodium salt;an oral contrast medium for cholecystography.
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One of the grain mite species that cause various forms of dermatitis resulting from infestation by grain mites in food and produce, which sensitizes and causes dermatitis in storage and handling personnel.Tyroglyphus longior; [G. tyros, cheese, + phago, to eat]
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monophenol monooxygenase (1)
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tyrosine phenol-lyase
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2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)alanine;the l-isomer is an a-amino acid present in most proteins.
t. aminotransferase an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of l-t. and a-ketoglutarate producing p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and l-glutamate; this enzyme catalyzes a step in l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine catabolism; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with tyrosinemia II.t. transaminase;
t. iodinase a postulated enzyme in the thyroid catalyzing iodination of t., a reaction important in the eventual biosynthesis of thyroxine. See also peroxidases.
t. kinase an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosyl residues on certain proteins; many are products of viral oncogenes; a number of receptors (e.g., receptors for epidermal growth factor, insulin, etc.) have this enzymatic activity; a misnomer, since the physiological substrate is not t. but tyrosyl residues in a protein.
t. phenol-lyase an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of l-tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate, and NH3.beta-tyrosinase;
t. transaminase t. aminotransferase
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A disorder consisting of elevated blood concentrations of tyrosine, enhanced urinary excretion of tyrosine and tyrosyl compounds, hepatosplenomegaly, nodular cirrhosis of the liver, multiple renal tubular reabsorptive defects, and vitamin D-resistant rickets; autosomal recessive inheritance.hypertyrosinemia; [tyrosine + G. haima, blood]
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A very rare, possibly heritable disorder of tyrosine metabolism that may be caused by defective formation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase or of tyrosine transaminase; characterized by enhanced urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and of other tyrosyl metabolites upon ingestion of tyrosine or proteins containing that amino acid. [tyrosine + G. -osis, condition]
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The excretion of tyrosine in the urine. [tyrosine + G. ouron, urine]
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1. tyremesis 2. caseation [G. tyros, cheese]
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Enhanced urinary excretion of certain metabolites of tyrosine, such as p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid; present in tyrosinosis, scurvy, pernicious anemia, and other diseases.
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An antibacterial mixture obtained from peptone cultures of Bacillus brevis; bactericidal and bacteriostatic, and active against Gram-positive bacteria. It yields the crystalline antibacterial agents gramicidin and tyrocidin; the gramicidin component is a polypeptide containing l-tryptophan, d-leucine, d-valine, l-valine, l-alanine, glycine, and an aminoethanol; the tyrocidin component is a cyclopolypeptide containing tyrosine, ornithine, and several other amino acids.
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Poisoning by cheese or any milk product. [G. tyros, cheese, + toxikon, poison]
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Frederick, English anatomist and surgeon, 1797-1843. See T.'s fascia.
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Edward, English anatomist, 1649-1708. See T.'s glands, under gland.
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A genus of coccidia (family Eimeriidae) in which the oocyst contains eight naked sporozoites. Important species are T. anseris, a relatively nonpathogenic species found in the small intestine of domestic and wild geese, whistling swans, and certain wild ducks, and T. perniciosa, which occurs in the small intestine of the domestic duck in North America and Europe, and is pathogenic in ducklings.
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Arnault, Russian dermatologist, 1886-1954. See T. cells, under cell, test.
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